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- 1791-1804
- The largest Slave revolt in world history
- this was when an island fought against the government for freedom
- many other things like slave freedom
- Ended in freedom for slaves
- now country is very poor because wealth went down after slavery ended
- Haiti gained independence

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- 1917-1918
- Two revolutions
- one in Feb. 1917 and Oct. 1917
- February revolution led to October revolution
- Revolution led to civil war - led to communism in this country

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- 1800-1830
- many different revolutions that stemmed from wanting to be separate from Spain
- not wanting taxes
- Peninsulares being the only ones that could make decisions and hold office

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- 1775-1783
- monarchy began to put heavy taxes on things such as tea
- Boston Tea Party
- led to the Declaration of Independence and war with the monarchy
- With the help from the french these colonists won
- this country is independent
- FREEDOM!!

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Nationalists and CCP fought for power in this country. Civil war broke out after WWII. CCP won and created a communist society ruled by Mao ZeDong which has caused many problems and several million deaths. This country is till communist.

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- Nationalists and CCP fought for power in this country
- Civil war broke out after WWII
- CCP won and created a communist society ruled by Mao ZeDong
- has caused many problems and several million deaths
- This country is still communist.

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- 1960-present
- 2nd Wave of this revolution took place in the 1960's and 70's
- was started to show that women could be more than just homemaker
- Resulted in legalization of Abortion and the 1969 Divorce Reform act
- Though things got better, still fighting for equality today (#MeToo movement and equal pay)

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- 1789-1815
- was caused by the estates general (unfair way of voting) and the monarchies demanding commoners pay taxes
- unfair tax code
- Led to spread of enlightenment across Europe
- there no longer being a monarch in this country
- debts in France
- many deaths from the revolts

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- 1839-19
- Series of government reforms
- made to centralize and rationalize rule
- get more revenue for military defense of this empire
- Tried to halt the empires decline
- Unsuccessful in long run as this empire is no longer around

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Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish; 1473-1543): posited that the universe is heliocentric--> controversial to beliefs that the Earth was the center
Andreas Vesalius (Flemish; 1514-1564): Father of anatomy-- made detailed drawings of the human body based on dissection
Francis Bacon (English; 1561-1626): Created the Scientific Method which is the key of modern science
Galileo Galilei (Italian; 1564-1642): created the telescope and facts about our solar system
Johannes Kepler (German; 1571-1630): Posited that the planets elliptical orbits
William Harvey (English; 1578-1657): Described circulation of the blood and function of the heart
Rene Descartes (French; 1596-1650): Emphasized the importance of mathematics and invented analytical geometry
Isaac Newton (English; 1642-1727): Described the laws of motion and inertia, invented universal gravitation and calculus

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Lutheran:

does not believe in saints or mary

churches were simplistic

did not believe in transubstantiation

no paintings or statues in the church

altar for offering only

Started by Martin Luther

Catholic:

believes in the saints, mary, and the trinity

transubstantiation

many statues, candles, and paintings  in churches

prayers to saints and mary (rosary)

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cultural renewal

humanist and religious

began in Italy--> Europe--> other countries

individual human thought

art-based

held by elite small % of society (rich people)

reason Renaissance was able to happen in Italy as MONEY--trading with the Ottoman Empire

Rome and Greece--- philosophy and learning

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Rebirth of ideas, ways of thinking

Ideas logic reasoning to gain knowledge

More based on human understanding and political thought

Philosophy ideas that lead to political changes

Locke, Kart, Smith

Elite group of people

spread of reason and science

power of knowledge/ focus on education and transfer of knowledge

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Changing of how human fit into the world- created and discussed by European intellectuals and others

New thinkers came in and discovered many new things

Science played a role in controversy between the religions

Changed view on people, religion, and universe

Copernicus starts off with heliocentric solar system model

Europe sees its success first basis comes from Muslim scholarship

Thinkers were still religious regardless of their new discoveries and the controversy it had with the catholic church's teachings

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"Faith Alone" is how you reach salvation

Reformation of the church

Breaks away from the church (priest popes- no power, sacraments- unnecessary, indulgences- absolutely wrong)

Diat of worms- where martin luther had to explain his ideas

Printing press- used to spread his religion and people joined because of his publications

Luther used German in the bible and printed it out

People could understand it and interpret the bible by themselves without a priest or pope

95 Theses--> Church door

Church and Martin-> turmoil--> split to Lutheran

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◦Catholics clarified and reaffirmed their unique doctrines

◦Worked to fix problems that started reformation

◦Focused on individual spirituality and personal piety

◦Jesuits= religious group dedicated to the renewal of the Catholic Church

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◦Huguenots = protestant minority in France

◦Catholics fought and killed Huguenots in France

◦30 years war (1618-1648)= Catholic-Protestant struggle that began in Holy Roman empire, but spread to all of Europe

◦15-30% of Germans perished from violence, famine, or disease
- muslim/ hindu split

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◦Martin Luther (1483-1546)

◦Pope Leo X (1513-1521)

◦Bible should be interpreted according to one’s conscience

◦Went against needing the authority of the Church- only need the Bible

◦Women’s roles did not change much from that of Catholic Church- closed convents, promoted reading the Bible

◦Protestantism subdivided into many sects:

◦ Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist

◦ Resulted in dramatic religious conflicts throughout Europe

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American food crops

potato, manioc, maize, peanuts

traditional African crops like bananas, rice, millet

A steady population expansion (alongside the depopulation of millions for slavery in the Atlantic)

Women were sought after for the trans

Men were sought after for trans Atlantic slave trade to work on plantations

Preference for male slaves

women making up more than 2/3 of the population of places

moving into leadership positions, and male depopulation encouraged polygamy

16 million slaves were taken out of African homes for the slave trade

12 million crossed the Atlantic…4 million died on the march to the coast

Over 90% of the Atlantic slaves went to Caribbean and Brazil.  Only 3.6% went to English colonies in North America

population decrease

Men wanted for the physical aspect of slavery

Women used for the sexual aspect of slavery

African diaspora- african people being spread around the globe unwillingly

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Involved: French, British, Russians, and Dutch

Native people are helping in the process

Become dependent on European goods

Helping because they want to exchange and trade for European goods in return

Fur comes from natives- British do not know the area well- best places to get these animals

agriculture is more sedentary-

less access to fur bearing animals

little ice age- temperatures drop- warm clothing- fur- population increase because of potatoes and new crops- move to america

less densely populated

use natives to trade fur for guns, pots, pans, alcohol- BUT diseases- such a high demand for fur- lose access to fur

Russia had a fur tax

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A PORTRAIT OF HELL

many miners died from mercury poisoning

located in South America

controlled by Spanish

majority of silver comes from here

horrific in these mines, terrible conditions and elevations

mandatory that they were sent off to the mine

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- Belief that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world and our country must seize all we can before another takes from us
- source for raw materials and finished products
- Silver Trade--> all silver ends up in China

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- Dutch and British took over Indian Ocean company
- Dutch had a large monopoly on the spice islands
- India 3 major trading posts

1. Bombay

2. Calcutta

3. Madras

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- Eastern Europe to China

- Abundance of resources wanted by Europeans
- spices, Indian cotton, rhubarb, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires

- Large empires learning to tax more effectively and grow their military

- England, Spain, Netherlands became center for international commerce

- Many European goods were not wanted or needed in the East

- Pushed the need to pay Muslims/Eastern countries in cash

- Pushed for the need for precious metals (gold, silver, etc.)
- British creation of cotton industry in North America

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- established in Philippines
- set up in Philippines because:

Proximity to China and Spice Islands

Small and militarily weak societies

Lack of competing powers

- wanted to spread Catholicism
- turmoil with China
- massacred 20,000 people in 1603

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- trading post empire
- controlled 1/2 of spice trade
- sold Asian goods and their shipping services to the people of India and Asia
- 1600--> steep decline
- settled in Brazil and Carribean

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(1450-1750)

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- sugar transformed Brazil and the Caribbean
- sugar was in high demand in Europe
- planters turned to African slaves—80 percent of all Africans enslaved in the Americas ended up in Brazil and the Caribbean
-  can be called the first modern industry
- plantation complex based on African slavery spread to southern parts of North America
- Atlantic Slave Trade
- horrendous conditions

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Spanish were able to dominate Mexico and Peru well before British establish colonies in America

Cortes

Forced labor in large rural estates (silver/gold)

Native peoples were forced, more so than Africans or Europeans

Encomienda= Spanish rule requiring natives to work for Spanish settlers in return for “protection” and the Christian faith

Peninsulares= Spaniards (whites born in Spain) were at the top of the classes

Creoles= Spaniards born in America

Mestizo= mixed race, initially Spanish men and native women

Mixed races were divided into further groups, castas

Quickly grew as the largest population in Mexico

Indians= native group, indigenous people

Many followed ways of Spanish conquerors as a way to survive, converted to Christianity, spoke Spanish, used and ate European plants and animals, etc.

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- biologically singular
- pressure on Eurasia to produce more crops & resources
- population boom
- overcrowding--> more room for people to live
- monoculture
- people live longer

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Wheat and grains old-new

Corn, beans, avocados, potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, peppers, sweet potato, pineapple, vanilla

More calories plants in the new world

Survive longer-> population growth

POTATOES

WORLDS POPULATION DOUBLES BECAUSE NEW FOODS HELP THEM LIVE LONGER- MORE BABIES

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- pigs become the new food supply--> breed fast, eat anything, good source of protein
- pigs: transportation, live in any environment, garbage disposals
- cows and llamas (new-old)
- horses (old-new)
- natives abandoned agriculture in favor of nomadic herding

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- europeans bring smallpox  to the americas
- kills 50-90% of Native American population
- Kings killed off-> internal turmoil of who will rule-> made easier to take over
- syphilis-> Native Americans
- STDs brought to the Old World

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- Christopher Columbus
- revolutionary trade of goods, plants, animals, people, and diseases
- doubled the worlds size in population
- cotton and sugar trade-- use of slaves in Americas
- coffee+tea--> China
- dominance of women throughout culture-->abuse and objectification

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- physically closer to Americas than Asian counterparts
- illusion of more power over other countries
- Europe= new land+ new resources
- mastered trade winds
- had new technology to benefit their sailing and voyaging
- horses, gunpower, ironwork, advanced ships
- Disease immunity

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(1450-1750)

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- 1433 death
- builds the Great Wall
- Muslim
- Huge ships--voyages
- Santa Maria

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- taken over and absorbed other cultures
- decimated in 16th century
- taken over by Spanish conquistadors
- semi-nomadic
- sacrificial rituals
- centralized government
- skillful in warfare
- gender parallelism
- no gender equality

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- population decreased with the plague
- had many fleets--voyages and journeys
- sophisticated artistic achievements

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- less voyages-- successful
- well-educated
- wanted world dominance
- Christianity-->churches
- strict about conversions to one religion
- Christopher Columbus
- did not have many ships
- kings
- Renaissance

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- effective governance
- Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism
- Sophisticated artistic achievements
- highly productive economy
- Emperor Mongol
- Zheng He
- more voyages--less successful
- trading post empire

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- Modern New York
- developed agriculture
- league of five nations
- women--> leading role in society

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- East of the Niger River in West Africa
- no king
- traded among themselves
- wanted a cohesive community

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- hunter-gathering tribes
- located in Australia, Siberia, and Africa
- nomadic groups--> moved with the food source

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(500-1500)

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The Silver Trade