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The largest Slave revolt in world history, this was when an island fought against the government for freedom and many other things like slave freedom

Ended in freedom for slaves but now country is very poor because wealth went down after slavery ended

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Two revolutions, one in Feb. 1917 and Oct. 1917

February revolution led to October revolution

Revolution led to civil war which led to communism in this country

February Revolution:
Overthrew the imperial government
Abolished death penalty, amnesty for prisoners and those in exile
Ended religious and ethnic discrimination
Granted freedom of civil liberty
Didn't believe in end of war, land reform, or better quality of life for Russian people

October Revolution:
Placed the Bolsheviks in power
Russian Civil War Nov. 7 1917 - Oct. 25 1922
Former Duma members formed Provincial government that eventually ran the country communist movement began to move worldwide

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From 1800-1830, many different revolutions that stemmed from wanting to be separate from Spain, not wanting taxes, and Peninsulares being the only ones that could make decisions and hold office.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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After monarchy began to put heavy taxes on things such as tea, this led to the Deceleration of Independence and war with the monarchy

With the help from the french these colonists won and now this country is independent

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Communist Chinese Revolution 1920's-1950's 

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Communist Chinese Revolution 1920's-1950's 

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Nationalists and CCP fought for power in this country

Civil war broke out after WWII

CCP won and created a communist society ruled by Mao ZeDong which has caused many problems and several million deaths

This country is till communist

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2nd Wave of this revolution took place in the 1960's and 70's and was started to show that women could be more than just homemaker.
Resulted in legalization of Abortion and the 1969 Divorce Reform act. Though things got better, still fighting for equality today (#MeToo movement and equal pay)

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-       Estates General- was the legislative body of France up until the French Revolution. The king would call a meeting of the Estates Generals when he wanted to address certain issues.

-       Representative body in three sections: Clergy (1%), Nobility (1%), and the Commoners (98%)

-       Voting- the king said each estate got one vote, so when they were all asked if the commoners should be taxed, the clergy and nobility won due to their advantages.

-       The members of the third estate did not like this. They always ended up being outvoted by the much smaller first and second estate. They wanted the vote to be based on the numbers of members

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From 1789-1815, this revolution was caused by the estates general (unfair way of voting) and the monarchies demanding commoners pay taxes.
Led to spread of enlightenment across Europe and there no longer being a monarch in this country.

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Series of government reforms from 1839-1876 that was made to centralize and rationalize rule and get more revenue for military defense of this empire. Tried to halt the empires decline. Unsuccessful in long run as this empire is no longer around.

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used to define 18th century
caused buy new ideas in science

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Unity of Roman Catholic Christianity

The cultural and organization foundation of Western European civilization

Was its theological basis

Understanding of salvation, which held that it came through faith alone

Source of these beliefs, and of religious authority in general, was not the teaching of the Church, but the Bible alone

Individual's conscience

Authority of the Church

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a rediscovery of art forms

Scholarship

Social science

Philosophy

Humanists - more focused and the concepts of the individuals, provided a new perspective

Italy = $$ due to trade with the Ottoman empire

Ideas pulled from region of Middle East

People in the Renaissance didn’t know they were in the Renaissance it was a time span of 200 years

The people in the renaissance were the Elite people only people involved

Lower class didn’t know this all was happening

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- Catholics clarified and reaffirmed their unique doctrines
- they were going to fix what Luther said
- Focused on individual spirituality and personal piety
- Jesuits= religious group dedicated to the renewal of the Catholic Church (at the beginning they wanted to get people educated) (their mission- they traveled and taught around the world built schools)

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- new ideas in science
- series of events that emerged from modern science
- mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry

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- Portuguese had military advantages
- their ships weren't heavily armed
- no major power was in a position to dominate the sea
- trading post empire- aimed to control commerce, not large territories or populations
- seeking to monopolize spice trade
- were outnumbered by Asian traders
- By 1600 the Portuguese trading post empire was in steep decline
- European countries gradually contested Portugal's efforts to monopolize the rich spice trade to Europe

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- French, British, Dutch, and Russia  were involved
- French people and Native American
- Diseaes spread, dependence on guns, alcoholism
pots and pans
- Russians looked to north America for more fur
- fur = "soft gold"

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- happened between 1500 and 1866
- slaves were taken from their homes, traveled over the Atlantic ocean
- many did not make it over the Atlantic ocean
either committed suicide or dies of a disease
- if they made it they were sold into slavery
-  16 mil. salves were taken out of their homes
- 12 mil. crossed the Atlantic
- 4 mil. dies on the march to the coast
- over 90% Atlantic slaves went to Caribbean and Brazil
- 3.6$ went to English colonies in North America
- slaves harvested food crops; potatoes, maize, peanuts, cotton, sugar. What ever their owners wanted them to do
- men worked in fields
- women did house hold work and raised kids so owners can get more help

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- Located along the Andes mountains
- large area hard to control
Society
- controlled along all of the Andes mountains -
had an emperor who took control of everyone
- let people believe what they wanted to believe
Men ---> sun/ son
Women---> moon/daughter

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- located in northern Mexico
- Mesoamerica
- small condensed area
Society
- controlled only part of the  Mesoamerica region - largely left their conquered people
- Many market places

Sacrifices
- men and women worshiped the sun god together

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- peninsulares = Spaniards (whites born in Spain) were at the top
- Creoles = Spaniards born in America (two peninsulares get together and have a baby in the new world)
- Mestizo = mixed race, initially Spanish men and native women
- Mixed races were divided into further groups, castas
- Indians = native group, indigenous people

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-people
-germs
- plants =wheat, rice, sugarcane, and gapes
- animals = horses, pigs, cattle, goats, sheep

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- "Great Dying"
-  acute labor shortage ad certainly did make room for immigrant newcomers
- European and African people created entirely new societies in the Americas
- potatoes were a big part of peoples diets
- 1650-1850

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Both China and Europe had 2 common problems
1. growing populations
2. land shortage

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- China faced no equivalent power
-Needed no military allies in the Indian Ocean basin
- Didn't possess an impulse to convert foreigners to Chinese culture or religions
- Aware of their own antiquity
- Believed in the absolute superiority of their culture

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- were seeking the wealth of Africa and Asia
- gold spices, silk
- searching of Christian converts and possible Christian allies that will help them with their crusading struggle against threatening Muslim powers
- Had no unified political authority
- Believed they were unique
- "One true religion"

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- Big difference between Chinese and European ventures was the size
- Columbus had 3 ships and a crew of 90
- da Gama had 4 ships with 170 sailors
- Columbus and de Gama were no match to Zheng He
- Zheng He had hunderds of ships and a crew in the many thousands