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On December 7, 1941 a naval base in Oahu, Hawaii was bombed. The events of this day will be the stone that starts the ripple effect of the events that follow. The bombing of Pearl Harbor affected many Japanese-Americans lives. Ichiro's family was one of the many that felt the effects of the bomb long after they had struck Pearl Harbor. It caused Ichiro's family to be placed in internment camps, Ichiro to face a hard decision, and caused Japanese resentment that is made more visible by this bombing. If it were not for the bombing then nothing in the novel would have taken place.
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/december-07

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This speech was delivered the day after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. It was Roosevelt calling for Congress to declare war, so the United States can join the fight. With the declaration of war, this speech also called out all of the actions that Japan had been committing. As the President listed what Japan had been doing people listening to the radio are shocked by Japan, fueling the anti-Japanese sentiment more in the U.S, creating even more tension. Though the Bombing of Pearl Harbor does not take place in the book, it is the stone that causes the problems in the book to arise. This speech causes suspicion that perhaps all Japanese are just as bad as those that actually live there, causing for Executive Order 9066, which gets Ichiro and dozens of Japanese- Americans on the West Coast interned.
https://youtu.be/YhtuMrMVJDk

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Following the Bombing of Pearl Harbor, many Americans were concerned about the Japanese who lived among them, especially on the West Coast. Concerns rose that the Issei and Nisei would spy on American military bases, or report American secrets to Japan. Though when the order was given to round up all Japanese and Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast many of them were U.S citizens who have never even stepped foot on Japanese soil. Ichiro is of these he has never been to Japan and he is by all means an American, but the way he looks differentiates him from other Americans. This forceful removal leaving many families after the war with nothing since their property had been taken resentful and made them also question why they had to answer a questionnaire from a country they were born in, but obviously not treated like citizens. Ichiro probably faced these thoughts doing his internment, imprisonment, and even after while he is free wondering what makes him a different American citizen from those who fit the typical American mold.
https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=74

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This questionnaire is part of how this novel gets its title. Those who were interned would have to fill these forms out to determine if they were loyal to America. Many of these people had a hard time filling these questions out due to the last two questions. From these two questions our title is given. Ichiro says no to both of these questions. This questionnaire was given to all eligible Nisei that were interned, it became a question of how people should respond, and the proper reasoning behind it. Being that these were the questions that needed to be answered, and the circumstances that these questions were being used would explain why many people had difficulty answering these questions since they were being held in a camp with no real reason behind it.
https://amhistory.si.edu/perfectunion/non-flash/loyalty_questionnaire.html

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This documentary recalls what is was like living in the internment camps, from those who lived in them. The narration discusses how they were treated. As well as what the younger generations would do within the camps. Along with that the documentary touches upon the trials and tribulations that they faced, such as how the showers were far from where they slept so when it was cold their hair would freeze; it also touched upon how the older generation had it hard, since they did not exactly have beds and their living quarters where small. In "No No Boy" Ichiro and his family were also placed in these camps like other families. To give a better understanding of what life was like in these camps for Ichiro's parents, and how it is understandable that he would want his family together. This video also provides how people were feeling about the camps and towards other Japanese-Americans who had different views. The novel mentioned some of these other views, though this documentary goes more in depth with the complexities of the question to serve or not to serve, and the reason behind the thinking.
https://gonzaga.kanopy.com/video/rabbit-moon-0

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In this Drunk History clip, Frank Emi is discussed. Though Frank Emi and Ichiro resisted the draft for different reasons they both did resist. A lot of people actually did resist the draft and did become no no boys. This clip gives some inside of another reason why people said no, and how they differed from Ichiro who agonized over his choice, while these people were proud of their choice. Also at the end of the novel though everything looks grim with Freddy's death there still is like a light at the end of the tunnel it could be compared to Truman saying sorry to those who were wrongly imprisoned, or that slowly Japanese-Americans will be excepted in America for everything that they have done.
https://youtu.be/aepYZlvwSno

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Unlike Ichiro, who said no on both questions, there are those who said yes. During World War II majority of those who were Japanese-American fought in the Regiment known as the 442nd. This regiment was organized on March 23, 1943. Though this regiment was made up of mostly Japanese-Americans there was tension between those from Hawaii and the Mainland. However, when those from Hawaii would visit the internment camps, they gave great praise to those from the Mainland for their willingness to fight even though their rights were being taken and that their families were being wrongly held. One of most well known combat stories of the 442 is about them rescuing another battalion. This battalion is known as the "Lost Battalion", they were surrounded on all sides by German forces, and running out of supplies; the ones that came to this battalions rescue was the 442 who suffered more casualties than of those whom they rescued. The 442 became the most decorated unit in the army, which earned more than 18,000 award. However, after the war many got mixed reception particularly on the West Coast. In regards to "No No Boy" though the 442 was never mentioned by name, but their existence is felt in the story. Ichiro knows he could have been apart of this group, and everything that they had accomplished, but instead their accomplishments hang over him making him feel disappointed that he could not be like them and make the decision to serve.
http://encyclopedia.densho.org/442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team/

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There is a conversation between Ichiro and his acquaintance Gary, where Gary is talking about how his friend could have died because of him. Gary then says, "Go for broke, you know. You've heard it." This saying "Go for broke" was popularised by the 442nd, being their motto. It originated in Hawaii pidgin meaning that a player was risking it all in an effort to win big. Basically the person would put everything on the line. The saying really stuck with the 442nd since they were fighting to show they too are American, and they were also fighting to win an actual life or death war. Gary is darkly now implying that the Japanese-Americans who served, will continue to "go for broke" in different matters, such as trying to take Gary's friends life.
http://www.goforbroke.org/learn/history/military_units/442nd.php

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This Japanese drama follows the story of a family. If you were to watch this drama from beginning to end you would see a story that reflects one similar to "No No Boy", though consequentially different. In the drama we meet the father moving to America to try to create his own life and make money from there he has a wife and kids and he becomes a farmer, while they face discrimination for being Japanese. The story continues with the family taking the questionnaire and what answers to write. It carries on after the war and the family trying to regain their old lives back. The drama also touches upon what it was like in Japan during the war and the effects of the atomic bomb on its citizens. Relating to the novel that was read, this drama captures well what it was like for the Japanese in America as well as what their children had to face for the war. Ichiro is similar to the sons in that both had to face a choice and though those choices are different they both questioned themselves deeply for the decisions they made, and the drama goes further into the future to show the family in present day. Where the novel ends on a hopeful note that Ichiro will move on and find his family that he can settle down with and have children and live in America as Japanese-Americans. The drama provides the events of the war, but also long after the war has ended and the hopefulness
http://dramacool.bz/watch/99-nen-no-ai-japanese-american/episode-1.html

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In the novel it is mentioned that Japan and its citizens are not alright. As Ichiro's father mentions on multiple cases that family in Japan is begging for food. This article talks about how Japan was already struggling before the war, and how if America had waited a few days Japan would have surrendered due to the lack of resources and money to keep the war going. So, when Ichiro's father wants to send supplies to Japan, this article allows for a better understanding of what Japan was like during the war and how poor the country was after the war.
https://www.magiminiland.org/BigPicture/PostWarJapan.html

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After the war, when Japan surrendered America was in charge of reconstructing Japan. This basically means America was in charge of creating a new Japan, with a new set of government and to reform Japan. The main person heading this is General Douglas A MacArthur, he created Japan's constitution that is still in use to today. In regard to how this relates to "No No Boy" in that it provides an idea of what Japan is experiencing after the war ends. It provides a better understanding of what Ichiro's mother and father's family are dealing with in Japan. Making the occupation of Japan harder for Mrs. Yamada to cope with especially when she believed that Japan won the war.
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/japan-reconstruction

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The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was the United States way of apologizing to the Japanese who were wrongly interened. It was passed when America realized they did something wrong and had to atone for what they did in the past somehow. Therefore those who were interned would receive money from the government. Relating this to the story though many years after the time of the novel it is the future that Ichiro doesn't know is out there. That America will apologize to the Japanese-Americans for what America did. It is looking from a 2018 standpoint on the past to see that Japanese-Americans were treated unfairly, though America realized its mistake later and apologized. Hopefully, providing Ichiro the closing he needed to know it was okay for him to be confused on a decision and that the decision shouldn't have been placed in front of him in the first place.
https://www.congress.gov/bill/100th-congress/house-bill/442

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I chose these sources to provide historical context to "No No Boy". The sources each provide a little insight into the history that frames the novel, to provide a clearer picture of what these internment camps were like, why Executive Order 9066 occurred, and what happened after the war ended for those who were interned. I also wanted to provide some information on those who did serve in the war and their reason to fighting, to show they were American since there was no other way, but the ultimate sacrifice. Some of the sources do overlap with information though for the most part each source has its information that I pulled for my sources to discuss this novel. However, it should be noted that there were many Japanese and Japanese who were affected during World War II and more views than those that are depicted here. Many reasons for those who were interned to be against America, and many reasons for them to support America. So, please take these sources as just a few ways to look at what happened to the Japanese and Japanese-Ameircans during World War II.