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Read, listen to the various documents. Share the work. Take notes to understand what the most important is. Make a presentation to the class about your topic.

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Read, listen to the various documents. Share the work. Take notes to understand what the most important is. Make a presentation to the class about your topic.

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The Social Network Official Trailer #1 - (2010) HD

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The Social network

BIOPICS

Peaky blinders

First man

BOHEMIAN RHAPSODY

Elvis

Oppenheimer

In 2003, Harvard undergrad and computer genius Mark Zuckerberg begins work on a new concept that eventually turns into the global social network known as Facebook.

A gangster family epic set in 1900s England, centering on a gang who sew razor blades in the peaks of their caps, and their fierce boss Tommy Shelby.

A look at the life of the astronaut, Neil Armstrong, and the legendary space mission that led him to become the first man to walk on the Moon on July 20, 1969.

The story of the legendary British rock band Queen and lead singer Freddie Mercury, leading up to their famous performance at Live Aid (1985).

The life of American music icon Elvis Presley, from his childhood to becoming a rock and movie star in the 1950s while maintaining a complex relationship with his manager.

The story of American scientist, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and his role in the development of the atomic bomb.

How do biopics portray reality?

Fictions & Realities

The social network

Mark Zuckerberg

- What do you expect to see in this biopic?

- Check your hypothesis with the trailer.

The social network

Mark Zuckerberg

What does Mark Zuckerberg think of his own biopic?

Conclusion: is this biopic close to reality?

Read the celebrities' comments.

b) List their arguments.

Bohemian Rhapsody

Bryan Singer

Listen to Rami Malek and say what has influenced his acting?

Elvis

Baz Luhrmann

2. Listen and find out

Steven Spielberg

2. Listen and find out

Oppenheimer

Christopher Nolan

2. Find the following information

How is Robert Oppenheimer portrayed?

Share your impressions and justify.

Oppenheimer

Christopher Nolan

a) Do some research on the internet about the real Oppenheimer and read some reviews about his film.

b) Compare what you've found with the trailer. What conclusion(s) con you draw?

Is this biopic close to reality?

Peaky Blinders

Steven Knight

Become familiar with TV series ...

1. Introduce this document (type, author, source, date, main topic).

2. Find the creator of this series and where Peaky Blinders was broadcast.

3. Explain the origins of the term "Peaky Blinders".

Peaky Blinders

Steven Knight

Become familiar with TV series ...

Pick out information about the plot = storyline:

a. the setting (place, date):

5. Give the author's opinion on the show.

Peaky Blinders

Steven Knight

Damien Chazelle

Damien Chazelle

METHODOLOGY:

-> WHO? HOW MANY PEOPLE?

-> INFORMATION, EVENTS, FACTS?

-> MESSAGE/ GOAL= PURPOSE?

grammaire & VOC

Le prétérit

L'exclamation

writing a movie review

writing a movie review

writing a movie review

writing a movie review
2

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The Social network BIOPICS Peaky blinders First man BOHEMIAN RHAPSODY Elvis Oppenheimer In 2003, Harvard undergrad and computer genius Mark Zuckerberg begins work on a new concept that eventually turns into the global social network known as Facebook.

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Read, listen to the various documents. Share the work. Take notes to understand what the most important is. Make a presentation to the class about your topic.

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Read, listen to the various documents. Share the work. Take notes to understand what the most important is. Make a presentation to the class about your topic.

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2009 - Testimoies

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Fiction and realities

Choose a film poster to illustratethe cover of a book entitled "The American Dream"

How does the film industry inthe USA depict theAmerican dream?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Choose a film poster to illustratethe cover of a book entitled "The American Dream"

TheAmerican Dream?

The American Dream is the belief that anyone, regardless of where they were born or what class they were born into,can attain their own version of success in a society where upward mobility is possible for everyone.The American Dream is achieved through sacrifice, risk-taking, and hard work, rather than by chance.

Find pictures AD

A- Describe this picture & guesswhat the movie is about

Homework

Listen to the Youtube video "How do you define the American Dream".Find 5 different opinions

Watch

Watch the trailer, take notes about the main character

Take notes about the main character

- what he looks like:- his origins:- his occupations:- what he says:- where he lives:

Jay Gatsby

Take notes about the main character

Jay Gatsby pretends to be saying, "God's truth about himself" but his life story is / sounds so extravagant that he is probably lying.He pretends to be the son ofwealthy parents who have died.He pretends to havehad a very busy life so far,with alot of occupations:living in all the capitals of Europe,but also collectingjewels, hunting big game and paintinga little.Hepretends to have received a decoration from everyallied government during the war, whichimplies that hedid acts of bravery during World War I.Given the abundance of details, it is hard not to think it is the truth, and yet, I doubt he experienced so much at such a young age. I am under the impression that he has built a character.

Does Jay Gatsby represent the American Dream?

Recap

Homework

Listen to the Youtube video "Obama on the American Dream".Find 10 words that sum up what the American Dream is.

Watch

Hollywood, the dream factory?

Which one would you like to go and see at the movies? and why?

Martin Scorsese, 1977

Howard Hawk, 1966

Charlie Chaplin, 1936

Hollywood, the dream factory?

Listen to the audio recording & take notes about:a- the American Dream in the 1900s (nouns, adjectives, jobs...)b- the characters who embodied this American Dream in the movies

Listen

The American dream is the belief that anyone, regardless of where they were born or what class they were born into, can attain their own version of success in a society in which upward mobility is possible for everyone. The American dream is believed to be achieved through sacrifice, risk-taking, and hard work, rather than by chance.

Hollywood, the dream factory?

c- What is the relationship between Hollywood's idea of the American Dream and reality?

Listen

B- Hollywood, the dream factory?

Film posters - Choose your favorite and describe it

Martin Scorsese, 1977

Howard Hawk, 1966

Charlie Chaplin, 1936

C- Imagine the situationwho, where, what...

Read the text

Take notes about Chris Gardner's life:- family:- job:- places:

Read the text

Explain:-situation of the city in the 1980s:- how Chris was living:- his mindset during those days:

Homework

Imagine what will happen to Chris and his son.Write a short paragraph.

Watch the film scene

Is Chris's life an example of the American dream?

The American dream is the belief that anyone, regardless of where they were born or what class they were born into, can attain their own version of success in a society in which upward mobility is possible for everyone. The American dream is believed to be achieved through sacrifice, risk-taking, and hard work, rather than by chance.

Explain the title of the movie

HappYness??

D- The underdogs or the Dark side

Imagine the story of the 2 characters:The story could be about ...

D- The underdogs or the Dark side

Imagine the story of the 2 characters:The story could be about ...

Read the movie review

1- Explain:Magic Castle:Magic Kingdom:2- The characters:- List them:- What brings them together:

Homework

Imagine a story for the characters of "The Florida Project"& write the synopsis for this story on IMDbou en classe et à la maison, chercher 5 mots pour la rédaction

The Florida Project - trailer

Methodologie

Analyser une citation

Hollywood can make the American Dreamseem a reality, even if it's not the realitythat most of us experience.

What is the purpose of the film industry? Is it to make people dream of a perfect world?

Vocabulary

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And action... by mefromentin on Genially

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Fiction and realities Choose a film poster to illustratethe cover of a book entitled "The American Dream" How does the film industry inthe USA depict theAmerican dream? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Choose a film poster to illustratethe cover of a book entitled "The American Dream" TheAmerican Dream?

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Why is Patriot Day so important for the Americans? 9 / 11 - 20 years later 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 You're a journalist : prepare a questionnaire to interview a New Yorker who was in the WTC buildings on 9/11. Words and expressions that come to your mind:
Firefighters honor first responders
but it can also be a passer-by Describe the photo:
Firefighters honor first responders
but it can also be a passer-by 1. Who is honored here and why ?
3. Identify the focal point.

Not all heroes wear capes

Méthodologie

Homework

Find information about 9/11

- who was US president at the time ?

- consequences of the attacks ?

Recap

2- Watch

Watching activities

- What is the first voice you hear:

- Does it correspond to what you found on the internet?

- How is tension built?

Some events test us

Some tragedies connect us

What is "us"?

One of the characters in the trailer asks if he can call his wife.

Finish this activity at home

Recap: what you wrote ....

3- New Yorker covers

Look, react & compare

How is tribute paid?

Recap

New York Skyline

4- 9/11 memorial

Website 9/11 memorial and museum

Homework

Find words and expressions to describe

this 3rd New Yorker cover:

- presentation of the document

- where does it take place?

- different categories of people?

- why are there so many people?

Listening activity

Listening activity

Listening activity

- What is it about?

- Relate the skyline to the 2 New Yorker covers

Guess what you are going to watch
The weekly address of the president of the United States is the weekly speech by the president of the United States to the nation. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first U.S. president to deliver such radio addresses. Ronald Reagan revived the practice of delivering a weekly Saturday radio broadcast in 1982 and his successors all continued the practice until Donald Trump ceased doing so seventeen months into his term.
Watch the video and take notes

Vocabulary

Find in the text synonyms for the 10 following words:

Homework

Chercher dans un dictionnaire les mots du discours d'Obama qui posent encore problème.

Recap

6- Recap with script

What devices are used by Obama to convince the audience ?

- appeal to patriotism and heroism:

Recap with script

Relever dans le discours:

- 2 prétérits réguliers :

- 2 prétérits irréguliers :

The past

Recap: voc + exos

7- Tribute in light

Reading a press article

BEAM OF HOPE : Powerful 9/11 Tribute in Light shines over New York as world remembers World Trade Center terrorist attacks. Catherina Gioino The US Sun, Sep 11 2020

Recap

8- Listening to a testimony

Joe Ditmarr, survivor of 9/11 attacks

Listen again and take notes

Soulignez les auxiliaires et repérez les temps

Does it feel like it's been 19 years ?

When was the first sign of trouble ?

Could you even see anything ?

Do those images keep you up at night still ?

exercise sur la forme interrogative

9. Honor 20th anniversary

Honor 20th anniversary

Honor 20th anniversary

Do you feel like watching it ? Yes/No ? Why/Why not ?

Compare with 9/11 official trailer (similarities and differences) :

Why is Patriot Day so important for the Americans ?

In the in memory of the United States, occurs on September 11 of each year people killed in the September 11 attacks of the year 2001.

proclaimed Patriot Day on Friday, September 14, 2001, as a National Day of Prayer and Remembrance for the Victims of the Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001.

Patriot Day is an annual observance on September 11 to remember those who were injured or died during the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001.

Many Americans refer to Patriot Day as 9/11 or September 11.

https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/patriot-day

Why is Patriot Day so important for the Americans ?

Homework: finish answering this question

Patriot Day is an annual observance on September 11 to remember those who were injured or died during the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001.

Many Americans refer to Patriot Day as 9/11 or September 11.

https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/patriot-day

10. Final project

You're a journalist : prepare a questionnaire to interview a New Yorker who was in the WTC buildings on 9/11 (production écrite)

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Childish Gambino - This Is America (Official Video)

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Black Lives Matter explained: The history of a movement

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Iconic Olympic protesters honored at White House

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Taking a stand by bending a knee: How Colin Kaepernick started a movement

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FOOT US - NFL : Le halftime show Super Bowl 2022 avec Dr Dre, Snoop Dogg, Eminen, Mary J-Blige...

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Leon Bridges - Sweeter (Official Video) ft. Terrace Martin

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3. A hero for a "Good War"

5. Reassertion of blacks' identity

Comic book legend Stan Lee passed awayon Monday, aged 95, leaving behind a legacy that won't be forgotten. The beloved co-creator of characters including Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk, Iron Man, the X-Men, Black Panther, and the Fantastic Four had suffered a string of health issues in recent years, including a bout of pneumonia earlier in 2018. He was rushed to Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles in the early hours of Monday morning, where he later died.

For decades, Lee has been the face of Marvel Comics, simultaneously the company's most visible creator and hype man for its many characters. The Stan Lee that the public saw was a loveable huckster, an often self-deprecatingcharacter of the heroes he helped birth. [...]

A side effect of Stan's visibility, however, is that newer fans may know him more as the guy who keeps showing up in Marvel films than the driving force behind the heroes of those same movies, and the best way to truly honour Stan Lee's legacy is to return to the medium he made his name in: comics.

It's hard to over-state the wider cultural impact of the man born Stanley Martin Lieber. Lee's first published work was the text story "Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge", which appeared in Captain America Comics #3, in 1941. Lee was merely 19 at the time, and Marvel Comics didn't yet exist, with the publisher then known as Timely Comics. Ironically for the man arguably most responsible for driving the recognition of comic books as a modern pop culture phenomenon, Lieber used the pseudonym 'Stan Lee' so he wouldn't be recognised for his comics work as he pursued his ambitions as a novelist.

"Honour Stan Lee by reading the comics that defined his genius", Matt Camen, Wired.co.uk, 2018.

Uncle Sam, popular symbol for the United States, usually associated with a cartoon figure having long white hair and chin whiskers and dressed in a swallow-tailed coat, vest, tall hat, and striped trousers.He embodies American patriotism. His image was used as a propaganda during WWI in a military recruiting poster.

Axe: Fictions and realities

Comic book legend Stan Lee passed away on Monday, aged 95, leaving behind a legacy that won't be forgotten. The beloved co-creator of characters including Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk, Iron Man, the X-Men, Black Panther, and the Fantastic Four had suffered a string of health issues in recent years, including a bout of pneumonia earlier in 2018. He was rushed to Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles in the early hours of Monday morning, where he later died.

For decades, Lee has been the face of Marvel Comics, simultaneously the company's most visible creator and hype man for its many characters. The Stan Lee that the public saw was a loveable huckster, an often self-deprecating character who bolstered t he mythological stature of the heroes he helped birth. [...]

A side effect of Stan's visibility, however, is that newer fans may know him more as the guy who keeps showing up in Marvel films than the driving force behind the heroes of those same movies, and the best way to truly honour Stan Lee's legacy is to return to the medium he made his name in: comics.

It's hard to over-state the wider cultural impact of the man born Stanley Martin Lieber. Lee's first published work was the text story "Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge", which appeared in Captain America Comics #3, in 1941. Lee was merely 19 at the time, and Marvel Comics didn't yet exist, with the publisher then known as Timely Comics. Ironically for the man arguably most responsible for driving the recognition of comic books as a modern pop culture phenomenon, Lieber used the pseudonym 'Stan Lee' so he wouldn't be recognised for his comics work as he pursued his ambitions as a novelist.

"Honour Stan Lee by reading the comics that defined his genius", Matt Camen,Wired.co.uk, 2018.

Stan Lee didn't create many comic characters.

He appeared in many Marvel movies.

He used a pseudonym to remain anonymous.

Stan Lee became famous thanks to comics

Stan Lee worked for Marvel for 10 years

Was Superman invented by two high school friends?

Did people like Superman because he fought evil businessmen?

What was the economic crisis of the 1930s called?

Who is Clark Kent?

During the Great Depression, did people feel angry or hopeful?

When Superman first came out, who did he fight?

Which comic book company bought Superman?

Why did people living through the Great Depression want a superhero character who would fight businessmen?

1) Present the document.

Type of document:

2) How is the superheroin depicted?

2) Explain how this superheroin reflects the evolution of society.

Axe: Fictions and realities

Axe: Fictions and realities

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3. A hero for a "Good War" 5. Reassertion of blacks' identity Comic book legend Stan Lee passed awayon Monday, aged 95, leaving behind a legacy that won't be forgotten. The beloved co-creator of characters including Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk, Iron Man, the X-Men, Black Panther, and the Fantastic Four had suffered a string of health issues in recent years, including a bout of pneumonia earlier in 2018.

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ARMY

AXES: ART & POWER / FICTIONS AND REALITIES

By Cecile Fauconnier

UNCLE STAN'S

What does this title evoke to you?

ANTICIPATION

+ info

+ info

Information you know:

date, values, nationality etc...

Who was Uncle Sam?

What was he famous for?

What do you know about Stan Lee?
RECAP:
Uncle Sam, popular symbol for the United States, usually associated with a cartoon figure having long white hair and chin whiskers and dressed in a swallow-tailed coat, vest, tall hat, and striped trousers.He embodies American patriotism. His image was used as a propaganda during WWI in a military recruiting poster.

Comic book legend Stan Lee passed awayon Monday, aged 95, leaving behind a legacy that won't be forgotten. The beloved co-creator of characters including Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk, Iron Man, the X-Men, Black Panther, and the Fantastic Four had suffered a string of health issues in recent years, including a bout of pneumonia earlier in 2018. He was rushed to Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles in the early hours of Monday morning, where he later died.

For decades, Lee has been the face of Marvel Comics, simultaneously the company's most visible creator and hype man for its many characters. The Stan Lee that the public saw was a loveable huckster, an often self-deprecatingcharacter of the heroes he helped birth. [...]

A side effect of Stan's visibility, however, is that newer fans may know him more as the guy who keeps showing up in Marvel films than the driving force behind the heroes of those same movies, and the best way to truly honour Stan Lee's legacy is to return to the medium he made his name in: comics.

It's hard to over-state the wider cultural impact of the man born Stanley Martin Lieber. Lee's first published work was the text story "Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge", which appeared in Captain America Comics #3, in 1941. Lee was merely 19 at the time, and Marvel Comics didn't yet exist, with the publisher then known as Timely Comics. Ironically for the man arguably most responsible for driving the recognition of comic books as a modern pop culture phenomenon, Lieber used the pseudonym 'Stan Lee' so he wouldn't be recognised for his comics work as he pursued his ambitions as a novelist.

"Honour Stan Lee by reading the comics that defined his genius", Matt Camen, Wired.co.uk, 2018.

SECTION 1 ·························

COVER ································

SECTION 2 ·························

TEXT ···································

SECTION 3 ························

TEXT ···································

SECTION 4 ························

TRAILER ···························

6

11

10

9

8

13

14

15

KEY QUESTION: What role have superheroes played over the years ?

REVISIONS ······················

EXRESSION ·····················

FINAL TASK ·····················

Anticipation: Which conflict was nicknamed the "good war"? So, which hero are we going to focus on?

INSTRUCTIONS:

Description (physical/ moral):

INSTRUCTIONS:

Description (physical/ moral):

+ info

Type of document: This document is a comic cover entitled Captain America, released in March 1941.

Characters: On this cover, we recognize Captain America in the center and Bucky, his partner/ sidekick, is in the foreground; they are surrounded by German soldiers. We may notice Hitler (identified by the swastika (Nazi symbol)).

Description: This cover enhances Captain America's strength, he is punching Hitler.

Captain America also wears the colors of America. His whole outfit reminds us of the American flag: his shield, his gloves and his helmet. Bucky is ginger-haired. He has bags under his eyes. He is smiling.

Message: Hitler is derided/ laughed at/ mocked. Punching Hitler emphasizes the role The US played during WWII. Again, this document highlights the idea of patriotism and portrays America as the hero during this war. Hitler is portayed as Captain America's opponent.

2

Read the text and and answer the questions.

REASSERTION OF BLACKS' IDENTITY

3

TIMES ARE A-CHANGING

Are comics reflecting a more complex and inclusive society ?

ANTICIPATION: What does the title evoke to you?

1) Read the text and introduce it.

2) Then, pick out some information about the historical context.

Last summer, when images of the white nationalist rally in Charlottesville circulated on social media, [Stan] Lee responded with a powerful statement of his own. "Bigotry and racism are among the deadliest social ills plaguing the world today," he wrote. "As true today as it was in 1968."The words he shared originally appeared in Stan's Soapbox, a column he wrote for Marvel that was published in the same year Martin Luther King Jr was assassinated.From The Fantastic Four to the X-Men, his heroes were outsiders who fight for a better society - no surprise, given they were created during the height of the civil rights movement.X-Men has often been praised for its portrayal of mutant oppression and its reflection of the fight for civil rights. Fans have even compared Professor Xavier and Magneto's differing views to King and Malcolm X's respective ideologies."I always felt the X-Men, in a subtle way, often touched upon the subject of racism and inequality," Lee told the Washington Post in 2016.Alongside his long-time collaborator Jack Kirby, Lee also created Black Panther, the first black superhero to appear in comics. This year's film version was praised for providing the representation many black audiences had been craving for.

"How Stan Lee's superheroes helped change the world", Taylor-Dior Rumble, BBC, 2018

WRITTEN COMPREHENSION

Answer the following questions:

1) What type of document is it?

a) Sum up in one sentence the topic of this movie.

b) Explain the goal of this film.

a) Identify the historical context of his creation.

b) Say who Black Panther is.

c) List two of his traits/ features.

The Revolutionary Power Of Black Panther

BLACK PANTHER

Answer the following questions:

1) What type of document is it?

a) Sum up in one sentence the topic of this movie.

b) Explain the goal of this film.

a) Identify the historical context of his creation.

b) Say who Black Panther is.

c) List two of his traits/ features

+recap

The Revolutionary Power Of Black Panther

Who is Black Panther?

§1: This movie offers an overview of what being a black person implies when coming from America or Africa. This film aims at showing how precious Blacks are / aims at proving that black people matter. Black Panther enables to prove that a film staging a black hero may be a success.

§2: Black Panther echoes The Black Panthers' movement, a political organization founded in 1966 to challenge police brutality against the African American community. Black Panther is T'Challa, King of Wakanda. His main qualities are strength and agility. Choosing a prestigious role like a king's reinforces the idea that Blacks are important.

4

1) Present the document.

Type of document:

2) How is the superheroin depicted?

2) Explain how this superheroin reflects the evolution of society.
RECAP
Synopsis: a Kree officer, Vers keeps having flashbacks. The Kree and the Skrull are enemies. During amission, Vers crashed in Los Angeles and meats young Nick Fury and Phil Coulson, S.H.I.E.L.D. agents.Thanks to Fury, Vers discovers she used to be a pilot in the army and lived on Earth before.

1) A role model/She chooses her own fate./The trailer enhances her powers, her determination, her courage./ She is portrayed as a heroine.

2) Captain Marvel's outfit: the colours / the star of the American flag=> notion of patriotism.

However, this film does not spread a government ideology. Rather, it promotes a category of society. Captain Marvel= feminist; the heroine is strong and refuses her fate.

Message: Women don't need men.

Synopsis: a Kree officer, Vers keeps having flashbacks. The Kree and the Skrull are enemies. During amission, Vers crashed in Los Angeles and meats young Nick Fury and Phil Coulson, S.H.I.E.L.D. agents.Thanks to Fury, Vers discovers she used to be a pilot in the army and lived on Earth before.

CROSSWORDS

WHAT WE REMEMBER ABOUT THE SUPERHEROES ...

REVISIONS

How do superheroes, through their evolution, reflect and change society?

+ info

+ info

+ info

+ info

+ info

Create your own superhero.

Write the physical description of your hero.

Mention his/ her powers/ qualities/ defects-flaws.

Write a short paragraph about the historical context and how your superhero can help humans .
https://www.heroized.com/ https://superherotar.framiq.com/fr/ https://www.marvelhq.com/create-your-own-super-hero
Report your superhero on the front cover of a magazine.

Hair: long/ short/ brown/ chestnut brown/ dark/ black/ red/ ginger...

Outfit: weapon --> shield, claws, gun, rope/ lasso, hammer, gloves...

clothes: boots, suit, cape, undershirt, boots, pants/ trousers...

Extra accessories: glasses, wings, belt

Ex: read minds/ telepathy/ super speed

Example: Captain America and WWII

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ARMY AXES: ART & POWER / FICTIONS AND REALITIES By Cecile Fauconnier UNCLE STAN'S What does this title evoke to you? ANTICIPATION + info + info Information you know: date, values, nationality etc... Who was Uncle Sam? What was he famous for? What do you know about Stan Lee?

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Marvel Studios' Black Panther - Official Trailer

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Ted Talk - LoVina Louis "We shall remain"

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Ted Talk - LoVina Louis "We shall remain"

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LoVina Louie explains the historical root causes for the challenges facing many Native Americans. Her abundant insight and passionate stories lead into a heart wrenching yet hopeful song that will captivate you as you listen to this talk.

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WESTERN PRESENTATION by ceciloutiare on Genially

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The Lewis and Clark Expedition

If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device.

0:00

4:33

1:11 / 4:33•Watch full video

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Final - Women and equality in the USA by mefromentin on Genially

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guess the title of the lesson! Equality Axe: Diversity & Inlusion How have women Collaborative lyrics 2. Why couldn't they vote? 3. How did they change the situation? Towards equal voting rights 1. The E.R.A. & Mrs America 2. Raising awareness for equality 1. Picture description and RBG The trail towards equal voting rights...

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Store photos and docs online. Access them from any PC, Mac or phone. Create and work together on Word, Excel or PowerPoint documents.

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Join a game of kahoot here. Kahoot! is a free game-based learning platform that makes it fun to learn - any subject, in any language, on any device, for all ages!

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Bohemian Rhapsody | Official Trailer [HD] | 20th Century FOX

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Rami Malek: Becoming Freddie Mercury | SBS The Feed

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Neil Armstrong Biopic ‘First Man’ Sparks Outcry for Omitting American Flag

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Eddie Redmayne & Felicity Jones on The Theory of Everything | Film4 Interview Special

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My Week With Marilyn - Official Trailer [HD] 2011

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Lincoln Official Trailer #1 (2012) Steven Spielberg Movie HD

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Nina Official Trailer #1 (2016) -  Zoe Saldana, David Oyelowo Movie HD

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7.1 write a movie review and expressions

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BOHEMIAN RHAPSODY MOVIE 2018 [LIVE AID] Side by Side w/ the QUEEN LIVE AID 1985

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Black Lives Matter explained: The history of a movement

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I urge you all to go the @BBCSounds app and listen what @claraamfo said this morning on her show in full. Clara I bloody love you 🤍

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I urge you all to go the @BBCSounds app and listen what @claraamfo said this morning on her show in full. Clara I bloody love you 🤍 https://t.co/pm4LWk8QHa

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I urge you all to go the @BBCSounds app and listen what @claraamfo said this morning on her show in full. Clara I bloody love you 🤍 pic.twitter.com/pm4LWk8QHa
— Jack Garratt (@JackGarratt) June 2, 2020

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I urge you all to go the @BBCSounds app and listen what @claraamfo said this morning on her show in full. Clara I bloody love you 🤍 https://t.co/pm4LWk8QHa

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I urge you all to go the @BBCSounds app and listen what @claraamfo said this morning on her show in full. Clara I bloody love you 🤍

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Ruby Nell Bridges Hall (born September 8, 1954) is an American civil rights activist. She was the first African American child to attend formerly whites-only William Frantz Elementary School in Louisiana during the New Orleans school desegregation crisis on November 14, 1960. She is the subject of a 1964 painting, The Problem We All Live With, by Norman Rockwell.

Bridges was the eldest of five children born to Abon and Lucille Bridges. As a child, she spent much time taking care of her younger siblings, though she also enjoyed playing jump rope and softball and climbing trees. When she was four years old, the family relocated from Tylertown, Mississippi, where Bridges was born, to New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1960, when she was six years old, her parents responded to a request from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and volunteered her to participate in the integration of the New Orleans school system, even though her father was hesitant.

Background

Bridges was born during the middle of the Civil Rights Movement. Brown v. Board of Education was decided three months and twenty-two days before Bridges' birth. The court ruling declared that the establishment of separate public schools for white children, which black children were barred from attending, was unconstitutional; accordingly, black students were permitted to attend such schools. Though the Brown v. Board of Education decision was finalized in 1954, southern states were extremely resistant to the decision that they must integrate within six years. Many white people did not want schools to be integrated and, though it was a federal ruling, state governments were not doing their part in enforcing the new laws. In 1957, federal troops were ordered to Little Rock, Arkansas, to escort the Little Rock Nine students in combating violence that occurred as a result of the decision. Under significant pressure from the federal government, the Orleans Parish School Board administered an entrance exam to students at Bridges' school with the intention of keeping black children out of white schools.

Integration

Bridges attended a segregated kindergarten in 1959. In early 1960, Bridges was one of six black children in New Orleans to pass the test that determined whether they could go to the all-white William Frantz Elementary School. Two of the six decided to stay at their old school, Bridges went to Frantz by herself, and three children (Gail Etienne, Leona Tate and Tessie Prevost) were transferred to the all white McDonogh No. 19 Elementary School. All four 6-year-old girls were escorted to school by federal marshals during the first day they attended the two schools. In the following days of that year, federal marshals continued to escort them.

William Frantz Elementary School building in 2010

Bridges' father was initially reluctant, but her mother felt strongly that the move was needed not only to give her own daughter a better education, but to "take this step forward ... for all African-American children". Her mother finally convinced her father to let her go to the school.

Judge J. Skelly Wright's court order for the first day of integrated schools in New Orleans on Monday, November 14, 1960, was commemorated by Norman Rockwell in the painting, The Problem We All Live With (published in Look magazine on January 14, 1964). As Bridges describes it, "Driving up I could see the crowd, but living in New Orleans, I actually thought it was Mardi Gras. There was a large crowd of people outside of the school. They were throwing things and shouting, and that sort of goes on in New Orleans at Mardi Gras." Former United States Deputy Marshal Charles Burks later recalled, "She showed a lot of courage. She never cried. She didn't whimper. She just marched along like a little soldier, and we're all very very proud of her."

U.S. Marshals escorted Bridges to and from school.

As soon as Bridges entered the school, white parents pulled their own children out; all the teachers except for one refused to teach while a black child was enrolled. Only one person agreed to teach Bridges, and that was Barbara Henry, from Boston, Massachusetts, and for over a year Henry taught her alone, "as if she were teaching a whole class."[attribution needed ]

That first day, Bridges and her mother spent the entire day in the principal's office; the chaos of the school prevented their moving to the classroom until the second day. On the second day, however, a white student broke the boycott and entered the school when a 34-year-old Methodist minister, Lloyd Anderson Foreman, walked his five-year-old daughter Pam through the angry mob, saying, "I simply want the privilege of taking my child to school..." A few days later, other white parents began bringing their children, and the protests began to subside. Yet Bridges remained the only child in her class, as she would until the following year. Every morning, as Bridges walked to school, one woman would threaten to poison her, while another held up a black baby doll in a coffin. This led the U.S. Marshals dispatched to oversee her safety to only allow Bridges to eat the food that she brought from home, and she was not allowed to participate in recess.

Child psychiatrist Robert Coles volunteered to provide counseling to Bridges during her first year at Frantz. He met with her weekly in the Bridges home, later writing a children's book, The Story of Ruby Bridges, to acquaint other children with Bridges' story. Coles donated the royalties from the sale of that book to the Ruby Bridges Foundation, to provide money for school supplies or other educational needs for impoverished New Orleans school children.

The Bridges family suffered for their decision to send her to William Frantz Elementary: her father lost his job as a gas station attendant; the grocery store the family shopped at would no longer let them shop there; her grandparents, who were sharecroppers in Mississippi, were turned off their land; and Abon and Lucille Bridges separated. Bridges has noted that many others in the community, both black and white, showed support in a variety of ways. Some white families continued to send their children to Frantz despite the protests, a neighbor provided her father with a new job, and local people babysat, watched the house as protectors, and walked behind the federal marshals' car on the trips to school. It was not until Bridges was an adult that she learned that the immaculate clothing she wore to school in those first weeks at Frantz was sent to her family by a relative of Coles. Bridges says her family could never have afforded the dresses, socks, and shoes that are documented in photographs of her escort by U.S. Marshals to and from the school.

Bridges speaking at Texas A&M University-Commerce in February 2015

As of 2004, Bridges, now Ruby Bridges Hall, still lived in New Orleans with her husband, Malcolm Hall, and their four sons.[better source needed ] After graduating from a desegregated high school, she worked as a travel agent for 15 years and later became a full-time parent. She is now chair of the Ruby Bridges Foundation, which she formed in 1999 to promote "the values of tolerance, respect, and appreciation of all differences". Describing the mission of the group, she says, "racism is a grown-up disease and we must stop using our children to spread it."

Bridges is the subject of the Lori McKenna song "Ruby's Shoes". Her childhood struggle at William Frantz Elementary School was portrayed in the 1998 made-for-TV movie Ruby Bridges. The young Bridges was portrayed by actress Chaz Monet, and the movie also featured Lela Rochon as Bridges' mother, Lucille "Lucy" Bridges; Michael Beach as Bridges' father, Abon Bridges; Penelope Ann Miller as Bridges' teacher, Mrs. Henry; and Kevin Pollak as Dr. Robert Coles.

Like hundreds of thousands of others in the greater New Orleans area, Bridges lost her home (in Eastern New Orleans) to catastrophic flooding from the failure of the levee system during Hurricane Katrina in 2005.[citation needed ] Hurricane Katrina also greatly damaged William Frantz Elementary School, and Bridges played a significant role in fighting for the school to remain open.

In November 2007, the Children's Museum of Indianapolis unveiled a new permanent exhibit documenting her life, along with the lives of Anne Frank and Ryan White. The exhibit, called "The Power of Children: Making a Difference", cost $6 million to install and includes an authentic re-creation of Bridges' first grade classroom.

In 2010, Bridges had a 50th-year reunion at William Frantz Elementary with Pam Foreman Testroet, who had been, at the age of five, the first white child to break the boycott that ensued from Bridges' attendance at that school.

Bridges and President Barack Obama view the painting by Rockwell in the White House. (video)

On July 15, 2011, Bridges met with President Barack Obama at the White House, and while viewing the Norman Rockwell painting of her on display he told her, "I think it's fair to say that if it hadn't been for you guys, I might not be here and we wouldn't be looking at this together". The Rockwell painting was displayed in the West Wing of the White House, just outside the Oval Office, from June through October 2011.

Awards and honors

In September 1995, Bridges and Robert Coles were awarded honorary degrees from Connecticut College and appeared together in public for the first time to accept the awards.

Bridges' Through My Eyes won the Carter G. Woodson Book Award in 2000.

On August 10, 2000, the 40 year anniversary of her walk into William Frantz Elementary School, Deputy Attorney General Eric Holder made Ruby Bridges an Honorary Deputy U.S. Marshal.

On January 8, 2001, Bridges was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton.

In November 2006, Bridges was honored as a "Hero Against Racism" at the 12th annual Anti-Defamation League "Concert Against Hate" with the National Symphony Orchestra, held at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC.

On May 19, 2012, Bridges received an honorary degree from Tulane University at the annual graduation ceremony at the Superdome.

On November 9, 2023, Bridges was awarded the Robert Coles Call of Service Award by the Phillips Brooks House Association at Harvard University, and gave the corresponding lecture at Memorial Church.

Two elementary schools are named after Bridges: one in Alameda, California, and another in Woodinville, Washington. A statue of Bridges stands in the courtyard of William Frantz Elementary School. When asked what she hopes children will feel when seeing the statue, she responded:

I think kids will look at it and think to themselves, 'I can do something great too.' Kids can do anything, and I want them to be able to see themselves in the statue. Hopefully that will remind [them that they] can change the world.

Published works

References

1. ^ Anderson, James; Byrne, Dara N. (2004). The Unfinished Agenda of Brown v. Board of Education. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons. p. 169. ISBN 9780471649267. OCLC 53038681.

2. ^ "60 years ago today, 6-year-old Ruby Bridges walked to school and showed how even first graders can be trailblazers".

3. ^ Bridges Hall, Ruby (March 2000). "The Education of Ruby Nell". as published in Guideposts. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012.

4. Ruby Bridges Hall. "The Education of Ruby Nell," ^ Guideposts, March 2000, pp. 3-4.

5. ^ Charlayne Hunter-Gault. "A Class of One: A Conversation with Ruby Bridges Hall," Online NewsHour, February 18, 1997

6. Ellen Blue, ^ St. Mark's and the Social Gospel: Methodist Women and Civil Rights in New Orleans, 1895-1965, pp. 161-162 (University of Tennessee Press, 2011).

7. ^ Excerpts from Through My Eyes, at African American World for Kids Archived May 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

8. ^ Pollack, Susan R. (October 31, 2007). "The 'Power of Children' opens in Indianapolis". The Detroit News. Detroit, MI. p. Features section, 3E.

9. ^ "Ruby Bridges: Honorary Deputy". United States Marshals Service (usmashals.gov). August 9, 2000.

10. ^ "Deputy Attorney General Holder to Honor Civil Rights Pioneer Ruby Bridges at Ceremony at Corcoran Gallery of Art". United States Department of Justice (justice.gov).

11. ^ "President Clinton Awards the Presidential Citizens Medals". Washington, D.C: The White House (whitehouse.gov), archived by the National Archives and Records Administration (nara.gov). January 8, 2001. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012.

12. ^ "ADL Heroes Against Hate to Be Honored at Kennedy Center". U.S. Newswire. November 14, 2006.

13. ^ Hegarty, Peter (October 31, 2006). "Civil rights icon attends dedication: Ruby Bridges, namesake of new Alameda elementary school, broke racial barrier as a 6-year-old in 1960". Alameda Journal. Alameda, CA. p. News section, A1.

Further reading

Bridges Hall, Ruby. Through My Eyes, Scholastic Press, 1999. (ISBN 0590189239)

Coles, Robert. The Story of Ruby Bridges, Scholastic Press, 1995. (ISBN 0590572814)

Devlin, Rachel. A Girl Stands at the Door: The Generation of Young Women Who Desegregated America's Schools, Basic Books, 2018 (ISBN 9781541697331)

Steinbeck, John. Travels with Charley in Search of America, Viking Adult, 1962. (ISBN 0670725080)

External links

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Ruby Nell Bridges Hall (born September 8, 1954) is an American civil rights activist. She was the first African American child to attend formerly whites-only William Frantz Elementary School in Louisiana during the New Orleans school desegregation crisis on November 14, 1960.

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The problem we all live with (Rockwell -painting)

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The problem we all live with (Rockwell -painting)

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Ruby Bridges visits President Obama, 2011

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Ruby Bridges visits President Obama, 2011

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Ruby Bridges visits with the President and her portrait

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How Colin Kaepernick went from football star to civil rights icon | Nightline

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Colin Kaepernick, a quarterback for the National Football League’s San Francisco 49ers from 2011 to 2016, became known for protesting injustice by refusing to stand for the national anthem.

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Media Contact:
Robin McElhatton, 408-924-1749, robin.mcelhatton@sjsu.edu

SAN JOSE, CA - San Jose State University alumni Tommie Smith and John Carlos have been named this year's recipients of the university's highest honor, the Tower Award. Smith and Carlos will receive the award at San Jose State's annual Inspiration to Innovation gala, a fundraiser to be held October 18 at the Event Center at SJSU.

"San Jose State University alumni Tommie Smith and John Carlos felt the fate of the nation resting on their shoulders when they made their unforgettable statement in support of human rights and dignity," President Mary A. Papazian said. "As SJSU marks the 50th anniversary of their courageous act, we seek to recognize these alumni for risking everything to bring worldwide attention to the defining issue of their time, one that still resonates today."

Smith and Carlos were SJSU track and field team members when they qualified to compete in the 1968 Olympics, held in Mexico City. After earning gold and bronze medals, respectively, they chose to bow their heads and raise gloved fists on the medal stand while the national anthem was played. In doing so, they created their iconic moment in athlete activism during one of the most tumultuous times in modern U.S. history.
From athletes to activists
"The Tower Award is given to San Jose State University exemplars whose personal stories embody the grit and determination that make us Spartans," said Paul Lanning, vice president for University Advancement and CEO of the Tower Foundation. "Without saying one word, alumni Tommie Smith and John Carlos sent a message that reverberated from 1968 through today, and for this they will receive the 2018 Tower Award at SJSU's annual Inspiration to Innovation gala."

For what the International Olympic Committee reportedly described as an "outrageous stance," Smith and Carlos were evicted from the Olympic Village in Mexico City and sent back to the United States. Nearly 40 years later, SJSU student Erik Grotz, who was surprised to learn that Smith and Carlos were alumni, suggested that the campus memorialize their peaceful protest. In 2005, the Associated Students of SJSU unveiled, in the heart of campus, a 23-foot-tall landmark sculpture of the two athletes.

Today, visitors from around the world act on the sculpture's signature invitation to take a stand by posing in the silver medal position where Australian Olympian Peter Norman stood in 1968, an arrangement discussed with and approved by Norman before his death in 2006.
San Jose's Speed City era
Between 1941 and 1970, 91 Spartans were ranked in the top 10 worldwide by Track and Field News, 27 were Olympians, and men's track and field won the NCAA team title in 1969. Smith and Carlos were SJSU track and field team members during this time, when San Jose was known as Speed City, with the legendary Lloyd "Bud" Winter as head coach.

Raised in Texas and California, Tommie Smith, '69 Social Science, '05 Honorary Doctorate, coached track and field at Oberlin College, where he also taught sociology, and later at Santa Monica College. He is the author of Silent Gesture: The Autobiography of Tommie Smith.

A native of New York, John Carlos, '05 Honorary Doctorate, pursued professional football and later worked for the United States Olympic Committee. He is the author, with Dave Zirin, of The John Carlos Story: The Sports Moment That Changed the World, this year's Campus Reading Program selection.
Continuing the dialogue
SJSU is the birthplace of the Olympic Project for Human Rights, a movement led by SJSU alumnus and instructor Harry Edwards, who went on to become a world-renown sports sociologist. The project inspired Smith and Carlos' now-historic stand.

Edwards, Smith, Carlos and others founded the SJSU Institute for the Study of Sport, Society and Social Change in 2017. The institute seeks to continue the dialogue about athlete activism and the influence of sport in effecting positive social change.
About San Jose State University The founding campus of the 23-campus California State University system, San Jose State provides a comprehensive university education, granting bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in 250 areas of study - offered through its eight colleges. With more than 35,000 students and nearly 4,370 employees, San Jose State University continues to be an essential partner in the economic, cultural and social development of Silicon Valley and the state, annually contributing 10,000 graduates to the workforce. The university is immensely proud of the accomplishments of its more than 260,000 alumni, 60 percent of whom live and work in the Bay Area.

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Alumni Tommie Smith and John Carlos to Receive the San Jose State University Tower Award

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Media Contact: Robin McElhatton, 408-924-1749, robin.mcelhatton@sjsu.edu SAN JOSE, CA - San Jose State University alumni Tommie Smith and John Carlos have been named this year's recipients of the university's highest honor, the Tower Award. Smith and Carlos will receive the award at San Jose State's annual Inspiration to Innovation gala , a fundraiser to be held October 18 at the Event Center at SJSU.

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Educational Videos for Students (Cartoons on Bullying, Leadership & More)

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Rosa Parks! Watch this educational video for children with a Rosa Parks Biography

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Civil Rights Activists Test Supreme Court Decision

The 1961 Freedom Rides, organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), were modeled after the organization's 1947 Journey of Reconciliation. During the 1947 action, African American and white bus riders tested the 1946 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Morgan v. Virginia that found segregated bus seating was unconstitutional.

The 1961 Freedom Rides sought to test a 1960 decision by the Supreme Court in Boynton v. Virginia that segregation of interstate transportation facilities, including bus terminals, was unconstitutional as well. A big difference between the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation and the 1961 Freedom Rides was the inclusion of women in the later initiative.

In both actions, Black riders traveled to the Jim Crow South-where segregation continued to occur-and attempted to use whites-only restrooms, lunch counters and waiting rooms.

John Lewis

The original group of 13 Freedom Riders-seven African Americans and six whites-left Washington, D.C., on a Greyhound bus on May 4, 1961. Their plan was to reach New Orleans, Louisiana, on May 17 to commemorate the seventh anniversary of the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision, which ruled that segregation of the nation's public schools was unconstitutional.

The group traveled through Virginia and North Carolina, drawing little public notice. The first violent incident occurred on May 12 in Rock Hill, South Carolina. John Lewis, an African American seminary student and member of the SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), white Freedom Rider and World War II veteran Albert Bigelow and another Black rider were viciously attacked as they attempted to enter a whites-only waiting area.

The next day, the group reached Atlanta, Georgia, where some of the riders split off onto a Trailways bus.

Did you know? John Lewis, one of the original group of 13 Freedom Riders, was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in November 1986. Lewis, a Democrat, continued to represent Georgia's 5th Congressional District, which includes Atlanta, until his death in 2020.

Freedom Riders Face Bloodshed in Alabama

On May 14, 1961, the Greyhound bus was the first to arrive in Anniston, Alabama. There, an angry mob of about 200 white people surrounded the bus, causing the driver to continue past the bus station.

The mob followed the bus in automobiles, and when the tires on the bus blew out, someone threw a bomb into the bus. The Freedom Riders escaped the bus as it burst into flames, only to be brutally beaten by members of the surrounding mob.

The second bus, a Trailways vehicle, traveled to Birmingham, Alabama, and those riders were also beaten by an angry white mob, many of whom brandished metal pipes. Birmingham Public Safety Commissioner Bull Connor stated that, although he knew the Freedom Riders were arriving and violence awaited them, he posted no police protection at the station because it was Mother's Day.

Photographs of the burning Greyhound bus and the bloodied riders appeared on the front pages of newspapers throughout the country and around the world the next day, drawing international attention to the Freedom Riders' cause and the state of race relations in the United States.

Following the widespread violence, CORE officials could not find a bus driver who would agree to transport the integrated group, and they decided to abandon the Freedom Rides. However, Diane Nash, an activist from the SNCC, organized a group of 10 students from Nashville, Tennessee, to continue the rides.

U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, brother of President John F. Kennedy, began negotiating with Governor John Patterson of Alabama and the bus companies to secure a driver and state protection for the new group of Freedom Riders. The rides finally resumed, on a Greyhound bus departing Birmingham under police escort, on May 20.

Federal Marshals Called In

The violence toward the Freedom Riders was not quelled-rather, the police abandoned the Greyhound bus just before it arrived at the Montgomery, Alabama, terminal, where a white mob attacked the riders with baseball bats and clubs as they disembarked. Attorney General Kennedy sent 600 federal marshals to the city to stop the violence.

The following night, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. led a service at the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, which was attended by more than one thousand supporters of the Freedom Riders. A riot ensued outside the church, and King called Robert Kennedy to ask for protection.

Kennedy summoned the federal marshals, who used tear gas to disperse the white mob. Patterson declared martial law in the city and dispatched the National Guard to restore order.

Kennedy Urges 'Cooling Off' Period

On May 24, 1961, a group of Freedom Riders departed Montgomery for Jackson, Mississippi. There, several hundred supporters greeted the riders. However, those who attempted to use the whites-only facilities were arrested for trespassing and taken to the maximum-security penitentiary in Parchman, Mississippi.

That same day, U.S. Attorney General Kennedy issued a statement urging a "cooling off" period in the face of the growing violence:

"A very difficult condition exists now in the states of Mississippi and Alabama. Besides the groups of 'Freedom Riders' traveling through these states, there are curiosity seekers, publicity seekers and others who are seeking to serve their own causes, as well as many persons who are traveling because they must use the interstate carriers to reach their destination.

In this confused situation, there is increasingly possibility that innocent persons may be injured. A mob asks no questions.

A cooling off period is needed. It would be wise for those traveling through these two Sites to delay their trips until the present state of confusion and danger has passed and an atmosphere of reason and normalcy has been restored."

During the Mississippi hearings, the judge turned and looked at the wall rather than listen to the Freedom Riders' defense-as had been the case when sit-in participants were arrested for protesting segregated lunch counters in Tennessee. He sentenced the riders to 30 days in jail.

Attorneys from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP), a civil rights organization, appealed the convictions all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which reversed them.

Desegregating Travel

The violence and arrests continued to garner national and international attention, and drew hundreds of new Freedom Riders to the cause.

The rides continued over the next several months, and in the fall of 1961, under pressure from the Kennedy administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transit terminals.

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Freedom Riders - Facts, Timeline & Significance | HISTORY

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Freedom Riders were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals.

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Derek Chauvin sentenced to 22½ years in prison for murder of George Floyd

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Massive Black Lives Matter sign, mural unveiled near White House

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List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States - Wikipedia

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In Memoriam

The universe shrank
when you went away.
Every time I thought your name,
stars fell upon me.
- Henry Dumas (poet, social activist, teacher)

Updated June 9, 2021

*************************************************

Note

This memorial is in honor of those unarmed black and brown people killed by the police, sheriff deputies, and security guards. The list is organized by most recent incident of police brutality (David McAtee and George Perry Floyd) and then moves back in time. I have listed each person by their name; birth and death dates; the location of their death; the means of death, date of death, and name of the police department.

I culled the names from a variety of online sources including Black Lives Matter's protests; Wikipedia; Black Past; Dangerous Objects, a website run by Mercy Garriga, that investigates cases of excessive use of force and death by the police force; and Professors Cassandra Chaney and Ray V. Robertson's essay "Armed and Dangerous? An Examination of Fatal Shootings of Unarmed Black People by Police." I have included women from the #SaveHerName project because we often ignore the injustices and violence that black women experience from the police: police brutality is real for women as it is for men.

At the age of twenty-four, a friend introduced me to the radical and astonishingly beautiful poetry and writing of Henry Dumas. His poetry serves as the epitaph for this memorial; Dumas is the last entry on this list, shot by New York City Transit Police on May 23, 1968.

- Renée Ater, May 29, 2020

** Many thanks to Cecilia Wichmann and Mary Savig for their fact checking of this list, including adding birth dates from the Social Security Death Index and links to additional news stories.

*************************************************

Sources

Fatal Force, Washington Post
2020: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/
2019: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/national/police-shootings-2019/
2018: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/police-shootings-2018/
2017: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/police-shootings-2017/
2016: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/police-shootings-2016/
2015: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/police-shootings/

"What We've Learned About Police Shootings 5 Years After Ferguson," Washington Post, August 9, 2019
https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/08/09/what-weve-learned-about-police-shootings-years-after-ferguson/?arc404=true

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list of unarmed black people killed by police - On Monuments - Renée Ater

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The universe shrank when you went away.Every time I thought your name,stars fell upon me. - Henry Dumas (poet, social activist, teacher) Updated June 9, 2021 ************************************************* This memorial is in honor of those unarmed black and brown people killed by the police, sheriff deputies, and security guards.

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Goings On

What we're watching, listening to, and doing this week, online, in N.Y.C., and beyond. Paid subscribers also receive book picks.

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"Say Their Names," Kadir Nelson's cover for the June 22, 2020, issue of The New Yorker, reflects on the murder of George Floyd and the history of violence against black people in America.

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