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I found it interesting to research the early modernist period pre WWI. It was cool to learn about the golden age of France in the period between the end of the French republic and the start of the war, and how art thrived during that short time of peace. It almost seemed similar to the golden age in Ancient Greece.

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I enjoyed learning about the mediums themselves and how and why they were used.

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The most interesting thing i learned about was mainly about Brancusi. I previously knew nothing about the world of sculpture and I had no idea he was making such modern forms in as early as the 1900s. I really liked further researching what his art later contributed to the wider world of sculpture.

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The most interesting thing I learned in media and processes was just learning about the way an artist thinks and that their decisions rarely seem to be random. I really think it has made me look at artwork in a more thoughtful way because I can see what an artist was thinking based on just the way they applied paint or used light or anything like that.

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Something that I found really interesting was the parallels between Colorito style in the Renaissance and the Fauves in the Modernist period. In terms of use of colour and oils paints - and also the expressive application onto the canvas.

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I was surprised about how spiritual Mondrian's work is! Theosophy was something that I had never heard of and the use of colour connecting the his religion was quite interesting to explore

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what was the most important/interesting/surprising thing your learned about/researched and why was that?

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Ask your questions here

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This is a pdf which translate's Matisse's 1908 writing 'Notes of a Painter.

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I learnt about La Belle Epoque which is the 'golden era' of French history. It was a period of technological advancement, peace and cultural innovations with the rise of the French republic pre ww1.  These advancements and modern way of life triggered experimentation with mediums and the purpose of painting alongside the development of photography.

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Over the week, I researched Colorito and Fauvism. I saw a lot of parallels between the two in terms of their media (oil paint) use of colour and ideas about what art should do. I found it interesting that art made centuries apart could have quite clear links. I wonder how much Colorito influenced parts of modern art?

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Logan - What is Dada (4 minutes - Scottish National Gallery) https://youtu.be/ABNwtDyx7T4 

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Logan - What is Dada (4 minutes - Scottish National Gallery) https://youtu.be/ABNwtDyx7T4 

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Primarily a literally and artistic movement, it emmerged in serveral cities in Europe and America but it was Zurich’s Cabaret Voltaire club in 1916 that the movement was first founded bu Hugo Ball and Emmy Hennings.

New York artists Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia revolutionised ideas of what consisted an artwork. Duchamp famously coined the term Readymade to describe his found object art which transformed the conventions of visual art.

Picabia was influenced by Duchamp, they both had a taste for paradox and the absurd. Picabia often depicted the machine in his work based on his enthusiasm for mechanism in America. His works often had hidden ironic meanings.

The Zurich group published a Dada magazine and held numerous art exhibitions spreading their anti-war anti-art ideas. Dadaism continued to spread at the end of the world war.

College art was favoured over more tradition techniques by many Dada artists, including Hannah Hoch. She was best known for producing satirical and disturbing photomonategs.

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Technology gave new means for expression as well as something new to express. The stone sculpture, inspired by the first automobile, shows how old mediums tried to deal with the modern age of technology.

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Picasso and the new language of Cubism (Holly) 

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Picasso and the new language of Cubism (Holly) 

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Puzzle- putting body pieces back together.
Fighting against linear perspective, 3 dimensional modeling as the old systems felt outdated.
Painting is an illusion, a language of representation
Use of geometric forms
Changing and shifting your own view, multiple perspectives at once.
Structural logic of the language he is inventing
Suggestion of form, reduction of colour to highlight structure and line.
'Fractured form'

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Picasso - The new language of Cubism - the art story video

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Picasso - The new language of Cubism - the art story video

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Cubism is a way of abstracting the world and analysing it by taking it apart. Traditionally representation has a fixed one point perspective with vanishing points. However for artists like Picasso the Modern world felt ruptured. He was trying to invent a new visual language that fit with the modern world.

He was building on Cezzane's idea that perspective is constantly changing, by showing multiple view points at one in the one view. He still suggests form, through line shadow and overlapping - it isn't completely abstract. It is possible for us to put all the pieces together,

Picasso - The new language of the art story video

Cubism is a way of abstracting the world and analysing it by taking it apart. Traditionally representation has a fixed one point perspective with vanishing points. However for artists like Picasso the Modern world felt ruptured. He was trying to invent a new visual language that fit with the modern world.

He was building on Cezzane's idea that perspective is constantly changing, by showing multiple view points at one in the one view. He still suggests form, through line shadow and overlapping - it isn't completely abstract. It is possible for us to put all the pieces together,

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This is the application of colour in 16th century Venetian painting. This was the beginning of colour being seen as a compositional element, used for expressive and/or sensual manners. As such this contrasted with the more contemporary with Disegno (A manner of drawing and design with an intellectual sense) Florentine trait.

A debate arose concerning Michelangelo and Titian about the merits of colour and Disegno.

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1. LR Designo and Colorito
-https://youtu.be/JYd5dHGuyxw (3:33 long, produced by The Accademia delle Arti Del Disegno – oldest arts institution in Florence Italy about the meaning of designo,  -https://youtu.be/0LhEVYggGg8 (3 minutes long - a brief explanation of their styles), - - -https://youtu.be/MyoGrJFHE1Q?t=34 (9 minutes long. Start at 0:34 Explains indepth Colorito and Designo and makes links to Plato’s ideas about representation)

2. EM

-The Shock of the New doco will be essential viewing. It is an hour long. But I would recommend flicking through it you can skip the surrealists and just focus on the artists you need to know about for the purposes of this assignment (Picasso, Duchamp etc) https://youtu.be/J3ne7Udaetg,

-AP EURO - what was La Belle Epoque? (9 min long American teacher giving a fairly detailed explanation) https://youtu.be/UsQ-Mu4hluM?t=39,

-In search of the light Painting the Belle Epoque https://youtu.be/i6Flefuu1L0?t=4013 (Just watch the section about Matisse - this link should bring you in at 1 hour and 10 mins and the relevant section is 10 mins long),

-Cubism in 9 minutes https://youtu.be/IF-nmwm7-Bg (NB we want to focus on synthetic cubism), What is Cubism (4 mins- Scottish National Gallery) https://youtu.be/V6ZT1705Slw,

-Picasso and the new language of cubism (5 mins - SmartHistory/Khan Academy) https://youtu.be/GRTsMJNcHFw ,

- Dada Collage (5 mins SmartHistory/Khan Academy) https://youtu.be/GRTsMJNcHFw

- - Dada Sculpture (5 mins SmartHistory/Khan Academy) https://youtu.be/MRv20I13vqM

- What is Dada (4 minutes - Scottish National Gallery) https://youtu.be/ABNwtDyx7T4

- Brancusi -  Smart History/Khan Academy https://youtu.be/ABNwtDyx7T4 , https://youtu.be/ABNwtDyx7T4

- Brancusi (8 min art history lecture about brancusi’s sculptures and materials) https://youtu.be/FweKfjwLpSw

- Brancusi abstraction (https://youtu.be/FweKfjwLpSw )

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Sensual pleasures were really important. It was a lavish time when enjoying life was important 'Joie de vivre' -'the joy of life' was really valued.

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https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Technological-context-of-the-Eiffel-tower.php

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The time of the construction of the Eiffel Tower is called "the industrial era", it corresponds to the end of the nineteenth century, slightly after the United States, already a little ahead of Europe. This era is marked by a great step forward of know-how and techniques, it sees increasing opportunities through the study and discovery of new physical properties, such as the revolution of electricity, electromagnetism, or role of bacteria in human anatomy. Regarding the Eiffel Tower, it is the progress of the metallurgy that had the greatest impact, because before the industrial era the buildings could be built only in stone or mortar, so there was a limit at their heights because too high, the buildings collapse under their own weight. Moreover, building a tower over 1000 feet was a challenge for the engineers. And it is the industrial age that provides the answer, with large-scale iron ore mining and processing, that will allow the construction of metal structures.

Gustave Eiffel, who had made a specialty of this new material, had built several metal viaducts. Shortly before the beginning of the construction of the tower he had realized for Auguste Bartholdi the internal structure of the Statue of Liberty, in 1886.

Other fields are studied, and many applications result: The properties of radioactivity, vaccines, acoustics, etc. An author like Jules Verne, with a fertile imagination and distant vision, imagines the future inventions that we know that many of them were actually manufactured. But if medical inventions are not impressive to see, while very useful, the industry can show its expertise on a large scale. This shows the 300m tower planted in the heart of Paris, the Brooklyn Bridge in New York, or the proliferation of large factories in Northern Europe.

Main inventions of the late nineteenth century

1. 1876: The four-stroke engine (Gottlieb Daimler, Nikolaus Otto, Maybach)

2. 1876: The typewriter (Philo Remington)

3. 1876: The phone (Graham Bell)

4. 1877: The phonograph (Charles Cros, in France, then Thomas Edison, in the United States)

5. 1879: The incandescent lamp (Thomas Edison)

6. 1879: The electric locomotive (Werner von Siemens)

7. 1881: The steam car (Amédée Bollée)

8. 1882: The photographic rifle (Etienne Jules Marey)

9. 1882: Electric Lighting (New York)

10. 1884: The tank stylist (Lewis Edson Waterman)

11. 1885: The vaccine against rabies (Louis Pasteur)

12. 1886: The electric street lights (in Paris)

13. 1887: Beginning of the construction of the Eiffel Tower.

14. 1888: Electromagnetic waves (Heinrich Hertz)

15. 1889: The photographic film (George Eastman)

16. 1889: End of the construction of the Eiffel Tower.

17. 1890: The plane "l'Éole" (Clement Ader)

18. 1890: The steam vehicle (Leon Serpollet).

19. 1890: Chronophotography (Etienne Jules Marey)

20. 1891: Removable tires (Edouard Michelin)

21. 1892: The Optical Theater (Émile Reynaud, at the Musée Grévin).

22. 1892: The diesel engine (Otto Diesel)

23. 1895: The cinematograph (Lumière brothers)

24. 1895: The X-rays (Wilhelm Röntgen)

25. 1896: Radioactivity (Henri Becquerel)

26. 1897: Transmission by wireless telegraphy (Edouard Branly and Guglielmo Marconi)

27. 1898: The first telegraphic link between the Pantheon and the Eiffel Tower (Eugène Ducretet and Ernest Roger).

28. 1898: Radium (Pierre and Marie Curie)

29. 1900: The Paris Metro

30. 1900: The airship (Von Zeppelin)

31. 1902: The chronophone, ancestor of the talking cinema (Léon Gaumont)

32. 1903: The biplane (Wright brothers)

33. 1904: The telegraphic connections from the Eiffel Tower, under the direction of Captain Ferrié.

34. 1915: Sonar (Paul Langevin)

See also:
History of the Eiffel tower

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Technological context of the construction of the Eiffel Tower

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The time of the construction of the Eiffel Tower is called "the industrial era", it corresponds to the end of the nineteenth century, slightly after the United States, already a little ahead of Europe.

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I was just reading on the official eiffell tower website that it is used for scientific purposes. https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/eiffel-tower-and-science

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The Eiffel Tower and the History of Broadcasting

Gustave Eiffel knew that the scientific uses of the Tower could prolong its lifespan. The Eiffel Tower was actually supposed to be dismantled after 20 years! That is why he allowed numerous scientific experiments to be carried out - meteorological and astronomical observations, physics, air resistance, etc.

He succeeded in saving his Tower by putting it forward as a monumental support antenna for wireless broadcasting.
The First Wireless Telegraphic Contact Led By Eugène Ducretet
On the 5th November 1898, Eugène Ducretet carried out the first wireless telegraphy trials between the Eiffel Tower and the Pantheon (a distance of 4 km). The transmitter was installed at the top of the Tower. In 1899, the waves crossed the Channel for the first time.
Wireless Transmission Saves the Tower
In 1903, Gustave Eiffel, fascinated by scientific experiments, was still searching for a way to save "his" Tower, whose concession from the City of Paris was to come to an end 6 years later. He suggested to Captain Gustave Ferrié, then responsible for studying the military applications of wireless transmission, that he use the Tower for his experiments. He financed this operation, which enabled transmission and reception over 400 km. The Department of Military Engineering authorised Captain Ferrié to install antennas on the Tower. He set himself up in a wooden shelter next to the Southern Pillar.

In 1909, the underground military radiotelegraphy station was set up. The strategic interest in the Tower had been demonstrated and the City of Paris renewed Gustave Eiffel's concession on the 1st January 1910.
Experiment on Wireless Telegraphy
In 1913, the Tower sent telegrams using electrical waves to as far as America and to ships making the crossing in a radius of 6,000 km.
Wireless Transmission during the First World War
In 1914, during the Battle of the Marne, the Tower's radiotelegraphic station learnt that General Von Marwitz, Commander of the right wing of the German Army, was having administrative problems and as a result was halting his advance.

This crucial information enabled the French command to organise a victorious counter-attack (the Taxis de la Marne).

Thanks to the Eiffel Tower's station, important enemy radio telegrams, sometimes concealed by a commercial appearance in neutral countries' programmes, were deciphered. Spies were exposed, among them Mata Hari.
The First Radio Programmes
From 1921, at first as an experiment, a civilian transmitter broadcast music programmes, columns, and lastly the "Journal Parlé" (spoken news) from 1925, picked up by amateurs on simple crystal radio sets. Radio Tour-Eiffelwas well-known to Parisians at the time.

Experimental programmes were organised and performers were invited to them, such as Sacha Guitry and Yvonne Printemps.
The Beginnings of Television
In 1935, a television studio was set up in rue de Grenelle and the Eiffel Tower transmitter began to operate. From 60 lines at the beginning of the installation, they then passed to a high definition of 180 lines.

On the 2 nd June 1953, thanks to the Eiffel Tower's transmitter, television showed the whole of France the celebrations for the Queen of England's coronation live. This was the beginning of Eurovision.
The Tower Has Grown with Television's Progress
In 1957, live satellite dishes were installed, providing the three television channels' programmes using 819 lines, along with the frequency modulation radio transmitter. The new antenna made the Eiffel Tower reach a height of 320.75 metres.

In 2000, a new UHF (Ultra High Frequency) antenna led to another modification in the Tower's height, which was now 324 m.

In 2010, considerable work on the TDF equipment has been done to prepare for the complete changeover to digital television in Ile-de-France.

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The Eiffel Tower and science - Official Eiffel Tower Website

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Gustave Eiffel knew that the scientific uses of the Tower could prolong its lifespan. The Eiffel Tower was actually supposed to be dismantled after 20 years! That is why he allowed numerous scientific experiments to be carried out - meteorological and astronomical observations, physics, air resistance, etc.

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I've been thinking about Hughes' criticism of artists making art for an over hyped art market. I wonder what he had to say about artists like Duchamp vs. artists like Brancusi (readymade art vs highly crafted sculpture.)

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“Hughes values an artist's technical prowess and his/her ability to be visually descriptive and earnest, but firmly believes that not all Abstract Expressionists are worthy of the same praise.” I quoted this as I thought it was interesting. This I think can relate back to his strong options on the “domineering art market” and how it’s seen as en evil. “…people end up paying thousands for something he scribbled on a cocktail napkin, because the art market has unapologetically fetishised Warhol's work.” I think this shines a light on those that paint genuinely and those that paint/had begun to paint works just to satisfy the “over-hyped” market.

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Nice. The Eiffel tower became a modernist symbol in Paris. It was omnipresent. You could see it from every part of Paris. It also symbolised the power of technology.

I also remember reading somewhere that the construction of this tower shifting people's thinking about how to view the world (I'll see if I can find a link)

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I am watching the shock of the new and it is interesting that the Eiffel tower is a symbol of industrialization and the human body created by an engineer rather than a sculptor.

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Colorito were interested in the effects of light and how colour could be used to describe nature and forms in painting. Colorito paintings have the appearance of being more 'in the moment', as they are painted using oil paints which can be blended and reworked over time.

Thoughts: this seems to link to impresionism. I wonder how much influence Colorito had on Impressionism historically?

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Vasari talked abou '  disegno as the father and foundation of all the visual arts, “the animating principle of all creative processes.”'
So the catalystspark that gave life to art.

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It was known literally as the 'beautiful era'. There were a lot of technological and cultural developments and it was generally a very optimistic time. Paris was the epicentre of La Belle Epoque. (I wonder why Paris was so central to this time/movement?)

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wbgSwB44Z4D6jsZKPkLhmul1cR_H9uX3FxOQRYxtLxM/edit?usp=sharing

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What can we learn from Modernist artworks about the mood/feeling at the time it was made.

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What can we learn from Modernist artworks about the mood/feeling at the time it was made.

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How did time and important events influence the materials that were used in Modernist Art?

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How did time and important events influence the materials that were used in Modernist Art?

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What do Art Historians have to say about La Belle Epoque

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What do Art Historians have to say about La Belle Epoque

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What did Robert Hughes have to say about technology, the modern world and art?

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What did Robert Hughes have to say about technology, the modern world and art?

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I need to understand the painting processes used in the Renaissance

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I need to understand the painting processes used in the Renaissance

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Did Ludovico Dolce have anything to say about Designo

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Did Ludovico Dolce have anything to say about Designo

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What did Ludovico Dolce say about Colorito

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What did Ludovico Dolce say about Colorito

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Would Colorito be possible outside of Venice?

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Would Colorito be possible outside of Venice?

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1. What is Colorito, and what is important to it?

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Why and how did technology influence the development of modern art?

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1. EM What is La Belle Epoque, and what is important to it?

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1. LR What is designo, and what is important to it?