# data[].attributes.body
1. You will have 10 minutes to complete "Quick" research on each of these topics.
2. You must post something in at least two of the four research columns. Don't forget to add your name to each of your posts!
3. Posts should be from credible websites and include an important date, act, person, event, or interesting/shocking fact you found during research.

# data[].attributes.body
Supreme Court rules it illegal to force maternity leave on a woman under the idea they are incapable of working.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Historians describe two waves of feminism in history: the first in the 19 th century, growing out of the anti-slavery movement, and the second, in the 1960s and 1970s. Women have made great strides - and suffered some setbacks - throughout history, but many of their gains were made during the two eras of activism in favor of women's rights. Some notable events:

1769 - The colonies adopt the English system decreeing women cannot own property in their own name or keep their own earnings.

1809 - Mary Kies becomes the first woman to receive a patent, for a method of weaving straw with silk.

1839 - The first state (Mississippi) grants women the right to hold property in their own names - with permission from their husbands.

1848 - At Seneca Falls, New York, 300 women and men sign the Declaration of Sentiments, a plea for the end of discrimination against women.

1866 - The 14th Amendment is passed by Congress, with "citizens" and "voters" defined as "male" in the Constitution.

Female federal employees (but not private sector workers) guaranteed equal pay for equal work under the law.

Susan B. Anthony casts her first vote to test whether the 14th Amendment would be interpreted broadly to guarantee women the right to vote. She is convicted of "unlawful voting."

1890 - The first state (Wyoming) grants women the right to vote in all elections.

1900 - By this year, every state had passed legislation granting married women the right to keep their own wages and to own property in their own name.

1916 - Jeannette Rankin, of Montana, is the first woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives

1918 - Margaret Sanger, two years after opening a birth control clinic in Brooklyn, wins her suit in New York to allow doctors to advise their married patients about birth control for health purposes. The clinic, along with others, becomes Planned Parenthood in 1942.

1920 - The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, ensuring the right of women to vote.

1923 - The first version of an Equal Rights Amendment is introduced. It says, "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction."

1932 - The National Recovery Act forbids more than one family member from holding a government job, resulting in many women losing their jobs.

1953 - Jerrie Cobb is the first U.S. woman to undergo astronaut testing. NASA, however, cancels the women's program in 1963. It is not until 1983 that an American woman gets sent into space.

1963 - The Equal Pay Act is passed by Congress, promising equitable wages for the same work, regardless of the race, color, religion, national origin or sex of the worker.

1964 - Title VII of the Civil Rights Act passes, prohibiting sex discrimination in employment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is created.

1965 - The Supreme Court establishes the right of married couples to use contraception.

1968 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs an executive order prohibiting sex discrimination by government contractors and requiring affirmative action plans for hiring women.

1969 - California adopts the nation's first "no fault" divorce law, allowing divorce by mutual consent.

Wellesley College graduate Hillary Clinton becomes the first student to address the graduating class at commencement.

1972 - Title IX of the Education Amendments prohibits sex discrimination in all aspects of education programs that receive federal support.

The Supreme Court upholds the right to use birth control by unmarried couples.

Juanita Kreps becomes the first woman director of the New York Stock Exchange.

1973 - Landmark Supreme Court ruling Roe v. Wade makes abortion legal. The Supreme Court in a separate ruling bans sex-segregated "help wanted" advertising.

1974 - Housing discrimination on the basis of sex and credit discrimination against women are outlawed by Congress.

The Supreme Court rules it is illegal to force pregnant women to take maternity leave on the assumption they are incapable of working in their physical condition.

1975 - The Supreme Court denies states the right to exclude women from juries.

1978 - The Pregnancy Discrimination Act bans employment discrimination against pregnant women.

1980 - Paula Hawkins of Florida, a Republican, becomes the first woman to be elected to the U.S. Senate without following her husband or father in the job.

1981 - Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman to serve on the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court rules that excluding women from the draft is constitutional. In a separate decision, the high court overturns state laws designating a husband "head and master" with unilateral control of property owned jointly with his wife.

In a break with tradition, Lady Diana Spencer deletes the vow to "obey" her husband as she marries Prince Charles.

1982 - The ERA falls short of ratification.

1984 - Geraldine Ferraro becomes the first woman to be nominated to be vice president on a major party ticket.

U.S. Supreme Court bans sex discrimination in membership for onetime all-male groups like the Jaycees, Kiwanis and Rotary clubs.

The state of Mississippi belatedly ratifies the 19th Amendment, granting women the vote.

1985 - EMILY's List is founded, its mission to elect Democratic, pro-abortion rights women to office.

1986 - The U.S. Supreme Court held that a work environment can be declared hostile or abusive because of discrimination based on sex, an important tool in sexual harassment cases.

1989 - The Supreme Court affirms the right of states to deny public funding for abortions and to prohibit public hospitals from performing abortions.

1992 - The Year of the Woman: Following 1991 hearings in which lawyer Anita Hill accused Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment, record numbers of women are elected to Congress, with four women winning Senate elections and two dozen women elected to first terms in the House.

In Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey, the Supreme Court upholds Roe v Wade but allows states to impose restrictions such as a waiting period and parental consent for minors seeking abortions.

1994 - The Violence Against Women Act funds services for victims of rape and domestic violence and allows women to seek civil rights remedies for gender-related crimes. Six years later, the Supreme Court invalidates those portions of the law permitting victims of rape, domestic violence, etc. to sue their attackers in federal court.

1997 - Madeleine Albright becomes the first female secretary of state.

2005 - Congress passes the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, the first law to ban a specific abortion procedure. The Supreme Court upholds the ban the following year.

The Supreme Court strikes down onerous abortion clinic regulations that were forcing women's clinics to close.

2017 - Catherine Cortez Masto becomes the first Latina senator.

2020 - Kamala Harris becomes the first woman elected vice president.

2022 - The Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, the landmark case that established a right to an abortion nearly 50 years earlier.

2023 - Congress has a record number of women, with 128 female House members and 25 female Senators.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Timeline: The Women's Rights Movement in the U.S.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A timeline of women's rights from 1769 to the fall of Roe v. Wade

# data[].attributes.headline
1869 - Wyoming Passes Women's Suffrage Law

# data[].attributes.subject
1869 - Wyoming Passes Women's Suffrage Law

# data[].attributes.body
By Cheyanne

# data[].attributes.body
1963- The Equal Pay Act is passed by Congress, promising equitable wages for the same work, regardless of the race, color, religion, national origin or sex of the worker.

https://www.usnews.com/news/the-report/articles/2017-01-20/timeline-the-womens-rights-movement-in-the-us

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Historians describe two waves of feminism in history: the first in the 19 th century, growing out of the anti-slavery movement, and the second, in the 1960s and 1970s. Women have made great strides - and suffered some setbacks - throughout history, but many of their gains were made during the two eras of activism in favor of women's rights. Some notable events:

1769 - The colonies adopt the English system decreeing women cannot own property in their own name or keep their own earnings.

1809 - Mary Kies becomes the first woman to receive a patent, for a method of weaving straw with silk.

1839 - The first state (Mississippi) grants women the right to hold property in their own names - with permission from their husbands.

1848 - At Seneca Falls, New York, 300 women and men sign the Declaration of Sentiments, a plea for the end of discrimination against women.

1866 - The 14th Amendment is passed by Congress, with "citizens" and "voters" defined as "male" in the Constitution.

Female federal employees (but not private sector workers) guaranteed equal pay for equal work under the law.

Susan B. Anthony casts her first vote to test whether the 14th Amendment would be interpreted broadly to guarantee women the right to vote. She is convicted of "unlawful voting."

1890 - The first state (Wyoming) grants women the right to vote in all elections.

1900 - By this year, every state had passed legislation granting married women the right to keep their own wages and to own property in their own name.

1916 - Jeannette Rankin, of Montana, is the first woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives

1918 - Margaret Sanger, two years after opening a birth control clinic in Brooklyn, wins her suit in New York to allow doctors to advise their married patients about birth control for health purposes. The clinic, along with others, becomes Planned Parenthood in 1942.

1920 - The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, ensuring the right of women to vote.

1923 - The first version of an Equal Rights Amendment is introduced. It says, "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction."

1932 - The National Recovery Act forbids more than one family member from holding a government job, resulting in many women losing their jobs.

1953 - Jerrie Cobb is the first U.S. woman to undergo astronaut testing. NASA, however, cancels the women's program in 1963. It is not until 1983 that an American woman gets sent into space.

1963 - The Equal Pay Act is passed by Congress, promising equitable wages for the same work, regardless of the race, color, religion, national origin or sex of the worker.

1964 - Title VII of the Civil Rights Act passes, prohibiting sex discrimination in employment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is created.

1965 - The Supreme Court establishes the right of married couples to use contraception.

1968 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs an executive order prohibiting sex discrimination by government contractors and requiring affirmative action plans for hiring women.

1969 - California adopts the nation's first "no fault" divorce law, allowing divorce by mutual consent.

Wellesley College graduate Hillary Clinton becomes the first student to address the graduating class at commencement.

1972 - Title IX of the Education Amendments prohibits sex discrimination in all aspects of education programs that receive federal support.

The Supreme Court upholds the right to use birth control by unmarried couples.

Juanita Kreps becomes the first woman director of the New York Stock Exchange.

1973 - Landmark Supreme Court ruling Roe v. Wade makes abortion legal. The Supreme Court in a separate ruling bans sex-segregated "help wanted" advertising.

1974 - Housing discrimination on the basis of sex and credit discrimination against women are outlawed by Congress.

The Supreme Court rules it is illegal to force pregnant women to take maternity leave on the assumption they are incapable of working in their physical condition.

1975 - The Supreme Court denies states the right to exclude women from juries.

1978 - The Pregnancy Discrimination Act bans employment discrimination against pregnant women.

1980 - Paula Hawkins of Florida, a Republican, becomes the first woman to be elected to the U.S. Senate without following her husband or father in the job.

1981 - Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman to serve on the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court rules that excluding women from the draft is constitutional. In a separate decision, the high court overturns state laws designating a husband "head and master" with unilateral control of property owned jointly with his wife.

In a break with tradition, Lady Diana Spencer deletes the vow to "obey" her husband as she marries Prince Charles.

1982 - The ERA falls short of ratification.

1984 - Geraldine Ferraro becomes the first woman to be nominated to be vice president on a major party ticket.

U.S. Supreme Court bans sex discrimination in membership for onetime all-male groups like the Jaycees, Kiwanis and Rotary clubs.

The state of Mississippi belatedly ratifies the 19th Amendment, granting women the vote.

1985 - EMILY's List is founded, its mission to elect Democratic, pro-abortion rights women to office.

1986 - The U.S. Supreme Court held that a work environment can be declared hostile or abusive because of discrimination based on sex, an important tool in sexual harassment cases.

1989 - The Supreme Court affirms the right of states to deny public funding for abortions and to prohibit public hospitals from performing abortions.

1992 - The Year of the Woman: Following 1991 hearings in which lawyer Anita Hill accused Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment, record numbers of women are elected to Congress, with four women winning Senate elections and two dozen women elected to first terms in the House.

In Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey, the Supreme Court upholds Roe v Wade but allows states to impose restrictions such as a waiting period and parental consent for minors seeking abortions.

1994 - The Violence Against Women Act funds services for victims of rape and domestic violence and allows women to seek civil rights remedies for gender-related crimes. Six years later, the Supreme Court invalidates those portions of the law permitting victims of rape, domestic violence, etc. to sue their attackers in federal court.

1997 - Madeleine Albright becomes the first female secretary of state.

2005 - Congress passes the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, the first law to ban a specific abortion procedure. The Supreme Court upholds the ban the following year.

The Supreme Court strikes down onerous abortion clinic regulations that were forcing women's clinics to close.

2017 - Catherine Cortez Masto becomes the first Latina senator.

2020 - Kamala Harris becomes the first woman elected vice president.

2022 - The Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, the landmark case that established a right to an abortion nearly 50 years earlier.

2023 - Congress has a record number of women, with 128 female House members and 25 female Senators.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Timeline: The Women's Rights Movement in the U.S.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A timeline of women's rights from 1769 to the fall of Roe v. Wade

# data[].attributes.body
In 1948 women could go into the military

- Carmela

# data[].attributes.body
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act allows victims, usually women, of pay discrimination to file a complaint with the government against their employer within 180 days of their last paycheck.
Fast company. Com
Cameron driver

# data[].attributes.body
1922: Cable Act
- The Cable Act is a law that was enforced for a way for women to gain U.S. citizenship after losing their citizenship from marrying a foreign national, this was caused by Expatriation Act (American women who marry foreign nationals take nationality of their husband)

Source - nps.gov

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CEDAW (article 16) guarantees women equal rights in deciding "freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children and to have access to the information, education and means to enable them to exercise these rights."

OHCHR.org

Martha

# data[].attributes.body
In 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act outlawed sex as a basis for setting job wage classifications.

# data[].attributes.body
1937- In Puerto Rico, all women are granted suffrage

# data[].attributes.headline
GRISWOLD V. CONNECTICUT (1965)- Grey Sechler 

# data[].attributes.subject
GRISWOLD V. CONNECTICUT (1965)- Grey Sechler 

# data[].attributes.body
Declared that laws forbidding the selling of birth control were unconstitutional

https://www.ushistory.org/us/57b.asp

# data[].attributes.body
All 50 states made it illegal to husbands to force their wife’s to have sexual  relationships with them

Mauricio R

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Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote. -Alex G

https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=63

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The primary source documents on this page highlight pivotal moments in the course of American history or government. They are some of the most-viewed and sought-out documents in the holdings of the National Archives.

Revolution and the New Nation

Expansion and Reform

Civil War and Reconstruction

The Development of the Industrial United States

The Emergence of Modern America

The Great Depression and World War II

Postwar United States

A note about the documents included on this page: These documents were originally selected for the project Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives, a national initiative on American history, civics, and service. They were identified to "help us think, talk and teach about the rights and responsibilities of citizens in our democracy...These documents reflect our diversity and our unity, our past and our future, and mostly our commitment as a nation to continue to strive to 'form a more perfect union.'" The original list included only documents created prior to 1965. In the future, this page will be updated with additional documents created after 1965. The original list also included several documents from the Library of Congress (Federalist Paper No. 10, Federalist Paper No. 51, Gettysburg Address, Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address) and the New York Public Library (George Washington's Farewell Address)."

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The primary source documents on this page highlight pivotal moments in the course of American history or government. They are some of the most-viewed and sought-out documents in the holdings of the National Archives.

# data[].attributes.body
Women didn’t gain the right to vote until August 18th,1920. The 19th amendment says that all American Women have the right to vote.

https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=63

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The primary source documents on this page highlight pivotal moments in the course of American history or government. They are some of the most-viewed and sought-out documents in the holdings of the National Archives.

Revolution and the New Nation

Expansion and Reform

Civil War and Reconstruction

The Development of the Industrial United States

The Emergence of Modern America

The Great Depression and World War II

Postwar United States

A note about the documents included on this page: These documents were originally selected for the project Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives, a national initiative on American history, civics, and service. They were identified to "help us think, talk and teach about the rights and responsibilities of citizens in our democracy...These documents reflect our diversity and our unity, our past and our future, and mostly our commitment as a nation to continue to strive to 'form a more perfect union.'" The original list included only documents created prior to 1965. In the future, this page will be updated with additional documents created after 1965. The original list also included several documents from the Library of Congress (Federalist Paper No. 10, Federalist Paper No. 51, Gettysburg Address, Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address) and the New York Public Library (George Washington's Farewell Address)."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The primary source documents on this page highlight pivotal moments in the course of American history or government. They are some of the most-viewed and sought-out documents in the holdings of the National Archives.

# data[].attributes.body
The ban against women in military combat positions is removed, overturning a 1994 Pentagon decision restricting women from combat roles.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Historians describe two waves of feminism in history: the first in the 19 th century, growing out of the anti-slavery movement, and the second, in the 1960s and 1970s. Women have made great strides - and suffered some setbacks - throughout history, but many of their gains were made during the two eras of activism in favor of women's rights. Some notable events:

1769 - The colonies adopt the English system decreeing women cannot own property in their own name or keep their own earnings.

1809 - Mary Kies becomes the first woman to receive a patent, for a method of weaving straw with silk.

1839 - The first state (Mississippi) grants women the right to hold property in their own names - with permission from their husbands.

1848 - At Seneca Falls, New York, 300 women and men sign the Declaration of Sentiments, a plea for the end of discrimination against women.

1866 - The 14th Amendment is passed by Congress, with "citizens" and "voters" defined as "male" in the Constitution.

Female federal employees (but not private sector workers) guaranteed equal pay for equal work under the law.

Susan B. Anthony casts her first vote to test whether the 14th Amendment would be interpreted broadly to guarantee women the right to vote. She is convicted of "unlawful voting."

1890 - The first state (Wyoming) grants women the right to vote in all elections.

1900 - By this year, every state had passed legislation granting married women the right to keep their own wages and to own property in their own name.

1916 - Jeannette Rankin, of Montana, is the first woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives

1918 - Margaret Sanger, two years after opening a birth control clinic in Brooklyn, wins her suit in New York to allow doctors to advise their married patients about birth control for health purposes. The clinic, along with others, becomes Planned Parenthood in 1942.

1920 - The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, ensuring the right of women to vote.

1923 - The first version of an Equal Rights Amendment is introduced. It says, "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction."

1932 - The National Recovery Act forbids more than one family member from holding a government job, resulting in many women losing their jobs.

1953 - Jerrie Cobb is the first U.S. woman to undergo astronaut testing. NASA, however, cancels the women's program in 1963. It is not until 1983 that an American woman gets sent into space.

1963 - The Equal Pay Act is passed by Congress, promising equitable wages for the same work, regardless of the race, color, religion, national origin or sex of the worker.

1964 - Title VII of the Civil Rights Act passes, prohibiting sex discrimination in employment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is created.

1965 - The Supreme Court establishes the right of married couples to use contraception.

1968 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs an executive order prohibiting sex discrimination by government contractors and requiring affirmative action plans for hiring women.

1969 - California adopts the nation's first "no fault" divorce law, allowing divorce by mutual consent.

Wellesley College graduate Hillary Clinton becomes the first student to address the graduating class at commencement.

1972 - Title IX of the Education Amendments prohibits sex discrimination in all aspects of education programs that receive federal support.

The Supreme Court upholds the right to use birth control by unmarried couples.

Juanita Kreps becomes the first woman director of the New York Stock Exchange.

1973 - Landmark Supreme Court ruling Roe v. Wade makes abortion legal. The Supreme Court in a separate ruling bans sex-segregated "help wanted" advertising.

1974 - Housing discrimination on the basis of sex and credit discrimination against women are outlawed by Congress.

The Supreme Court rules it is illegal to force pregnant women to take maternity leave on the assumption they are incapable of working in their physical condition.

1975 - The Supreme Court denies states the right to exclude women from juries.

1978 - The Pregnancy Discrimination Act bans employment discrimination against pregnant women.

1980 - Paula Hawkins of Florida, a Republican, becomes the first woman to be elected to the U.S. Senate without following her husband or father in the job.

1981 - Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman to serve on the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court rules that excluding women from the draft is constitutional. In a separate decision, the high court overturns state laws designating a husband "head and master" with unilateral control of property owned jointly with his wife.

In a break with tradition, Lady Diana Spencer deletes the vow to "obey" her husband as she marries Prince Charles.

1982 - The ERA falls short of ratification.

1984 - Geraldine Ferraro becomes the first woman to be nominated to be vice president on a major party ticket.

U.S. Supreme Court bans sex discrimination in membership for onetime all-male groups like the Jaycees, Kiwanis and Rotary clubs.

The state of Mississippi belatedly ratifies the 19th Amendment, granting women the vote.

1985 - EMILY's List is founded, its mission to elect Democratic, pro-abortion rights women to office.

1986 - The U.S. Supreme Court held that a work environment can be declared hostile or abusive because of discrimination based on sex, an important tool in sexual harassment cases.

1989 - The Supreme Court affirms the right of states to deny public funding for abortions and to prohibit public hospitals from performing abortions.

1992 - The Year of the Woman: Following 1991 hearings in which lawyer Anita Hill accused Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment, record numbers of women are elected to Congress, with four women winning Senate elections and two dozen women elected to first terms in the House.

In Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey, the Supreme Court upholds Roe v Wade but allows states to impose restrictions such as a waiting period and parental consent for minors seeking abortions.

1994 - The Violence Against Women Act funds services for victims of rape and domestic violence and allows women to seek civil rights remedies for gender-related crimes. Six years later, the Supreme Court invalidates those portions of the law permitting victims of rape, domestic violence, etc. to sue their attackers in federal court.

1997 - Madeleine Albright becomes the first female secretary of state.

2005 - Congress passes the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, the first law to ban a specific abortion procedure. The Supreme Court upholds the ban the following year.

The Supreme Court strikes down onerous abortion clinic regulations that were forcing women's clinics to close.

2017 - Catherine Cortez Masto becomes the first Latina senator.

2020 - Kamala Harris becomes the first woman elected vice president.

2022 - The Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, the landmark case that established a right to an abortion nearly 50 years earlier.

2023 - Congress has a record number of women, with 128 female House members and 25 female Senators.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Timeline: The Women's Rights Movement in the U.S.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A timeline of women's rights from 1769 to the fall of Roe v. Wade

# data[].attributes.headline
 In 1847, the first law restricting women’s labor contracts was passed, when New Hampshire capped working hours for women in manufacturing at 10 hours a day.

# data[].attributes.subject
 In 1847, the first law restricting women’s labor contracts was passed, when New Hampshire capped working hours for women in manufacturing at 10 hours a day.

# data[].attributes.body
-Breana

# data[].attributes.headline
(Styx Mullinax) 1948 - Women regained the right to be licensed as bartenders.

# data[].attributes.subject
(Styx Mullinax) 1948 - Women regained the right to be licensed as bartenders.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Women Fought for the Right to Be Bartenders - JSTOR Daily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Bartenders famously have many responsibilities: not just pouring drinks but offering a friendly smile and dealing efficiently with customers who've had a few too many. As historian Amy Holtman French writes, it took a political movement to turn bartending into a job that women were understood to be capable of doing.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1965, the Supreme Court would overturn anti-contraception laws in Griswold v. Connecticut, arguing that the “penumbras” in the Bill of Rights—in the First, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments—create “zones of privacy.”

# data[].attributes.body
1894- South Australia is the first electorate in the world to give men and women equal political rights.
nma.gov.au

# data[].attributes.body
2010- Legislation should guarantee equal rights and responsibilities to women and men in marriage

# data[].attributes.headline
In 1948 women gained the right to fully enlist in the military 

# data[].attributes.subject
In 1948 women gained the right to fully enlist in the military 

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.uso.org/stories/3005-over-200-years-of-service-the-history-of-women-in-the-us-military
Noah Bryant

# data[].attributes.body
In 1918 women in the UK who met the qualifications could vote at the age of 30

-Carmela

# data[].attributes.body
Married Women’s Property Acts, in U.S. law, series of statutes that gradually, beginning in 1839, expanded the rights of married women to act as independent agents in legal contexts.

Martha

# data[].attributes.body
On June 23, 1960 birth control was approved and available for purchase by women. The FDA didn’t approve the pill until 1960, allowing women in the U.S. to take advantage of increasing reproductive freedom
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/rights-women-have-gained-since-earning-the-right-to-vote_n_57e9ed33e4b0c2407cd93434

Makalyn Ramseur

# data[].attributes.body
Despite the fact that women make up 51% of the U.S. population, they were largely excluded from being subjects in medical research. Data was not analyzed for sex and gender differences until 1993, when the National Institute of Health Revitalization Act was passed. The federal law made it mandatory for women to be included in clinical research for new drugs, and the results had to be sorted out by sex. Further, in 1998, the FDA ruled that information from drug makers on the safety and effectiveness of new drugs had to specifically look at gender.
Healthsherpa.com Cameron driver

# data[].attributes.body
1969- California adopts nations first “no fault” divorce law.

# data[].attributes.body
The Supreme Court establishes the right of married couples to use contraception.
Lauren

https://www.usnews.com/news/the-report/articles/2017-01-20/timeline-the-womens-rights-movement-in-the-us

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Historians describe two waves of feminism in history: the first in the 19 th century, growing out of the anti-slavery movement, and the second, in the 1960s and 1970s. Women have made great strides - and suffered some setbacks - throughout history, but many of their gains were made during the two eras of activism in favor of women's rights. Some notable events:

1769 - The colonies adopt the English system decreeing women cannot own property in their own name or keep their own earnings.

1809 - Mary Kies becomes the first woman to receive a patent, for a method of weaving straw with silk.

1839 - The first state (Mississippi) grants women the right to hold property in their own names - with permission from their husbands.

1848 - At Seneca Falls, New York, 300 women and men sign the Declaration of Sentiments, a plea for the end of discrimination against women.

1866 - The 14th Amendment is passed by Congress, with "citizens" and "voters" defined as "male" in the Constitution.

Female federal employees (but not private sector workers) guaranteed equal pay for equal work under the law.

Susan B. Anthony casts her first vote to test whether the 14th Amendment would be interpreted broadly to guarantee women the right to vote. She is convicted of "unlawful voting."

1890 - The first state (Wyoming) grants women the right to vote in all elections.

1900 - By this year, every state had passed legislation granting married women the right to keep their own wages and to own property in their own name.

1916 - Jeannette Rankin, of Montana, is the first woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives

1918 - Margaret Sanger, two years after opening a birth control clinic in Brooklyn, wins her suit in New York to allow doctors to advise their married patients about birth control for health purposes. The clinic, along with others, becomes Planned Parenthood in 1942.

1920 - The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, ensuring the right of women to vote.

1923 - The first version of an Equal Rights Amendment is introduced. It says, "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction."

1932 - The National Recovery Act forbids more than one family member from holding a government job, resulting in many women losing their jobs.

1953 - Jerrie Cobb is the first U.S. woman to undergo astronaut testing. NASA, however, cancels the women's program in 1963. It is not until 1983 that an American woman gets sent into space.

1963 - The Equal Pay Act is passed by Congress, promising equitable wages for the same work, regardless of the race, color, religion, national origin or sex of the worker.

1964 - Title VII of the Civil Rights Act passes, prohibiting sex discrimination in employment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is created.

1965 - The Supreme Court establishes the right of married couples to use contraception.

1968 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs an executive order prohibiting sex discrimination by government contractors and requiring affirmative action plans for hiring women.

1969 - California adopts the nation's first "no fault" divorce law, allowing divorce by mutual consent.

Wellesley College graduate Hillary Clinton becomes the first student to address the graduating class at commencement.

1972 - Title IX of the Education Amendments prohibits sex discrimination in all aspects of education programs that receive federal support.

The Supreme Court upholds the right to use birth control by unmarried couples.

Juanita Kreps becomes the first woman director of the New York Stock Exchange.

1973 - Landmark Supreme Court ruling Roe v. Wade makes abortion legal. The Supreme Court in a separate ruling bans sex-segregated "help wanted" advertising.

1974 - Housing discrimination on the basis of sex and credit discrimination against women are outlawed by Congress.

The Supreme Court rules it is illegal to force pregnant women to take maternity leave on the assumption they are incapable of working in their physical condition.

1975 - The Supreme Court denies states the right to exclude women from juries.

1978 - The Pregnancy Discrimination Act bans employment discrimination against pregnant women.

1980 - Paula Hawkins of Florida, a Republican, becomes the first woman to be elected to the U.S. Senate without following her husband or father in the job.

1981 - Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman to serve on the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court rules that excluding women from the draft is constitutional. In a separate decision, the high court overturns state laws designating a husband "head and master" with unilateral control of property owned jointly with his wife.

In a break with tradition, Lady Diana Spencer deletes the vow to "obey" her husband as she marries Prince Charles.

1982 - The ERA falls short of ratification.

1984 - Geraldine Ferraro becomes the first woman to be nominated to be vice president on a major party ticket.

U.S. Supreme Court bans sex discrimination in membership for onetime all-male groups like the Jaycees, Kiwanis and Rotary clubs.

The state of Mississippi belatedly ratifies the 19th Amendment, granting women the vote.

1985 - EMILY's List is founded, its mission to elect Democratic, pro-abortion rights women to office.

1986 - The U.S. Supreme Court held that a work environment can be declared hostile or abusive because of discrimination based on sex, an important tool in sexual harassment cases.

1989 - The Supreme Court affirms the right of states to deny public funding for abortions and to prohibit public hospitals from performing abortions.

1992 - The Year of the Woman: Following 1991 hearings in which lawyer Anita Hill accused Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment, record numbers of women are elected to Congress, with four women winning Senate elections and two dozen women elected to first terms in the House.

In Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey, the Supreme Court upholds Roe v Wade but allows states to impose restrictions such as a waiting period and parental consent for minors seeking abortions.

1994 - The Violence Against Women Act funds services for victims of rape and domestic violence and allows women to seek civil rights remedies for gender-related crimes. Six years later, the Supreme Court invalidates those portions of the law permitting victims of rape, domestic violence, etc. to sue their attackers in federal court.

1997 - Madeleine Albright becomes the first female secretary of state.

2005 - Congress passes the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, the first law to ban a specific abortion procedure. The Supreme Court upholds the ban the following year.

The Supreme Court strikes down onerous abortion clinic regulations that were forcing women's clinics to close.

2017 - Catherine Cortez Masto becomes the first Latina senator.

2020 - Kamala Harris becomes the first woman elected vice president.

2022 - The Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, the landmark case that established a right to an abortion nearly 50 years earlier.

2023 - Congress has a record number of women, with 128 female House members and 25 female Senators.

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Timeline: The Women's Rights Movement in the U.S.

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A timeline of women's rights from 1769 to the fall of Roe v. Wade

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Woman were not allowed to work night shifts they were only allowed to work from 6 a.m to 7 p.m but around this time these restrictions were starting to loosen up.
Mauricio R

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In 1973, the Supreme Court affirmed a woman’s constitutional right to access abortion in its watershed Roe v. Wade decision.

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In 1973, the Supreme Court affirmed a woman’s constitutional right to access abortion in its watershed Roe v. Wade decision.

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-Breana

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2015 women can marry other women. Makalyn Ramseur 

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2015 women can marry other women. Makalyn Ramseur 

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Although Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage in 2004, it wasn’t until 2015 that same-sex marriage was legalized across the country
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/rights-women-have-gained-since-earning-the-right-to-vote_n_57e9ed33e4b0c2407cd93434

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With the 2016 presidential election right around the corner, it's important to look back and remember how much it matters that women are engaged in the political process.

On August 18, 1920 the 19th Amendment was ratified, which granted white women the right to vote. In some states, black women weren't able to vote until the 1960s, due to voter registration restrictions put in place to deny voting rights to people of color.

Since then, women have fought for our rights to obtain a safe and legal abortion, fight on the front lines and marry the people we love. Much of this progress was achieved by using our power to vote.

Women were instrumental in determining the outcome of the 2012 election ― and we'll most likely do it again this November. There is a lot at stake for women this year and, thankfully, women have a say in who sits in our oval office for the next four years. We are 51 percent of the population so let's vote like it.

Below are 14 rights women have gained since earning the right to vote to celebrate the power of women's voices, and remember that our vote counts this election year ― and every year after.

Gender Reporter, HuffPost

Donald Trump voices Hillary Clinton presidential election 2016 presidential election

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14 Rights Women Have Gained Since Earning The Right To Vote

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With the 2016 presidential election right around the corner, it's important to look back and remember how much it matters that women are engaged in the political process. On August 18, 1920 the 19th Amendment was ratified, which granted white women the right to vote.

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1964-women were protected by sexual assault and comments at the work place

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the right to work; the right to just and favorable conditions of work; the right to equal pay for equal work; the right to rest and leisure; the right to be protected against sexual harassment
-Alex G

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5305/procannmeetasil.108.0259

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Remarks by Sujata Manohar, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), Vol. 108, The Effectiveness of International Law (2014), pp. 259-262

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1932- Hattie Wyatt Caraway became the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate

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Women were allowed to divorce themselves without having to having to prove a objective failing.
https://vardags.com/family-law/divorce-and-womens-rights-a-history

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Divorce laws have been intimately bound with the rights of women, and their evolution mirrors the changing role of women in society. Whilst law reform has often been reactive - lurching from injustice to injustice - it can also be transformational. Divorce laws have changed from women effectively being a chattel of their husband to being an autonomous part of a marital partnership, afforded great protection by law.

The early history of divorce

The ancients were relatively liberal in their approach to divorce. The Roman state had little involvement in such matters and separations were resolved in private by extended families. From the second century before Christ, women were free to invoke divorces and could renounce the marriage at will. Financially, a divorced woman would be provided for by keeping the dowry paid upon marriage regardless of who invoked the divorce.

Such liberal attitudes did not survive the advent of Christianity, which placed the indissolubility of marriage at the core of its beliefs. Divorce was limited to occasions of grave offence by around the third century and generally prohibited in Western Europe by the end of the early mediæval period. Civil courts lost their power to adjudicate matrimonial cases and canon law was paramount. The Roman Catholic Church also maintained that, upon marriage, husband and wife became one person in law, with the wife's legal existence being suspended for its duration.

Anglo-Saxon England remained relatively liberal compared with the Continent at this stage. Divorce was permitted, usually on the grounds of adultery, and women were allowed to initiate it. Where the husband was at fault, the wife was permitted to leave him and, if she was the carer for children, have use of half of the matrimonial property. Women were also allowed to own property in their own right, and brought to the marriage a morning gift ( morgengifu) - a parcel of property to which remained her absolute property in case she was deserted by her husband.

Such liberalism perished with the Norman Conquest, as England fell in line with the rest of Catholic Europe. The prohibition on divorce meant that the only option for married couples was to seek an annulment from religious courts (which rested on the original validity of the marriage) or a legal separation ( divorce a mensa et thoro). Under a separation, the husband and wife would cease cohabitation but remain legally joined. Financial and social pressures made such situations rare.

The Reformation

It was, famously, Henry VIII who first revolutionised marital law in England and Wales. In seeking an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, he ultimately transferred the jurisdiction from the Roman Catholic Church to the English authorities. Divorce, however, remained contrary to sacrament and was rarely allowed.

During the English Civil War, the Puritans began to challenge this belief - passing a law which stripped marriage of all sacramental significance. This left it as a secular contract which could be broken. Milton wrote four tracts that argued that spousal incompatibility could be a reason for divorce, but faced a backlash from religious authorities. In 1670, the secular authorities permitted divorce for the first time, when Parliament passed an Act dissolving the marriage of John Manners, 1 st Duke of Rutland, and Lady Anne Pierrepoint.

For the next two centuries, a private act of Parliament remained the only way to secure a divorce. This was prohibitively expensive and limited to only the wealthiest of couples.

Victorian reforms

Across Europe, the Enlightenment led to a gradual relaxation of divorce laws. It was a society scandal, however, that forced reform in England.

In 1827, Caroline Norton, a society beauty, author, and social reformer, married barrister George Chapple Norton MP. Nine years later she left him, attempting to subsist on the income generated from her writing. Taking advantage of the law at the time, which made a woman's earnings the property of her husband, George confiscated her income. She responded by running up bills and sending the creditors to her husband, stating that wives had no legal personality separate from their husbands.

Escalating the conflict, Mr Norton abducted their children, hiding them with relatives in the north. He then initiated a legal case, accusing his wife of having an affair with then Prime Minister Lord Melbourne (whose own wife had a famous dalliance with Lord Byron). The case became the talk of London society and almost brought down the government, but after a nine day trial it was thrown out by the jury.

Despite being cleared of impropriety, Caroline remained hostage to the misogyny of the Victorian legal system. Unable to obtain a divorce, her husband continued to deny her financial support and access to their children.

As a result, she turned to legal campaigning, and her case became a cause célèbre. Three acts of Parliament emerged from the affair - the Custody of Infants Act, The Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 and the Married Women's Property Act 1870.

The Custody of Infants Act removed the assumption that a child would remain with the father. It allowed a woman to petition for custody of her children up to the age of 7 and for access in respect of older children.

The Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857 put divorce into the civil courts for the first time, widening the availability for a divorce to the middle-classes. The act, however, remained deliberately gender discriminatory. A husband could seek a divorce on the grounds that his wife had committed adultery, whereas for a wife to petition it had to be paired with incest, bigamy, desertion or another offence. Additionally, a husband was required to name the person with whom his wife had committed adultery, whilst a wife did not.

Within 12 months of the act, the divorce rate rose from 3 per year to over 300. Perhaps surprisingly, petitions made by women had a greater rate of success than those by men. Financial provision, however, was far less favourable. The vast majority of wives were awarded no property or further financial support - a factor which led to many wives abandoning their applications after issuing petitions.

Such disadvantage was somewhat alleviated by the Married Women's Property Act 1870, which abolished the bar on married women owning and earning. Women were allowed to hold their own property and could deploy their income for their own separate use, independently from her husband. Married women were also allowed to inherit property in their own names. This was combined with a statement of the law which made the financial maintenance of any children the duty of both parents.

The act, however, was not wholly effective. Women could not maintain independent control of money which they brought into the marriage. It equally had no retroactive effect and did not apply to any assets held in trusts.

It was amended in 1882, allowing women greater rights to dispose of their own property. The 1882 act also, for the first time, established the separate legal personhood of women - meaning they could sue and be sued in their own name.

In vesting women with full property rights, these two acts established women as wholly separate legal entities. This laid the foundation for women to be seen as equal individuals in the eyes of the law, invalidating many of the arguments against women's suffrage (suffrage at the time was limited to the propertied).

The twentieth century

Following the establishment of women's suffrage and the social changes which occurred in the inter-war years, pressure grew for a more equal approach to divorce. This came in 1937, with the Matrimonial Causes Act of that year.

This act, following almost three decades of political pressure, allowed women to petition for divorce on the same terms of men for the first time. The law, however, retained the requirement for adultery, cruelty or desertion to be demonstrated. The courts also made minimal financial provision, up to around 1/3 of the assets, and this was often dependent upon who was at fault for the breakdown of the marriage. Indeed, in one case maintenance payments to an adulterous wife were justified only because the judge feared that in the absence of financial support she would become a prostitute.

Such limitations would be addressed in the landmark legislation which still governs divorce today - the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.

The 1973 Act began to change this. The reasons for divorce were expanded to include "behaviour which makes it unreasonable to expect the petitioner to live with the respondent" - allowing people to divorce without having to prove an objective failing. It also widened the ambit of financial provision, ensuring that, regardless of the reasons for the breakdown of the marriage, both parties would have their financial needs met.

The application of this act remained relatively old-fashioned. Famously, Lord Denning in the case of Wachtel v Wachtel (one of the first on the implementation of the act) saw the court's duties as follows:

" In any case, when there are two households, the greater expense will, in most cases, fall on the husband than the wife. As a start has to be made somewhere, it seems to us that in the past it was quite fair to start with one third. Mr. Gray criticised the application of the so-called "one-third rule" on the ground that it no longer is applicable to present-day conditions, notwithstanding what was said in Ackermann v. Ackermann. But this so-called rule is not a rule and must never be so regarded. In any calculation the Court has to have a starting point. If it is not to be one third, should it be one half? or the quarter? A starting point at one third of the combined resources of the parties is as good and rational a starting point as any other, remembering that the essence of the legislation is to secure flexibility to meet the justice of particular cases, and not rigidity, forcing particular cases to be fitted into some so-called principle within which they do not easily lie. There may be cases where more than one third is right. There are likely to be many others where less than one third is the only practicable solution. But one third as a flexible starting point is in general more likely to lead to the correct final result than a starting point of equality, or a quarter."

Lord Denning's last sentence would remain influential until the early 21 st century.

In the remainder of the 20 th century, reform was slow and reactive. The Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984 allowed partners to claim in the British courts if their spouse divorced them in an overseas divorce which left them inadequately provided for.

The Children Act 1989 removed presumptions about with whom children should stay after divorce. Instead, the needs and welfare of the child was put at the heart of the system, allowing fathers and mothers more flexibility in family arrangements. The act also allowed for greater financial provision for unmarried mothers. Finally, the Family Law Act 1996 made it easier for abused partners to seek protective injunctions from the court.

The era of big money divorces

In 2001, Lord Denning's approach was thoroughly rejected. The House of Lords in White v White restated the law, fundamentally shifting the interpretation of the 1973 act. The court held that marriage was a partnership and that division of the assets should be measured against the "yardstick of equality of division". This approach was adopted "to ensure the absence of discrimination" between the member of the family who earned the money and the person who brought up the family.

Following White, a number of cases clarified how this new approach was to be applied. The court would ensure that the financially weaker party's needs would be met - going beyond mere subsistence to "generously interpreted" with reference to the living standard of the marriage. Where the assets were more than sufficient to meet both parties' needs, the starting point will be one of equal sharing, regardless of who earned the money - unless there is good reason to depart from that approach.

The cases of the early 2000s established London's place as the divorce capital of the world. As the courts in this country refused to discriminate between the homemaker and the bread-winner, the equality of different roles with in the family would mean an equal entitlement to share in marital assets. This switched the view of the divorced wife from someone who had to be maintained to stop her falling into penury to someone who had a full entitlement to share in the marital acquest. This entitlement granted women greater chance to leave relationships and stopped them from being trapped in loveless marriages.

The changes since White have moved England into the most progressive jurisdiction in the world for divorce law. Women are not penalised for leaving the workforce and are instead seen as autonomous contributors to the marriage.

Prenuptial agreements

In 2010, the case of Radmacher v Granatino provided a further boost to the autonomy and independence of women in the eyes of family law, by allowing prenuptial agreements to carry weight in English divorces. Prior to this case, English law saw prenups as anathema.

The historic view was that a woman would be so awed by the prospect of marriage that she would agree to any suggested agreement. This approach effectively stripped women of their bargaining powers and autonomy. In embracing prenuptial agreements as having "magnetic importance" the Supreme Court banished this orthodoxy.

In doing so, the law evolved to fully accept the autonomy of wives (and husbands) who can choose to embrace or alter the statutory divorce regime according to their circumstances.

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Divorce laws have been intimately bound with the rights of women, and their evolution mirrors the changing role of women in society. Whilst law reform has often been reactive - lurching from injustice to injustice - it can also be transformational.

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guarantee to safe and legal abortion services established in 1973

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1974- the Equal Credit Opportunity Act made it illegal for banks and financial firms to deny credit on the basis of sex or marital status.

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(Styx Mullinax) 1974 - Little League Baseball Program was opened to girls by President Gerald Ford.

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(Styx Mullinax) 1974 - Little League Baseball Program was opened to girls by President Gerald Ford.

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In the 1850s women gained the right to retain items  they bought during marriage and keep them after divorce

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In the 1850s women gained the right to retain items  they bought during marriage and keep them after divorce

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https://law.jrank.org/pages/11370/Women-s-Rights-Domestic-Relations-in-Nineteenth-Century.html
Noah Bryant

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2009: Women Could File A Complaint About Pay Discrimination

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2009: Women Could File A Complaint About Pay Discrimination

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Signed by President Obama in 2009, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Actallows employees to file a complaint of pay discrimination within six months of receiving their last paycheck. The act confirmed that discrimination occurs every time a woman is paid less for equal work. Before 2009, the initial decision to pay a woman less was seen as the first and only discriminatory act -- one with a statute of limitations of six months.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/rights-women-have-gained-since-earning-the-right-to-vote_n_57e9ed33e4b0c2407cd93434
Makalyn Ramseur

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With the 2016 presidential election right around the corner, it's important to look back and remember how much it matters that women are engaged in the political process.

On August 18, 1920 the 19th Amendment was ratified, which granted white women the right to vote. In some states, black women weren't able to vote until the 1960s, due to voter registration restrictions put in place to deny voting rights to people of color.

Since then, women have fought for our rights to obtain a safe and legal abortion, fight on the front lines and marry the people we love. Much of this progress was achieved by using our power to vote.

Women were instrumental in determining the outcome of the 2012 election ― and we'll most likely do it again this November. There is a lot at stake for women this year and, thankfully, women have a say in who sits in our oval office for the next four years. We are 51 percent of the population so let's vote like it.

Below are 14 rights women have gained since earning the right to vote to celebrate the power of women's voices, and remember that our vote counts this election year ― and every year after.

Gender Reporter, HuffPost

Donald Trump voices Hillary Clinton presidential election 2016 presidential election

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14 Rights Women Have Gained Since Earning The Right To Vote

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With the 2016 presidential election right around the corner, it's important to look back and remember how much it matters that women are engaged in the political process. On August 18, 1920 the 19th Amendment was ratified, which granted white women the right to vote.

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Isabella-  1910 The Women’s Political Union holds its first suffrage parade in New York City

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Isabella-  1910 The Women’s Political Union holds its first suffrage parade in New York City

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http://www.rochester.edu/sba/suffrage-history/us-suffrage-movement-timeline-1792-to-present/

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Isabella-New Zealand, the second-most economically free country in the world, according to the Index of Economic Freedom, received a 97.5 out of 100 on the Women

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Isabella-New Zealand, the second-most economically free country in the world, according to the Index of Economic Freedom, received a 97.5 out of 100 on the Women

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https://www.heritage.org/gender/commentary/economic-freedom-best-path-womens-equality-empowerment

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Economic Freedom Best Path to Women’s Equality, Empowerment

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Women’s battle for equal rights under the law has progressed significantly in a number of countries, but many other nations still have much room for improvement to establish societies that uphold women’s equality and dignity. So, what’s the solution to decreasing this gender gap worldwide? There’s…

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August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was finally ratified, enfranchising all American women and declaring for the first time that they, like men, deserve all the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise, is the right to vote in public, political elections (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote). The combination of active and passive suffrage is sometimes called full suffrage. Suffrage is often conceived in terms of elections for representatives

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(victoria woodhull) 1870, Victoria Woodhull addresses the U.S. House of Representatives

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(victoria woodhull) 1870, Victoria Woodhull addresses the U.S. House of Representatives

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Victoria Woodhull addresses the Judiciary Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, arguing that women have the right to vote under the 14th Amendment. The committee rejects her argument.

https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/24069

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July 19-20, 1848

This is when the first women’s rights convention organized by women was held, the Seneca Falls Convention. This was held in New York with 300 participants, 68 women and 32 men signed the Declaration of Sentiments. This led to ongoing activism and a pathway to the 19th Amendment, which would give women the right to vote.

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Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle; victory took decades of agitation and protest. Beginning in the mid-19th century, several generations of woman suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to achieve what many Americans considered a radical change of the Constitution. Few early supporters lived to see final victory in 1920.
https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/19th-amendment

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19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women’s Right to Vote

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Español Enlarge PDF Link 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women’s Right to Vote Joint Resolution of Congress proposing a constitutional amendment extending the right of suffrage to women, May 19, 1919; Ratified Amendments, 1795-1992; General Records of the United States Government; Record Gr…

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Women are more likely to participate in the formal labour market in countries that have high levels of economic freedom. In fact, women are 25% more likely to participate in the labour market in nations with high levels of economic freedom as in nations with low levels.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjo0ePXsOjzAhWiRjABHXq2BvkQFnoECAMQAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwomenandprogress.org%2F&usg=AOvVaw0oV8pCD9CmJe1_WPxEcOJq

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In the early years of the women’s rights movement, the agenda included much more than just the right to vote. Their broad goals included equal access to education and employment, equality within marriage, and a married woman’s right to her own property and wages, custody over her children and control over her own body.          https://www.history.com/news/7-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-womens-suffrage-movement

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In the early years of the women’s rights movement, the agenda included much more than just the right to vote. Their broad goals included equal access to education and employment, equality within marriage, and a married woman’s right to her own property and wages, custody over her children and control over her own body.          https://www.history.com/news/7-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-womens-suffrage-movement

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Emma

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1. The US women's suffrage movement had its roots in the abolition movement.

In the fight for women's suffrage, most of the earliest activists found their way to the cause through the abolition movement of the 1830s. Abolitionist groups such as the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS), led by William Lloyd Garrison, provided women with opportunities to speak, write and organize on behalf of enslaved people-and in some cases gave them leadership roles. Prominent female abolitionists included the sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimké, Lucretia Mott, Harriet Beecher Stowe and the former slave Sojourner Truth, whose "Ain't I a Woman?" speech in 1851 earned her lasting fame.

In 1840, when Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, they were forced into the gallery along with all the women who attended. Their indignation led them, eight years later, to organize the first U.S. women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York.

2. After the Civil War, many abolitionists and women's rights activists parted ways over women's suffrage.

In the early years of the women's rights movement, the agenda included much more than just the right to vote. Their broad goals included equal access to education and employment, equality within marriage, and a married woman's right to her own property and wages, custody over her children and control over her own body.

After the Civil War, debate over the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution- which would grant citizenship and suffrage to African-American men-inspired many women's rights activists to refocus their efforts on the battle for female suffrage. Some, like Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, campaigned against any suffrage amendment that would exclude women, while some of their former allies-including Lucy Stone, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Julia Ward Howe and Frederick Douglass-argued that this was "the Negro's hour" and female suffrage could wait.

In 1869, Stanton and Anthony founded the female-only National Woman Suffrage Association, which stood in opposition to Stone and Blackwell's American Woman Suffrage Association. The rift between the two sides endured until 1890, when the two organizations merged to form the National American Women's Suffrage Association.

3. Susan B. Anthony (and 15 other women) voted illegally in the presidential election of 1872.

In 1868, a group of 172 Black and white women went to the polls in Vineland, New Jersey, providing their own ballots and box in order to cast their votes in that year's national election. Between 1870 and 1872, around 100 women tried to register and vote in the District of Columbia and states around the country. Finally, in 1872, Susan B. Anthony led a group of 16 women in demanding to be registered and vote in Rochester, New York.

All 16 were arrested, but only Anthony would be tried for violating the 14th Amendment, which guaranteed "the right to vote...to any of the male inhabitants" of the United States over 21 years of age. Judge Ward Hunt would not permit Anthony to take the stand in her own defense, and eventually directed the jury to issue a guilty verdict. He sentenced Anthony to pay a $100 fine, which she refused to do, challenging the judge to hold her in custody or send her to jail. Hunt declined, knowing this would allow her to appeal her case to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Although her case was closed at that point, "Aunt Susan" earned widespread respect and inspired younger women with her courageous example, helping to ensure that her cause would eventually triumph some 14 years after her own death.

4. The women's rights movement launched its own fashion craze.

In 1851, Elizabeth Smith Miller of Geneva, New York debuted a radical new look: a knee-length skirt with full Turkish-style pantaloons gathered at the ankle. Amelia Jenks Bloomer, publisher of a trailblazing newspaper for women called The Lily, wrote articles about Miller's outfit and printed illustrations of it. She even wore something similar herself and urged other women to shed their heavy, bulky hoop skirts in favor of the new style. In addition to revealing the fact that women actually had legs under their skirts (shocking!), the so-called "bloomers" made it easier for their wearers to get through doorways, onto carriages and trains and along rainy, muddy streets.

Bloomers quickly grew so popular that they became synonymous with the women's rights movement-and infamous among the movement's critics. Though activists such as Susan B. Anthony discarded the style after they realized they were getting more attention for their dress than their message, this early fashion rebellion would eventually help women claim the freedom to wear what they wanted.

5. A woman ran for political office nearly 50 years before women got the vote.

Victoria Woodhull, one of the most colorful and vivid figures of the U.S. women's suffrage movement, rose from poor and eccentric origins. As children, she and her sister Tennessee Claflin gave psychic readings and healing sessions in a traveling family show. In 1870, with backing from railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt, the sisters opened a stock brokerage firm. They used their Wall Street profits to bankroll a controversial newspaper, which supported such causes as legalized prostitution and free love.

Victoria won increased respect from women's rights activists when she argued on behalf of female suffrage in front of the House Judiciary Committee in early 1871, and the following year the Equal Rights Party nominated her for president of the United States. By the time of the general election in 1872, Woodhull's enemies had gotten the better of her temporarily, and she spent Election Day in jail after publishing an article that accused the popular preacher Henry Ward Beecher of adultery. She was eventually acquitted of all charges, moved to England and married a wealthy banker.

6. Britain's women's suffrage movement was far more militant than its counterpart in the US.

While the female suffrage movements in Britain and the United States had many commonalities, they also had significant differences. For one thing, British women seeking the vote called themselves "suffragettes," while Americans preferred the more gender-neutral "suffragists." And the British activists were far more militant. Under the leadership of Emmeline Pankhurst and the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), thousands of suffragettes demonstrated in the streets, chained themselves to buildings, heckled politicians, broke store windows, planted explosive devices and engaged in other destructive activities in order to pressure Britain's Liberal government to give women the vote. In a particularly gruesome (and public) display, Emily Wilding Davison was fatally trampled by a racehorse owned by King George V when she tried to pin a sash advertising the suffragette cause to the horse's bridle during the Epsom Derby in 1913.

More than 1,000 suffragettes were imprisoned between 1908 and 1914; when they engaged in hunger strikes to draw public attention to their cause, prison officials responded by force-feeding them. Such militant tactics ceased when World War I broke out, as Pankhurst and the WSPU threw all their support behind the patriotic cause. In 1918, the British government granted suffrage to all women over the age of 30, ostensibly in recognition of women's contributions to the war effort.

7. But some American suffragists, inspired by the British, adopted militant tactics themselves.

In 1907, an American Quaker named Alice Paul was studying in England when she joined British women in their campaign for suffrage. Over the next three years, while doing graduate work at the Universities of Birmingham and London, Paul was arrested and jailed three times for suffragist agitation. After returning to the United States, she joined the National American Suffrage Association, founded by Carrie Chapman Catt, but soon grew impatient with that organization's mild-mannered tactics. In 1913, Paul and fellow militants formed the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, later the National Woman's Party.

Their demonstrations outside Woodrow Wilson's White House in 1917 culminated in the so-called "Night of Terror" that November, during which guards at Virginia's Occoquan Workhouse brutally beat some 30 female picketers. At the time, Paul herself was serving a seven-month stint in prison, where she was force-fed and confined to a psychiatric ward. In January 1918, a district court overturned all the women's sentences without ceremony; that same month, President Wilson declared his support for the Susan B. Anthony Amendment (later the 19th Amendment) granting female suffrage.

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7 Things You Might Not Know About the Women's Suffrage Movement | HISTORY

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In their battle to win the vote, early women's rights activists employed everything from civil disobedience to fashion innovations to hungers strikes.

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Women on average have only three-quarters of the legal protections given to men during their working life, ranging from bans on entering some jobs to a lack of equal pay or freedom from sexual harassment, the World Bank has said.Researchers examined whether adult men and women had equal rights under the law in 187 countries to produce an equality index and measure progress over the last decade.They probed laws linked to women's work and economic freedom, including the right to work in all the same jobs as men and get paid equally, penalties for sexual harassment at work, parental work protections and inheritance rights.              https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/03/women-have-only-three-quarters-of-economic-rights-of-men-finds-world-bank

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Women on average have only three-quarters of the legal protections given to men during their working life, ranging from bans on entering some jobs to a lack of equal pay or freedom from sexual harassment, the World Bank has said.Researchers examined whether adult men and women had equal rights under the law in 187 countries to produce an equality index and measure progress over the last decade.They probed laws linked to women's work and economic freedom, including the right to work in all the same jobs as men and get paid equally, penalties for sexual harassment at work, parental work protections and inheritance rights.              https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/03/women-have-only-three-quarters-of-economic-rights-of-men-finds-world-bank

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Emma

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Women have only three-quarters of the economic rights of men, the World Bank has found

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The recent study found that 56 countries have not made any improvements to equality laws in the past 10 years.

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Women’s suffrage and political

The women’s suffrage movement was a decades-long fight to win the right to vote for women in the United States. But after years of protesting/riots on August 19 1920 the 19th amendment was ratified. For the first time in history women had the same rights as a men.

https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/the-fight-for-womens-suffrage

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Marriage and family planning

Birth control (BC) for women was legalized on June 7th 1965 but only in some states. Estelle Griswold was a planned parenthood of Connecticut’s director. She opened up a health center that provided birth control,she later got arrested for this act. Estelles case went all the way up to Supreme Court, which was ruled in 1965 that birth control was legal for married women.

https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/blog/birth-control-became-legal-50-years-ago-and-here-are-our-5-favorite-things-about-it

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According to the UN, 37,000 girls under the age of 18 are married each day. We now have the greatest number of married girls and girls at-risk of child marriage than ever before. https://iwhc.org/resources/facts-child-marriage/

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For years, radical state legislatures have waged an all-out assault on women’s reproductive rights.  2021 is on track to be the worst legislative year for women’s health rights ever, with 90 measures restricting reproductive rights enacted since July – more than in any year since the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973.  On May 19th, Texas enacted SB 8, which is now the most extreme abortion law in effect in the United States.  This catastrophic legislation outlaws nearly all abortions after six weeks, with no exceptions for 🤬 and incest, while also creating a chilling bounty system that deputizes private citizens to sue health care providers or anyone else they believe has helped a woman get an abortion after six weeks of pregnancy.   https://beyer.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=5358

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House Passes Women’s Health Protection Act

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Beyer Votes to Defend Reproductive Health Rights Against Dangerous Assaults, Enshrine Roe v. Wade Protections into Law