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What is Plagiarism??

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Many people think of plagiarism as copying another's work or borrowing someone else's original ideas. But terms like "copying" and "borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of the offense:

According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, to "plagiarize" means:

to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own

to use (another's production) without crediting the source

to commit literary theft

to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source

In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it afterward.

But can words and ideas really be stolen?

According to U.S. law, the answer is yes. The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions. Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some way (such as a book or a computer file).

All of the following are considered plagiarism:

turning in someone else's work as your own

copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit

failing to put a quotation in quotation marks

giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation

changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit

copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section on "fair use" rules)

Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing sources. Simply acknowledging that certain material has been borrowed and providing your audience with the information necessary to find that source is usually enough to prevent plagiarism. See our section on citation for more information on how to cite sources properly.

What about images, videos, and music?

Using an image, video or piece of music in a work you have produced without receiving proper permission or providing appropriate citation is plagiarism. The following activities are very common in today's society. Despite their popularity, they still count as plagiarism.

Copying media (especially images) from other websites to paste them into your own papers or websites.

Making a video using footage from others' videos or using copyrighted music as part of the soundtrack.

Performing another person's copyrighted music (i.e., playing a cover).

Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily from another composition.

Certainly, these media pose situations in which it can be challenging to determine whether or not the copyrights of a work are being violated. For example:

A photograph or scan of a copyrighted image (for example: using a photograph of a book cover to represent that book on one's website)

Recording audio or video in which copyrighted music or video is playing in the background.

Re-creating a visual work in the same medium. (for example: shooting a photograph that uses the same composition and subject matter as someone else's photograph)

Re-creating a visual work in a different medium (for example: making a painting that closely resembles another person's photograph).

Re-mixing or altering copyrighted images, video or audio, even if done so in an original way.

The legality of these situations, and others, would be dependent upon the intent and context within which they are produced. The two safest approaches to take in regards to these situations is: 1) Avoid them altogether or 2) Confirm the works' usage permissions and cite them properly.

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Understand the definition of plagiarism.

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What is Plagiarism?

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4 types of Plagiarism

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How to avoid Plagiarism??

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Tips to avoid Plagiarism...

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y2mate.com - 5 tips for avoiding plagiarism_Bhw_5Uq86Gw_360p

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Plagiarism Checker ....

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Why do postgraduate students commit plagiarism????

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Types of plagiarism, causes & effects of Plagiarism

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A good one... :-)

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Say 'NO' to Plagiarism !!!!!

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INFOGRAPHIC: 3 Techniques to avoid plagiarism

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INFOGRAPHIC: 3 Techniques to avoid plagiarism

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There are several types of plagiarism depending on how the person framed or modified the original content. In this infographic ten common types of plagiarism (as outlined by White Paper, 2012) are examined. A plagiarism detector can be used to identify most but not necessarily all of the below types of plagiarism.

1. Clone: This involves presenting someone’s work word for word without making any changes to the original text and omitting citation of the source.

2. Remix: A remixed plagiarism is realized when a writer paraphrases content from various sources to come up with a content that fits together impeccably.

3. 404 Error: This form of plagiarism uses citations to sources that either don’t exist or are inaccurate. The name 404 Error is derived from the error message appearing when someone attempts to access an invalid or unavailable online resource.

4. Retweet: In as much as the source is properly quoted, this type of plagiarism occurs when the writer depends too much on the original text wording and sentence construction.

5. Hybrid: This is when a writer embeds a well referenced source with content from other sources but does not cite all the text. Such text ends up crediting fewer sources than were actually used.

6. CTRL – C: The majority of the plagiarised text is exactly the same as the original text with minimal changes made. It is almost akin to cloning but here the writer only makes few changes to the original text.

7. Find – Replace: Another interesting approach to plagiarising is when only the key words and phrases of the original text are replaced with synonyms or closely related words.

8. Recycle: This is arguably the most modest forms of plagiarism where the writer uses his or her own previously produced content and fails to properly provide citation. It is also known as self-plagiarism.

9. Mashup: This is content obtained from an array of different sources and is presented without the appropriate citation.

10. Aggregator: Although the writer includes proper citation, the entire work is mostly composed of citations and lacks original content.

source: https://elearninginfographics.com/top-ten-types-of-plagiarism/

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Tips For Freshman Year Students

6 Basics Of Effective Goal Settings Infographic

How Career Counselling Can Help You Infographic

Top Ten Types of Plagiarism Infographic

Plagiarism is said to occur when someone takes the work or ideas from another person and uses or presents them as his or her own ideas. According to (Meriam Webster, 2016), plagiarism is stealing and passing off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own or using the production of another without giving credit to the source. In order to detect plagiarism, an online plagiarism checker can be used to point out plagiarised content.

Types of plagiarism

There are several types of plagiarism depending on how the person framed or modified the original content. In this infographic ten common types of plagiarism (as outlined by White Paper, 2012) are examined. A plagiarism detector can be used to identify most but not necessarily all of the below types of plagiarism.

1. Clone: This involves presenting someone's work word for word without making any changes to the original text and omitting citation of the source.

2. Remix: A remixed plagiarism is realized when a writer paraphrases content from various sources to come up with a content that fits together impeccably.

3. 404 Error: This form of plagiarism uses citations to sources that either don't exist or are inaccurate. The name 404 Error is derived from the error message appearing when someone attempts to access an invalid or unavailable online resource.

4. Retweet: In as much as the source is properly quoted, this type of plagiarism occurs when the writer depends too much on the original text wording and sentence construction.

5. Hybrid: This is when a writer embeds a well referenced source with content from other sources but does not cite all the text. Such text ends up crediting fewer sources than were actually used.

6. CTRL - C: The majority of the plagiarised text is exactly the same as the original text with minimal changes made. It is almost akin to cloning but here the writer only makes few changes to the original text.

7. Find - Replace: Another interesting approach to plagiarising is when only the key words and phrases of the original text are replaced with synonyms or closely related words.

8. Recycle: This is arguably the most modest forms of plagiarism where the writer uses his or her own previously produced content and fails to properly provide citation. It is also known as self-plagiarism.

9. Mashup: This is content obtained from an array of different sources and is presented without the appropriate citation.

10. Aggregator: Although the writer includes proper citation, the entire work is mostly composed of citations and lacks original content.

See also: Paraphrase Vs Plagiarism Infographic

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Top Ten Types of Plagiarism Infographic - e-Learning Infographics

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Tips For Freshman Year Students 6 Basics Of Effective Goal Settings Infographic How Career Counselling Can Help You Infographic Plagiarism is said to occur when someone takes the work or ideas from another person and uses or presents them as his or her own ideas.

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WHAT IS PLAGIARISM AND TO AVOID IT

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Writing a manuscript is an art. Any clinician or an academician, has a hidden desire to publish his/her work in an indexed journal. Writing has been made mandatory for promotions in certain departments, so the clinicians are more inclined to publish. Often, we note that we (Indian Journal of Orthopaedics) receive more articles from China, Turkey, and South Korea (abroad) instead of from our own country though the journal is an official publication of Indian Orthopaedic Association. Therefore, we have decided to encourage more and more publications, especially from our own country. For that reason, we have decided to educate our members by publishing an editorial on "How to write a paper?," which is likely to be published soon. In one of our last editorials, we discussed indexing. In this issue, we will be discussing the plagiarism. In forthcoming issues, we are planning to discuss "Ethics in publication," How to write Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Referencing, Title, Abstract, and Keywords, and then how to write case report which is acceptable. The editorial team tries to help out our readers, so that their hidden instinct of writing their own work could be made true.

DEFINITION OF PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is derived from Latin word " plagiarius" which means "kidnapper," who abducts the child.1 The word plagiarism entered the Oxford English dictionary in 1621. Plagiarism has been defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica as "the act of taking the writings of another person and passing them off as ones own."2 It is an act of forgery, piracy, and fraud and is stated to be a serious crime of academia.3 It is also a violation of copyright laws. Honesty in scientific practice and in publication is necessary. The World Association of Medical Editors4 (WAME) defines plagiarism as "... the use of others' published and unpublished ideas or words (or other intellectual property) without attribution or permission and presenting them as new and original rather than derived from an existing source."

In 1999, the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)5,6 defined plagiarism as "Plagiarism ranges from the unreferenced use of others' published and unpublished ideas including research grant applications to submission under new authorship of a complex paper, sometimes in a different language. It may occur at any stage of planning, research, writing or publication; it applies to print and electronic versions."

FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

Verbatim plagiarism: When one submits someone else's words verbatim in his/her own name without even acknowledging him publically. Copy and paste from a published article without referencing is a common form of verbatim plagiarism. Most commonly, it is seen in introduction and discussion part of manuscript2,7

Mosaic plagiarism: In this type of plagiarism each word is not copied but it involves mixing ones own words in someone else's ideas and opinions. This is copying and pasting in patchy manner2

Paraphrasing: If one rewrites any part/paragraph of manuscript in his/her own words it is called paraphrasing. Paraphrasing is a restatement in your own words, of someone else's ideas. Changing a few words of the original sentences does not make it your writing. Just changing words cannot make it the property of borrower; hence, this should be properly referenced. If it is not referenced, it will amount to plagiarism

Self plagiarism: "Publication of one's own data that have already been published is not acceptable since it distorts scientific record."1 Self-plagiarized publications do not contribute to scientific work; they just increase the number of papers published without justification in scientific research.8 The authors get benefit in the form of increased number of published papers.8 Self plagiarism involves dishonesty but not intellectual theft.9 Roig10 gave classification of self plagiarism and divided it into four types: (i) Duplicate (redundant) publication, (ii) augmented publication, (iii) segmented publication, and (iv) text recycling.

1. Duplicate publication: When an author submits identical or almost identical manuscript (same data, results, and discussion) to two different journals, it is considered as duplicate (redundant) publication.9 As per COPE guidelines, this is an offense and editor can take an action as per the COPE flowchart

2. Augmented publication: If the author adds additional data to his/her previously published work and changes title, modifies aim of the study, and recalculates results, it amounts to augmented publication. Plagiarism detection software usually do not pick it because it is not same by verbatim. This self plagiarism is as such technical plagiarism and is not considered with same strictness as plagiarism. The editor may consider it for publication in the following three situations: If author refers to his/her previous work; if 'methods' cannot be written in any other form; and if author clearly states that new manuscript contains data from previous publication10

3. Segmented publication: Also called "Salami-Sliced" publication. In this case, two or more papers are derived from the same experimental/research/original work. Salami-sliced papers are difficult to detect and usually are pointed out by reviewers or readers. The decision regarding such manuscript is again on editor's shoulder. The author must be asked to refer to his/her previously published work and explain reasonably the connection of the segmented paper to his/her previously published work

4. Text recycling: If the author uses large portions of his/her own already published text in his/her new manuscript, it is called text recycling. It can be detected by plagiarism software. It can be handled as per the COPE guidelines.

Cyber plagiarism: "Copying or downloading in part or in their entirety articles or research papers and ideas from the internet and not giving proper attribution is unethical and falls in the range of cyber plagiarism"2

Image plagiarism: Using an image or video without receiving proper permission or providing appropriate citation is plagiarism.7 "Images can be tampered on support findings, promote a specific technique over another to strengthen the correctness of poorly visualized findings, remove the defects of an image and to misrepresent an image from what it really is"?11

HOW TO DETECT PLAGIARISM?

It is generally difficult to detect plagiarism, but information technology has made available few websites which can detect/catch plagiarism. Few of them are www.ithentical.com, www.turnitin.com, www.plagiarism.org, etc.12

Besides this, learned and watchful reviewers and readers can detect it due to his/her familiarity with published material in his/her area of interest.

HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?

Practice the ethical writing honestly. Keep honesty in all scientific writings. Crediting all the original sources. When you fail to cite your sources or when you cite them inadequately, you commit plagiarism, an offense that is taken extremely seriously in academic world and is a misconduct. Some simple dos and don'ts5 are outlined in Table 1 .

Table 1

In the following situation, permission is required to use published work from publisher to avoid plagiarism.8

Directly quoting significant portion of a published work. How much text may be used without approaching publisher for permission is not specified. The best approach is whenever in doubt, ask for permission

Reproducing a figure/image.

HOW TO DEAL WITH PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and breach of ethics. Plagiarism is not in itself a crime but can constitute copyright infringement.7 In academia, it is a serious ethical offense. Plagiarism is not punished by law but rather by institutions. Professional associations, educational institutions, and publishing companies can pose penalties, suspensions, and even expulsions of authors.7

As per the COPE guidelines, "If editors suspect misconduct by authors, reviewer's editorial staff or other editors then they have a duty to take action. This duty extends to both published and unpublished papers. Editors first see a response from those accused. If the editors are not satisfied with the response, they should ask the employers of the authors, reviewers, or editors or some other appropriate body to investigate and take appropriate action."6

If the editor is satisfied that the act of plagiarism has taken place, minimum he should do is "reject" the manuscript if it is in different stage of editorial process and "retract" if it is already published.

To conclude, we must increase awareness about plagiarism and ethical issues among our scientists and authors. We must be honest in our work and should not violate copyright law. There should be serious steps against authors, which should bring disrespect to author and even loss of his academic position.

We will end it by quote of Albert Einstein "Many people say that it is the intellect which makes a great scientist, they are wrong, it is the character."

REFERENCES

3. Pechnick JA. A Short Guide to Writing about Biology. 4th ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman; 2001. [ Google Scholar]

10. Roig M. Plagiarism and self-plagiarism: What every author should know. Biochem Med. 2010;20:295-300. [ Google Scholar]

Articles from Indian Journal of Orthopaedics are provided here courtesy of Indian Orthopaedic Association

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Writing a manuscript is an art. Any clinician or an academician, has a hidden desire to publish his/her work in an indexed journal. Writing has been made mandatory for promotions in certain departments, so the clinicians are more inclined to publish.

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UNDESTANDING PLAGIARISM

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So what exactly is plagiarism? You probably know that it's the act of taking someone else's words without giving him or her credit. But it also extends to others' ideas. A lot of college students mistake the act of plagiarizing solely as taking someone else's words. But stealing someone's original idea, whether you use different wording or not, is just as severe of an offense. You can even plagiarize yourself. In short, plagiarism is one of the worst offenses a person can make in his or her career-and it's also easy to do, sometimes just by mistake. Many students, unfamiliar with what constitutes plagiarism, can be guilty of plagiarizing without realizing it. But mistake or not, when caught, the repercussions are the same.

As a student (and throughout your professional life), it is imperative that you understand what constitutes as plagiarism and refrain from committing it. Not only can plagiarism affect your grades; it can cast a shadow on your reputation for the rest of your life. If charges are pressed, a plagiarizer can end up in court if even a fraction of a work is stolen. Many people, even students, have paid money out of their pockets to compensate for such an offense. Plagiarism is treated as a crime in the eyes of the professional world.

Colleges take plagiarism extremely seriously as well, so never shrug off your professors' warnings of checking your work for stolen passages. And they really are looking, using special computer programs to help them check students' work quickly and accurately.

Plagiarism even occurs at some of the top colleges in the United States. For example, Harvard University dismissed about 70 of its students in 2013, forcing them to leave the college. After suspicions of plagiarism arose, they proved that many students had copied each other's work on an exam that was to be completed alone at home. Plagiarism does not have to be the stolen work of a published author; using other students' work, or even your own work from past assignments for a new assignment, is also a violation. In the case of reusing your own work for another assignment, even if you add new material to it, you would still be committing self-plagiarism. In 2012, an Amherst College professor resigned from her position because she had plagiarized some of her past professional work. Although she was the one to admit the act, she still lost her career and hurt her reputation, earning a story on the Amherst website-and picked up across the Web-that exposed her name.

Every college makes it clear that plagiarism is strictly prohibited. Take a look at your own college's website and you may see an entire page dedicated to it. Williams College provides an entire webpage explaining what plagiarism is and how to avoid it. Johnson & Wales University not only explains plagiarism on its website but discusses its punishments, which can potentially include a permanent notation on the student's record.

How to avoid plagiarizing

The first step is to cite your sources well and widely. When paraphrasing the work of someone else, make sure to avoid repeating any of the author's words or phrases that are not commonly used elsewhere. If there is a word or phrase that is hard to say in your own words, quote and cite the work. Also, pay attention to sentence structure, and try to avoid mimicking the same.

When writing about a specific idea that is not your own, like Einstein's Theory of Relativity (or anyone else's research or theory), it is required that you credit the author and the source you found the information from. There are different ways to do this properly, depending on what type of paper you are writing. The first step is to identify the school subject you are writing for. From there, you must learn the proper ways to give credit to the author and source. This is called "citing."

There are two common formats used for citation known all around the world. When writing about English, literature, and foreign languages, most teachers prefer a format called MLA (Modern Language Association). Another common format is APA (American Psychological Association), often used for citing the social sciences, like psychology, economics, and sociology research. Such formats and their rules can be found online at http://owl.english.purdue.edu.

When using either of these formats, your professors will require you to use in-text citations, which can occur throughout your essay and may include quotations, as well as a works cited page (MLA format) or references list (APA format). Both the works cited and the references list should appear as their own separate page at the end of your essay and provide detailed information about the sources you used.

Of course, your papers can't be a long series of quoted passages. You need to come to your own conclusions and back them up, and there are plenty of ways to get into the habit of forming your own ideas for your assignments. When considering a source and condensing what you've learned from it, you can best avoid plagiarism by reading the work, putting the book or article away for a moment, and then writing down what you remember off the top of your head. Then, go back to the author's work and compare your facts, making sure the information you wrote down is accurate and complete. Remember you can also visit your school's tutoring or writing center, or meet with a professor, for guidance in crafting your essays and hashing out your ideas.

At the end of day, all you really need to do is commit yourself to producing high-quality, original work, and you should have no problem avoiding plagiarism. And if, as you're putting together an essay, you feel uneasy about the way you're using any information you found, trust your instincts, revisit your research, reevaluate your writing-and cite the bejesus out of it.

Note: Did you know you could win a $10,000 scholarship for college or grad school just by registering on CollegeXpress? This is one of the quickest, easiest scholarships you'll ever apply for. Register Now "

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Understanding Plagiarism and Its Dangers

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So what exactly is plagiarism? You probably know that it's the act of taking someone else's words without giving him or her credit. But it also extends to others' ideas. A lot of college students mistake the act of plagiarizing solely as taking someone else's words.

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TOP TEN TYPES OF PLAGIARISM

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PLAGIARISM FOR SCHOOL VIDEO