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A Supreme Court case that ruled criminal suspects must be informed of their right to an attorney and against self-incrimination. 6th amendment.

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A Supreme Court Case that ruled that it is unconstitutional for state laws establishing separate schools for black and white children.

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A Supreme Court case that ruled it was unconstitutional for state officials to compose a school prayer as it establishes religion

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Constitutional doctrine that applied portions of the Bill of Rights to the states by the due process of the 14th amendment.

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Speech that is not expressed by word, but by action or illustration that conveys a message.

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Bakke, a white man, was denied admission to U.C., but academicly weaker black students were accepted. The court ruled that this was unconstitutional by racial discrimination and having a racial quota.

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Searches and seizures that are acceptable due to good reason , for instance seeing a car swerve side to side on the road gives probable cause that the person is drunk and driving.

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Segregation that is enforced by the law. De Facto segragation is done by choice or by public pressure.

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Being affected by court judgement due to being classifiied by race, religion, or gender. Judgement could be loosened or more strict.

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A form of speech that is not communicated by word or written word, but is communicated through actions or symbol

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One can not be prosecuted for the same crime twice. Once a judgement has been made it can not be change later. This is part of the 5th amendment.

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The due process is the fair and equal treatment that everyone recieves through the judicial system. The due process is up held by the 5th amendment.

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The government is prohibited from making laws that respect or enforce religion. People have the right to practice their religion of choice, but can not enforce it on others .

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This prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a trial. This is relatable to the 4th amendment, You can not be searched without a warrant. So if certain evidence was obtained without a search warrant it is considered illegal evidence.

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The Supreme Court ruled that sates could not give money to religious schools to hire teacher due to the fact that the establishment of religion by government is prohibited by the 1st amendment

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The Supreme Court can censor news and broadcasts that could be libel or harmful to the government, this is limited to some degree by the 1st amendment.

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This clause relates to the 1st amendment as it prohibits congress from making laws that enforce one religion, so the people may have free exercise of religion, meaning they can practice their choice of religion

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A test that the Supreme Court may use to determine if a law or action is constitutional. The rationality of a law is related to a legitimate government purpose, meaning the law must serve a legitimate purpose.

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This court case ruled that the constitution requires the states to provide an attorney for defendants of a serious crime who could not afford a lawyer

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In this case Plessy argued that segregation implied that African Americans were inferior and plead for an end to it. The court ruled against him and installed a sparate but equal doctrine.

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In 1857, Dred Scott sue for his freedom, saying that since his master brought him to western territory, but he lost. The court decided that no save could ever be a citizen.

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A court case that decided that it was a woman's right to have an abortion in the first trimester under the Fourteenth amendment.

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A civil rights and labor laws of the U.S. must outlaw discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or origins.

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State laws that forced racial segregation. This created the phrase "separate but equal" where if a white only school is built then a black school must be built with equal quality.

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Policies that provide equal access to education to those who have been underrepresented in the past history of America.

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A test that determined if someone was qualified to vote based on his or her ability to read or write. These were prohibited after the Voting Rights Act was passed

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A 1961 court case where the Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained by violating the 4th Amendment can not be used to prosecute anyone in a state court.

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All American citizens have equa protection of law. The States can not deny any person their rights within jurisdiction.

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Frank Collin wanted to create a Nazi demonstration on the sidewalks of Skokie. It was decided that the demonstration would create violence because most of the Skokie population was jewish, so the Nazi demonstration was denied. The 1st Amendment can be denied if it can lead to consequences.

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A claim or statement that is false and is made by someone other tahn the person being defamed, this can be done by printed words, being spoken, or by images.

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The crime of making a false statement about someone and it hurts their reputation or image, and a punished false statement.

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This amendment defined American citizenship as if you or one of your parents were born in the U.S. then your a citizen, and all citizens had equal rights. It also forbid the states from restricting the rights of citizens.

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Excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishment shall not be used as punishment for a crime. This protects Americans from excessive punishment

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Congress can not make a law that establishes religion, prohibits the free exerise of religion, restriction freedom of speech or press, the right of a peaceful assemble, and deny petitions.

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People have the right to bear arms in order for a regulated Militia to form for the security of a Free State.

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People have the right to be protected from searches and seizures of their selves, homes, property, land, documents, and papers, but upon probable cause, a warrant can be issued allowing a search of where the probable cause was needed.

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Racial segregation that happens by fact, not by requirement of law. African-Americans may all live in an area or neighborhood together, so a local school in that area would primarily be filled with black children, or by fact be segregated

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A person can be held to answer for a capital crime if on a presentment of a Grand Jury, If do during service of the Military, then is held by Militia Law. One accused is protected from self-incrimination and double deopardy, and has the right to due precess.

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All those who are accused of a crime have the right to a fair and speedy trial with a jury present, and the right to an attorney. They are to Be informed of their charges and have the right to know their accuser.

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In 1944, this Supreme Court case concerned with whether or not Executive Order 9066 was constitutional. This order fored Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War 2. The Order was seen as unconstitutional.

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This is speech that is about overthrowing the government, or speech of an attack on the government. Because of the 1st amendment being prosecution of this is rare, usually only happening in estreme cases

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An accused person has right to a trial by jury, and no fact of being tied by a jury will be re-examined in a Court of the U.S., and for their to be a aw suit the value of the case must exceed $20.