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With grief, sadness is obvious. With trauma, the symptoms can go largely unrecognized because they mimic other problems: frustration; acting out; or difficulty concentrating, following directions, or working in a group. Students are often misdiagnosed with anxiety, behavior disorders, or attention disorders rather than understood to have trauma that drives those symptoms and reactions. However, learning can also be a big struggle for children who have experienced trauma, and trauma-informed teaching can help.

Here are 10 tips for understanding kids who have been through trauma, plus strategies to help them build resilience so they can bounce back and overcome their challenges.

1. Kids who have experienced trauma aren't trying to push your buttons

If a child is having trouble with transitions or turning in a folder at the beginning of the day, remember that children may be distracted because of a situation at home that causes them to worry. Instead of reprimanding students when they're late or forget homework, affirm and accommodate them by establishing a visual cue or verbal reminder.

"Switch your mindset and remember the kid who has experienced trauma is not trying to push your buttons," says Caelan Soma, PsyD, chief clinical officer with Starr Commonwealth, an organization that offers resources to help schools build trauma-informed, resilience-focused communities.

These positive interactions might seem small, but they can build resilience in students, rewiring areas of their brains that have been impacted by trauma. On the other hand, starting the day with a reprimand can cause a child to shut down.

2. Kids who have been through trauma worry about what's going to happen next

A daily routine in the classroom can be calming, so try to provide structure and predictability whenever possible. Since words may not sink in for children who go through trauma, they need other sensory cues, says Soma. Besides explaining how the day will unfold, have signs or a storyboard that shows which activity-math, reading, lunch, recess, etc.-the class will do and when. Knowing what to expect lets kids feel secure enough to focus on learning. With time, that can show kids that they have the resilience and power to do well in school.

3. Even if the situation doesn't seem that bad to you, it's how the child feels that matters

Trauma is highly individual. A situation that one person can easily recover from can cause trauma for another person. As caring teachers, we may unintentionally project that a situation isn't really that bad, but how the child feels about the stress is what matters most, says Soma.

For some children, it may not be a singular event but rather the culmination of chronic stress. For example, a child who lives in poverty may worry about the family paying rent on time, keeping their jobs, or having enough food.

"Anything that keeps our nervous system activated for longer than four to six weeks is defined as post-traumatic stress," says Soma.

The good news is that the opposite is true, too: small positive interactions, like greeting a student in the hall, might seem insignificant to you but can foster resiliency in your students.

4. Trauma isn't always associated with violence

Trauma is often associated with violence. Yet, kids experience trauma from a variety of situations-like divorce, a move, or being over-scheduled or bullied.

"All kids, especially in this day and age, experience extreme stress from time to time," says Soma. "It is more common than we think."

You never know which student-or how many-can benefit from trauma-informed teaching.

5. You don't need to know the cause of trauma to help

Instead of focusing on the specifics of a traumatic situation, concentrate on the support you can give children who are suffering.

"Stick with what you are seeing now-the hurt, the anger, the worry," Soma says, rather than getting every detail of the child's story.

Privacy is a big issue in working with students suffering from trauma, and schools often have a confidentiality protocol that teachers must follow. You don't have to dig deep into the trauma to be able to effectively respond with empathy and flexibility. Instead, focus on trauma-informed teaching to create a classroom community that builds connections with students and lets them know you're there to help them succeed.

6. There's a direct connection between stress and learning

When kids are stressed, it's tough for them to learn. Create a safe, accepting environment in your classroom by letting children know you understand their situation and support them.

"Kids who have experienced trauma have difficulty learning unless they feel safe and supported," says Soma. "The more the teacher can do to make the child less anxious and have the child focus on the task at hand, the better the performance you are going to see out of that child. There is a direct connection between lowering stress and academic outcomes."

7. When kids feel they're good at something and experience success, it builds their resilience

Find opportunities that allow kids to set and achieve goals, and they'll feel a sense of mastery and control, suggests Soma. Help build resilience by assigning classroom jobs students can do well or letting them help peers.

"It is very empowering," says Soma. "Set them up to succeed, and keep that bar in the zone where you know they are able to accomplish it and move forward."

Rather than saying a student is good at math, find experiences to let them feel it. Because trauma is such a sensory experience, kids need more than encouragement-they need to feel worth through concrete tasks.

8. Self-regulation can be a major challenge for students suffering from trauma

Some kids with trauma grow up with emotionally unavailable parents. The result is the inability to self-soothe. They may develop distracting behaviors and have trouble staying focused for long periods. To help them cope, you can schedule regular brain breaks and promote social-emotional learning. Tell the class at the beginning of the day when there will be breaks for free time, to play a game, or to stretch.

"If you build it in before the behavior gets out of whack, you set the child up for success," says Soma.

A child may be able to make it through a 20-minute block of work if they know there will be a break to recharge before the next task.

9. It's OK to ask kids point-blank what you can do to help them make it through the day

For all students with trauma, you can ask them directly what you can do to help. They may ask to listen to music with headphones or put their head on their desk for a few minutes. If a child isn't able to name what will help them, try offering options: having a snack, going for a walk, or taking deep breaths, for example.

"We have to step back and ask them, 'How can I help? Is there something I can do to make you feel even a little bit better?'" Soma says.

10. You can support kids with trauma even when they're outside your classroom

Loop in the larger school, creating an ecosystem of trauma-informed teaching. Share trauma-informed strategies with all staff-from bus drivers to parent volunteers to crossing guards. Tell them how small interactions, like complimenting a student or offering a smile, can help kids with trauma build resilience.

Remind everyone: "The child is not his or her behavior," says Soma. "Typically, there is something underneath that's driving that to happen, so be sensitive. Ask yourself, 'I wonder what's going on with that kid?' rather than saying, 'What's wrong with the kid?' That's a huge shift in the way we view kids."

Looking for more ways to build resilience in your students?

Transform the lens through which you view and react to student behavior. Trauma-Informed Certification for Teachers offers strategies for helping kids cope with stress while building their resilience.
LEARN MORE ABOUT TRAUMA-INFORMED CERTIFICATION

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10 Things About Childhood Trauma Every Teacher Needs To Know

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With grief, sadness is obvious. With trauma, the symptoms can go largely unrecognized because they mimic other problems: frustration; acting out; or difficulty concentrating, following directions, or working in a group. Students are often misdiagnosed with anxiety, behavior disorders, or attention disorders rather than understood to have trauma that drives those symptoms and reactions.

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ADHD or Trauma? |Trauma Informed PBS |December 2016

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Jack's third grade teacher has been noticed that he has toruble concentrating in class. When she mentions this to Jack's mother, she reports that he also struggles with following instructions for completing chores at home. During a parent/teacher conference, the teacher says that she believes that Jack is displaying signs of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD.

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RWJF is part of a growing network of leaders working to increase awareness and understanding of the impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the need to develop effective innovative interventions. Share our infographic.

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You've worked through the questions in our infographic "What Lies Beneath Behavior?" and instead of judging or punishing you've figured out the child is just trying to do the best they can to communicate whatever pain or distress lives inside of them... "So now what do I do?" you ask. As promised, we have produced a second infographic to provide you with a step-by-step guide to a trauma-informed response.

The bad news is that there is no manualized program, no one-size fits all solution, no magic wand we can wave. Childhood trauma usually comes as the result of a breach in relationship and trust, and the best way to heal it is to rebuild those things, slowly, painstakingly and with a lot of patience.

As we say at Echo, "50% of any interaction is you." This means unless we are willing to look at ourselves and our reactions, no tools or skills are going to work in the classroom or in any other situation where we are having challenges with a child. Let me be the first to give you some empathy around this. No one asks to be abused, ignored, accused unjustly, reviled, not given any consideration, or whatever it is that may have caused stress hormones to race around your body and possibly bring you to tears. It is quite natural to feel sadness or anger. You matter. You do. And here's where you take a deep breath, because in an adult/child relationship there's only one grown up, and as much as you want to lash out or run away, by definition it's got to be you.

So having given yourself some empathy and practiced some self-soothing, now you're ready to engage. Follow the steps in the infographic to work out a trauma-informed response, that is to say, how your heart would like you to respond when you are free of stress and your own trauma triggers. Maybe the adults around you didn't have these tools when you were a child. It is our good fortune that we do, and our responsibility to make sure that any painful history does not repeat itself. 1) Create safety. Frankly, nothing is going to get resolved while the child still feels physically or emotionally unsafe. In the midst of the fight, flight or freeze survival response, the upper brain is not taking in your well-chosen words, nor is it capable of understanding bargaining, reason, or promise. It is not able to absorb your point-of-view or that of anyone else, so making James say he's sorry and explain his actions, or telling Sandra that there's no need to get upset is going to be received as just so much white noise. If the child is overwhelmed, guide them to a quiet corner or allow them to decompress by visiting the restroom. If you are in a classroom, you may have a peace corner that you've outfitted with blankets or a screen so that it feels like a safe place. Pulling up their hoodie and putting their head on the desk is something students do all the time to feel safe. And yet how many schools have outlawed hoodies? Let's think about that. If a student wears a hoodie to disappear and feel safe, why would we want to make that a reason for further punishment? It's like refusing someone water to dampen a fuse.

2) Regulate the nervous system. Stress brings a predictable pattern of physiological responses and anyone who has suffered toxic stress or trauma is going to be quickly stressed into hyperarousal (explosive, jittery, irritable) or hypoarousal (depressed, withdrawn, zombie-like). A large portion of our trainings are devoted to giving examples of regulation strategies for the nervous system but the truth of the matter is that no matter how ingenious our solves, how artsy-crafty we get with tools, the child has to find what works for them. Sometimes it's as simple as a squeeze ball or being sent on an errand to the kindly lady in the office.

3) Build a connected relationship. This is the number one way to regulate the nervous system. When we are around people we care about, our bodies produce oxytocin, which is the hormone responsible for calming our nervous system after stress. As a parent, we learn that staying connected to our child is much more important than getting them to acknowledge fault or determining who bears the greater grievance. If we stay connected, then eventually the calm discussion of each person's feelings and needs can take place. It is also true for teachers and their students, only teachers may have a lot more work to do to convince their students that they care. Perhaps there has never been a trustworthy adult in this child's life. Perhaps the student doesn't want to bond with you because then they will feel the hurt of separation at the end of the year. However, most children have an uncanny ability to look into your eyes and know if you're 'for real.' If you cultivate loving kindness it will show.

4) Support development of coherent narrative. When we have experienced trauma, the left and right hemispheres of the brain have a hard time communicating with each other. A sense of yourself in time and images (right hemisphere) become disconnected from logical sequential thought and language (left hemisphere). The end result is that there are a lot of powerful, chaotic images in your head and no ability to make sense of them. If a child can make sense of his or her history, then it can be integrated and eventually put to bed. Creating predictability through structure, routines and the presence of reliable adults helps reduce the chaos a child may feel and allows them to start creating the kind of logical sequential connections that not only help them understand their own narrative, but are also the fundamental requirement of many types of learning. Imagine doing algebra or constructing a sentence when drunk. That's what it's like for a child whose brain has been affected by complex trauma..

5) Practice 'power-with' strategies (empowerment, collaboration, choice and voice). In addition to getting hurt, emotionally or physically, one of the hallmarks of trauma is that you were unable to defend yourself - that is, you suffered a loss of power and control. Any situation where you find yourself back in that place of helplessness or on the receiving end of someone wielding power with no regard to your thoughts or feelings in the matter, you may become activated and the toxic shame of the original trauma may come flooding back. Adolescents are often so sensitized to any perceived 'disrespect' it occupies their whole consciousness. If we have power (and as adults invariably we do) then it is our job to use it well. How would you like to be treated by your boss? Would you like to be consulted about decisions that affect you? Have input into shaping the environment you work in? Would you like a boss who is compassionate and gives you the benefit of the doubt? Of course you would! And if you don't have this it's because your boss never experienced it growing up. If we model 'power-with' relationships with children it's our best chance of creating adults who will treat others with dignity and respect.

6) Build social emotional and resiliency skills. Trauma robs us of time spent developing social and emotional skills. The brain is too occupied with survival to devote much of its energy to learning how to build relationships and it's a good chance we didn't see those skills modeled for us. Learning to care for one another is the most important job we have growing up and yet there are many children who are living in a bunker built for their protection and have not the faintest idea how to get out. Resiliency is often equated with hope - the kind of hope you have when someone somewhere made you feel worthy of love. As we are confronted with challenging behaviors in the classroom, it can be overwhelming to realize that our level of compassion, our willingness to see the good in a child, our modeling of a safe, stable nurturing relationship, may be all the difference between a child who hopes and knows love and the child who goes on to hate himself and the world he lives in.

7) Foster post-traumatic growth. We know that there are qualities and skills that allow people to overcome the most devastating trauma and not just survive but find new meaning and purpose in their lives. We have classes full of these people if we can help students tap into their latent strengths. Problem solving, planning, maintaining focus despite discomfort, self-control and seeking support are all known to lead to post-traumatic growth and these are skills teachers are in a very good place to impart. The saddest situation is when we send a child back to a difficult home life at the end of each day. Even then we can help them build a perception of secondary control - if a child cannot control the circumstances of her life, then she can at least have some control over her reaction to them. Telling the story through art or journaling is taking control over your own story; it also helps lessen the confusion (establishes coherent narrative) and can begin to take away some of the sting. We can offer stories of how other people have come to terms with trauma, in the knowledge that positive reinterpretation and acceptance are important predictors of post-traumatic growth. Optimism is the best coat of armor a child can wear into the future and we can build that through our 'positive regard,' which maintains a steadfast belief that the child is doing their very best despite overwhelming circumstances and that they deserve a bright and expansive life, no matter how dark and constricted their past.

Responding to a child's behavior in a trauma-informed way takes lots of empathy for yourself and the child, much biting of the tongue, and patience that borders on sainthood. The process is wonderfully human and defies the kind of tidy codification we've attempted here. The best expert is the compassionate heart - all the rest will follow.

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Trauma-Informed Support for Children - A Follow Up to "What Lies Beneath Behavior?"

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You've worked through the questions in our infographic "What Lies Beneath Behavior? " and instead of judging or punishing you've figured out the child is just trying to do the best they can to communicate whatever pain or distress lives inside of them... "So now what do I do?" you ask.

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Jane Evans is a Parenting Specialist, Trainer, International Speaker, British Writer and Blogger. Jane regularly appears on BBC Radio Bristol and Wiltshire to comment on and discuss matters relating to children and parenting, Jane is a regular expert contributor for Mini-Kin UK an early years parenting website, UK Fostering and Adoption UK magazine and writes on matters relating to children and parenting impacted by trauma.

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Children Who Experience Early Childhood Trauma Do Not 'Just Get Over It'

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Humans are relatively adaptable beings which is why we are thriving and not dying out like other species. Horrendous disasters such as the Philippines typhoon, the Boxing Day Tsunami, the nuclear disaster in Japan, the major wars of our time, and horrific...

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How Childhood Trauma Can Make You A Sick Adult | Big Think

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Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.

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Principales of Working with Traumatized Children- Bruce Perry

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Principales of Working with Traumatized Children- Bruce Perry

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http://teacher.scholastic.com/professional/bruceperry/working_children.htm