# data[].attributes.headline
Limitations of Molecular Cytogenetic Testing by FISH 

# data[].attributes.subject
Limitations of Molecular Cytogenetic Testing by FISH 

# data[].attributes.body
https://academic.oup.com/biohorizons/article/3/1/85/228880/Applications-of-fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization

# data[].attributes.body
https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/pag.ebook/ebooks/flash/9781488611223/StudentLaunch.html?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIZVQRYZQEOBECPPQ&Expires=1508282875&Signature=GI4VDHMA0V3kiCbI05pl7kIgtcQ%3D#

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gu0KfCzgEDE

– start playing from 8 minutes to 11:30 minutes

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nG7cd5OewmI

# data[].attributes.body
FISH is different from both karyotyping and cytogenetics because  karyotyping is a method used in genetic testing that analyses whole chromosomes to identify genetic changes, eg: searching for an extra copy of a chromosome. Cytogenetics is a genetic testing method used to identify chromosomal abnormalities, eg: trisomy of chromosome 2.  Fluorescence in situ Hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic testing that can detect chromosomal abnormalities when mitotic cells are not available for chromosomal analyses, eg: cross sex-transplant.

# data[].attributes.body
Fluorescence in situ hybridisation  (FISH) is a genetic testing technique that provides researchers with a way to envision and plot the genetic material in individuals cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Fish is when fluorescent labelled nucleic acid DNA fragments are allowed to hybridize, or attach to whole chromosomes. This allows the chromosomes to be assessed for changes in structure such as deletion or duplication.eg. A-B-C would be A-B-B-C, this is duplication. Deletion is when A-B-C becomes A-C

# data[].attributes.body
The first step is to prepare short sequences of single-stranded DNA that match a portion of the gene the researcher is looking for. These are called probes. The next step is to label these probes by attaching one of a number of colors of fluorescent dye.

# data[].attributes.body
- Locus specific probes: Used to determine on which chromosome a gene is located, or how many copies of a gene exist within a particular genome.
- Alphoid or centromeric repeat probes: Used to determine whether an individual has the correct number of chromosomes and if an individual is missing genetic material from a particular chromosome.
- Whole chromosome probes: Useful for examining chromosomal abnormalities. E.g. When one piece of chromosome is attached to another.

# data[].attributes.body
Fish can be used to detect presence or absence of HER-2 for breast cancer.

# data[].attributes.body
The limitations for FISH(Fluorescent in situ hybridization) are that it doesn't usually screen all chromosomes for changes.
It has limited ability to precisely define which genes and are involved in with a certain type of disease.
Also scientist have trouble to see duplications in chromosomes this is because attachment of extra probes is not always easy to see.