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Explanation on what genes, DNA and chromosomes are 

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Explanation on what genes, DNA and chromosomes are 

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Chromosomes are thread like structures. They are made of highly, tightly coiled DNA.

DNA is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms.

Gene is a region of DNA that encodes function.
Now try to understand these two statementsA chromosome consists of a long strand of DNA containing many genes.A human chromosome can have up to 500 million base pairs of DNA with thousands of genes

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The first step in DNA replication is to ‘unzip’ the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. This is carried out by an enzyme called helicase which breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the complementary bases of DNA together (A with T, C with G).The separation of the two single strands of DNA creates a ‘Y’ shape called a replication ‘fork’. The two separated strands will act as templates for making the new strands of DNA.One of the strands is oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction (towards the replication fork), this is the leading strand. The other strand is oriented in the 5’ to 3’ direction (away from the replication fork), this is the lagging strand As a result of their different orientations, the two strands are replicated differently

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The base pairing of guanine (G) and cytosine (C) is just the same in DNA and RNA. So in RNA the important base pairs are: adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U); guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).

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L-ribose - not naturally occuring.
D-ribose - occurs in nature in RNA.

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Cytosine (C) and thymine (T) are the smaller pyrimidines. RNA also contains four different bases. Three of these are the same as in DNA: adenine, guanine, and cytosine. RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).

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Even though RNA is single-stranded (unlike DNA, which is made up of two strands), it can still form complementary base pairs. Complementary sections within a single strand of RNA can base-pair with each other, causing the molecule to fold in on itself and form a complex, three-dimensional shape.

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Ribonucleic acid

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A with T: the purine adenine (A) always pairs with. the pyrimidine thymine (T)

C with G: the pyrimidine cytosine (C) always pairs with. the purine guanine (G)

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DNA and RNA is the sugar, with 2-deoxyribose being replaced by the alternativepentose sugar ribose in RNA. The four bases found in DNA are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T).

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double helix

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In DNA, there are four different bases: adenine (A) and guanine (G) are the larger purines. Cytosine (C) and thymine (T) are the smaller pyrimidines.

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Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid