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After rocks are weathered into sand-sized particles they are carried and deposited by wind.  When there is a large amount of sand and wind sand dunes will form.  Typically, sand dunes form in arid areas where winds are the strongest.

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When water is able to infiltrate into plateaus frost wedging occurs through freezing and thawing cycles, creating cracks.  Additionally, carbonic acid dissolves the limestone, producing the round edges.  In both forms of weathering rain removes the material.
However, the same processes that create hoodoos will also destroy them as weathering and erosion continue to break down and carry the material.

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Arches begin as layers of sandstone, that as a result of geological processes, are lifted above the sea level.  This process creates cracks, and due to its position along the coast, water plays a large role in weathering the rock by frost wedging and eroding the sediment by rain.
These processes will continue to widen the arch until it collapses into itself.

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Talus slopes form through mass wasting.  As a cliff face is weathered rock fragments are deposited to the cliff’s base due to gravity.  Furthermore, through frost wedging rainwater expands the volume of the cracks, adding more material to the talus.

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When a river flows downhill, vertical erosion takes place.  The valley’s sides are weathered and are transported by the river, leaving a v-shape.

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Meandering streams form when a series of disturbances force the river to change its course, creating a snake-like shape.

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In meandering streams the outer edges move faster than the inner curves and deposit material into inner curve.  Eventually, the river erodes so that the meander is cut off from the stream, forming a oxbow lake.

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Sinkholes form when a layer of rock (typically limestone or carbonate rock) is weathered by acidic water, creating cavernous spaces.  When the sinkhole can no longer be supported the overlaying land collapses in.

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Most caves are composed of limestone, and more specifically, calcite, which is a building block of limestone.  So, when water flows into a cave it dissolves the calcite, leaving behind small traces which eventually build up stalactites.

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Stalagmites usually form with stalactites.  When stalactites form, water drips calcite into a pile on the ground, eventually creating stalagmites.

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Helicities are a distorted form of stalactites.  While there is no specific explanation for their formation, it is believed that slight physical or chemical changes account for the curved, spiral shapes.

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As a pair of stalactites and stalagmites grow they can eventually join one another, forming a column.

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Aretes form by the movement of glaciers.  A glacier can either pass a mountain top and create a sharp edge or two adjacent glaciers can create an arete between them.

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When multiple glaciers move past the land they sharpen the edges of an arete, forming a horn.

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As glaciers move downhill they try to take the easiest path.  If a river has already eroded a v-shaped valley the glacier can pass through, widening the base and the sides to create a u-shape.

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As glaciers erode they carve out the land into a basin, forming a cirque.

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When an area of a u-shaped valley isn’t eroded as deeply it hangs above it, often being the location for waterfalls.

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Glaciers carry rocks and materials as they move.  These accumulate and are visible when the glacier retreats.

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When weathered material moves slowly downslope under the influence of gravity creeps are formed.  These are evidenced by the tilt of trees and other objects.

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As soil erodes (such as when trees are removed and the soil is no longer held down) gravity forces the material downward.  The severity depends on the steepness of the slope and the type of material.

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When material is weathered and unsupported it will slowly move down together and form a curved landscape.