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Caverns are naturally hollow openings in the ground. Caverns form through dissolution, rainwater mixed with carbon dioxide forms a weak acid, and slowly dissolves through land, in some areas enough to become a cave. As rainwater seeps through cracks in the ground, it picks up carbon dioxide gas from organic material, creating an acid. This acid travels through cracks in rock, and mineral calcite is dissolved from the rock in which a cave is formed, caught with the acid. When this acid is exposed to the air, it releases the carbon dioxide, and calcite is precipitated on cave ceilings and floors. After countless drips of this, stalactites and stalagmites can be formed, through dissolution.

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Sand dunes are hills made of sand. Sand dunes are formed when wind blows grains of sand into a sheltered area behind a obstacle. Abrasion is present in the formation of these dunes, as it is from larger rocks being broken down that forms sand, of which the dunes are made of. Wind erosion is also present; it pushes the sand into these formations.

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Arete-  An arete is a narrow ridge of rick separating two vallets. Aretes are usually formed when two glaciers erode U-shaped valleys. The edge is then sharpened by frost wedging, and the slopes on either sides of the arete steepened through mass wasting events.

Horn- A glacial horn is an angular mountain peak, sharply pointed, which comes to be through water erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from a central point.

U-shaped valley- U shaped valleys are simply valleys that look like a U. These valleys are formed by glacial erosion, when a glacier travels down a slope, carving a valley.

Cirque- A cirque is a amphitheater-like valley which is created by glacial erosion, carving out a large valley.

Hanging valley- A valley that is cut across by a cliff or deeper valley. These valleys can be formed when a lower valley has a greater rate of erosion, or by glacier flow, and the hanging valley created by a more recent river.

Moraines- A moraine is a accumulation of glacially formed glacial debris. Moraines are created by moving glaciers, which turn up rock and soil as they move.

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A sinkhole is a hole in the ground, caused by some sort of collapse of the surface layer. Hydrolysis and dissolution have key roles in the occurrence of this event, dissolving carbonate rocks; groundwater rinses away sediment, destroying the support of the land, allowing a sinkhole to abruptly come about.

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An oxbow lake is a U-shaped body of water that forms when a meander from the main segment of a river is separated, creating a free standing body of water. Water erosion is present in this process, depositing sediment to cut off the meander.

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A meandering stream is a stream with a series of bends. A meandering stream forms when moving water in a stream erodes the banks, widening its valley, eroding sediment, and depositing it on the inside, resulting in a curvy stream.

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A valley in the form of a V. These valleys first begin formation through vertical erosion from a stream or river. Rain beats down on them, washing down the sides into a V shape and loosening rock. Landslides can occur on the sides, carving out the V shape even more.

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A talus slope is a pile of rocks that accumulate at the base of a slope. These slopes form from frost wedging; water expands in between rocks and causes them to fall to the ground, exfoliation; sheets of rock fall to the ground due to erosion, and hydrolysis; rocks decompose and lose their attachment to larger rocks, crashing to the ground below. Over time these rocks increase in number, forming the talus slopes we see today.

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An arch is a rock formation in which an arch has formed, with an opening underneath. Arches form from wind and water erosion, water carves into a rock, opening a gap and forming the arch, and abrasion from wind beats down, smoothing and rounding the arch.

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Creeps- When sediment expands, particles are lifted, and shift ever so slightly, slowly moving the land. Erosion plays a role in this through the movement of sediment.

Landslides- When an area becomes too saturated, full of water, the ground can slide, without sufficient support the soil simply runs off, due to water erosion.

Flows-  Debris flows are events in which water-laden soil and rock rush down mountainsides into stream channels, capturing objects in their paths, and form thick muddy deposits on valley floors.

Slumps- A slump is a form of mass wasting that happens when a mass of loose materials move a short distance down a slope. Slumps happen due to frost wedging, pushing the sediment farther out.

Falls- Falls are landslides that involve the collapse of material from a steep slope or cliff. The mixture free falls through the air, and rolls. Falls result in a collection of debris near the base of a cliff or slope. Falls often happen due to too much water, and frost wedging.

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A pinnacle is a high, pointed rock. These rocks came to be what they are today through exfoliation and abrasion, the external layers were beaten off, creating their unique shapes.

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A hoodoo is a  tall thin rock spire protruding from the bottom of a basin or badland. Hoodoos are formed by frost wedging, as water seeps into cracks of the rocks and expands, they push apart, and begin to shape. Water erosion also plays a significant role in their formation, as the rain is sligtly acidic, it eats away at the rock, rounding it and further forming it.