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The instrument used to measure turbidity is called a nephlometer. The units are NTU or Nephelometric Turbidity Units.

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Turbidity is measured in NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Units. The instrument used for measuring it is called nephelometer or turbidimeter, which measures the intensity of light scattered at 90 degrees as a beam of light passes through a water sample.

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The nephlometer  has a large tube which is the turbidity sensor; it reads turbidity by shining a light into the water and reading how much light is reflected back to the sensor. The smaller tube contains a conductivity sensor to measure electrical conductance of the water, which is strongly influenced by dissolved solids and a temperature gauge.

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Turbidity - Water Properties, USGS Water Science School

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Turbidity, from the USGS Water Science School.

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Water with high turbidity provide food and shelter for pathogens. If they are not removed they spread quickly and an outbreak in the water system breaks out. But most water treatment plants are able to effectively remove the pathogens from the water.

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Turbidity - Water Properties, USGS Water Science School

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Turbidity, from the USGS Water Science School.

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When turbidity is too high it can decrease the amount of light penetration in bodies of water. This can increase sedimentation and destroy the habitats of aquatic life. These particles allow pollutants to attach to them and stay in the water.

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Turbidity can be seen by the eye to determine whether its cloudy or opaque. The higher the intensity of light the higher the turbidity.

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Not transparent, or cloudy, not able to see through

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The quality of being clear, in particular.

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Humans can cause turbidity levels to increase through things like construction that release dust particles into the air. It can also increase when waste is dumped into a body of water.

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Water turbidity is the measure of relative clarity of a liquid.

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Turbidity - Water Properties, USGS Water Science School

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Turbidity, from the USGS Water Science School.

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The higher the number the less clarity there is. The lower the number the more clear the water becomes.

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NTU are the units used when measuring turbidity.  NTU stands for Nephelometric Turbidity Units.