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Children at the age of 5 should be able to know how to complete physical tasks such as running, hopping, kicking a ball, riding a bike, and climbing on the playground. Their gross motor skills continue to develop during these activities. (PHYSICAL DOMAIN)

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A 5 year old's body is beginning to lose baby fat and gain muscle. These children are growing out of their chubby-cheeked preschool bodies and begin to look like their elementary age peers. Also at age 5, children begin to lose their baby teeth and will grow new teeth with age. This is a big step for them because it is one of their first experiences with their body changing. (PHYSICAL DOMAIN)

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Children know how to take care of their immediate needs. This includes eating, using the restroom, and sleeping. Most 5 year olds also know how to dress themselves, brush their own hair and teeth, and follow their daily routine. (SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL DOMAIN)

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Children should be able to understand and memorize what they are learning. For example, if a child is introduced to a new word in the classroom, and is told to understand the meaning of it, they should be able to memorize and understand the word they just learned. 5 year olds should be able to recognize the letters that make up a certain word. (COGNITIVE DOMAIN)

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Erikson - Erikson looks at how biology, changing of the children's mind and emotions, and how the effects of society formed a child behavioral patterns. Erikson had eight stages that developed the social outcomes of the children.
Stage 1- Infancy- challenge of trust vs. mistrust
Stage 2- Toddlerhood- challenge of autonomy vs. doubt
Stage 3- Preschool- challenge of initiative vs. guilt
These stages show us the different social roles in each age group. Five year olds should have already went through Stages 1-3. Erikson's theory focuses on the future, and believes that adults should help children meet their needs to complete the stages. The stages help children understand themselves and how to interact with others.

Lev Vygotsky -
Internalisation:  The act of connecting thoughts with language. Children use external monologues to make sense of situations and their world around them. --- Five-year-olds use external monologues throughout their daily lives, connecting their autonomy with the thoughts in their heads, using statements such as “I can” or “I can’t”.

Play:  A vital element for a child’s intellectual development. --- Internalisation goes hand-in-hand with Vygotsky’s ideals of Play, expanding on the internal and external thoughts of children, children can use their monologues to practice known roles, cultural models and behaviors often shown by adults in their world. This creates learning opportunities for the child, moving from something known and practiced to the exploration of these types of situations.

Zone of Proximal Development: Learning through academics or through play, both generate a zone of proximal development. ZPD illustrates the difference between what a child of a certain age can do without help, versus what the same child can do with the benefit of adult assistance. --- As we know, five-year-olds are developing their own sense of autonomy and are becoming more and more able to complete everyday tasks independently. With Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development, parents, teachers and capable-peers can aid their five-year-olds, and help build on their five-year-old’s intellectual development, without completing tasks for them.

Abraham Maslow - created the hierarchy of needs theory which became popular in the mid 1900's
Hierarchy of Needs: theory of psychology, also known as "A Theory of Human Motivation." It contains 5 tiers, beginning with the absolute necessities at the bottom. Typically, each tier can only be met if the need before it is accomplished. The 5 tiers consist of (from bottom to top):
1. Physiological
2. Safety
3. Love / Belonging
4. Esteem
5. Self-Actualization
--> This is critical in the lives of five year olds. As they are beginning school, they are surrounded by new people, new ideas, and new environments. This will create a new world around them and their level of development will depend on how each tier is accomplished.

Jean Piaget- created a cognitive developmental stage theory that shows how children develop the way they are thinking by the interactions they have seen and have made throughout their world. Piaget has four different states:

Stage One: Sensorimotor Skills- Children (Birth through 18-24 months) are learning how to learn. Biggest thing is learning how to work their bodies.

Stage Two: Pre-operational- This is usually when children (2 to 7) start becoming very imaginative. They start to learn languages and participate in play.

Stage Three: Concrete Operational- This stage is when children (ages 7 to 11) can begin to problem solve and to organize information that they have learned.

Stage Four: Formal Operational- From ages 11 on, this is when children can start thinking more abstractly. They can think about things that are not physically in front of them.

By 5 years old, children should already have completed the first two stages.

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Being able to walk forward and backwards in a straight line are two very important milestones. Learning to walk backwards allows children to catch themselves if they were to ever fall backwards. If they can walk in a straight line it also shows that they are becoming more balanced. (PHYSICAL DOMAIN)

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Children at the age of 5 should have most of their fine motor skills developed. This allows them to correctly utilize pencils, crayons, eating utensils, etc. They should be able to accomplish activities using fine motors skills. This includes writing letters, coloring, painting, and eating. (PHYSICAL DOMAIN)

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When a child is 5 they should be able to play with peers with less supervision compared to when they were at a younger age. Children should also be capable of cleaning up their mess whether they used toys or markers, etc. They may forget sometimes, but parents and teachers can remind them if needed.
(SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL DOMAIN)

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Age 5 Social & Emotional Milestones | Child Development

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5 year olds begin to feel proud after accomplishing a new skill or reaching an achievement. At this age they are beginning to say things like, “I can do that!”. They become more independent in tasks they feel comfortable doing.
(SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL DOMAIN)

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The ability of stacking blocks shows how a 5 year olds are developing their grasping skills and their hand-eye coordination.

(PHYSICAL DOMAIN)

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5 year olds are able to understand the differences between “yesterday”, “today”, and “tomorrow”.
(COGNITIVE DOMAIN)

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5 year olds understand how to manage their feelings during most social situations. This includes knowing when to be quiet in class, playing with friends during recess, and "awing" at cute animals.
(SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL)

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Play games that contain a set of rules, such as sports. This requires attention and the ability to build connections with others.
(SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL DOMAIN)

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5 year olds know how to explain the reasons to why they are feeling the way they feel. This includes expressing happiness after receiving a treat, crying because a friend stopped playing with them during recess, etc. However, five years old sometimes cannot grasp the full picture of a scenario and let their emotions control their actions.
(SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL DOMAIN)

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5 year olds are able to read and write all of the letters in the alphabet, as well as know most of the individual sounds of each letter. (COGNITIVE DOMAIN)

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Children should be able to understand when there is a problem, and what they can do to fix this problem. For example, if a child wants to play with a toy that another child is playing with, the child must understand that he/she must wait there turn. A child could also ask “Can I please play with the toy after you?” The child should be able to use their communication skills to fix these problems.
(COGNITIVE DOMAIN)

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Children at the age of 5 should be able to walk and balance on a beam without falling or losing there balance. This shows us that their sense of balance is developing and they are becoming more stable. (PHYSICAL DOMAIN)

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5 year olds should be able to sit still and pay attention for a while. This includes listening to a story or hearing instructions.  (COGNITIVE DOMAIN)

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Applying Learning Material to the Real World:

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Applying Learning Material to the Real World:

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5 year olds are beginning to learn a wide array of new material in class. They should be able to connect what they learned in class to the world around them. For instance: recognizing shapes in real life objects. (COGNITIVE DOMAIN

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Age 5 Cognitive Development Milestones | Child Development