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FBI Crime Lab (Quantico, VA)
DEA Labs
ATF Labs
US Army Crime Investgation Lab (Fort Gillem, GA)
US Postal Inspection Service Labs

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The Brithish Home Office
-Metropolitan Police Lab
-5 other regional labs
Canada
-Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) labs
-Centre of Forensic Sciences (Toronto)
-The Institute of Legal Medicine and Police Science (Montreal)

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1923-Los Angeles PD Crime Lab (1st US Crime Lab)
1930s- University of CA Berkeley Dept. of Criminalistics headed by Paul Kirk
1932- FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover opens the FBI Laboratory
1981- FBI opens Forensic Science Research and Training Center

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Before 17th Century- if you can withstand a beating then you are innocent, if not than you are guilty.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1775)
Alphonse Bertillon (1879)
Valentin Ross (1806)-more precise method for detecting aresenic
Mathieu Orfilla (1814)
1828- invention of the polarized light microscope
1839-first microscopic detection of sperm
James Marsh (1839)
1863- first presumptive test for blood
1850s-1860s- development in photography and improved records in forensic science.
Hans Gross (1893)
Karl Landsteiner (1901)
Albert Osborn (1910)
Edmond Locard (1877-1966)
Walter McCrone (1916-2002)- microscopy expert, examined the Shroud of Turin and the Vinland map

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Forensic Science-the application of science to the court of law.
Criminalist-the application of scientific techniques in collecting and analyzing physical evidence.

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Analyzing Physical Evidence
-adequate examination
-interpret and/or evaluate findings
-no excessive testing to falsely enhance results
-use valid, reliable standards of comparison
-use accurate, reliable equipment
--precise
--reproducible
Interpreting Physical Evidence
-dont confuse fact with opinion
-qualify and explain opinions and conclusions appropriately
-dont state conclusions and opinioins beyond personal expertise
-give proper weight and certainty to opinions and conclusions
Reporting Physical Evidence
-personal interest or gain should not bias or distort a report or testimony
-never claim results and/or accomplishments not your own
- limit testimony to conclusions drawn from examinations and analyses
-avoid misleading or ambiguous language and terms easily misconstrued.
-use accepted standards for photographs, posters, or background information
-do not distort or use unduly sensational material
-"attourney-client" relationship applies, unless it leads to a miscarriage of justice
-set a reasonable fee for services- never contingency
Proffesional Courtesy
-re-examining evidence is permissible
-resolve difference of opinion before the case goes to trial
-advising attourneys about the testimony of another forensic scientist is permissible if in good faith, not malicious, and to prevent incompetent testimony
-inform colleges about new methodology for analyses
-report invalid or unreliable methodology
-respect opinions and conclusions of collegues unless you can prove them as false or inaccurate
-do not misinterpret or distort the statements, results, reports, testimony, or work of colleagues.

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Forensic Science- the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system.
Ethics- the branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions, and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions.
Physical Evidence- any object that can establish that a crime has been committed, or can link a crime and its victim or perpetrator.
Chain of Custody- refers to the chronological documentation or paper trail, analysis, and disposition of physical and electronic evidence.
Rules of Evidence- govern whether, when, how, and for what purpose proof of a case may be placed before a court for consideration.
Impartiality- not partial or biased; fair or just.
Testimony- the statement or declaration of a whitness under oath or affirmatio, usually in court.
Expert Whitness- the forensic scientist and or crime scene technician presenting the findings of a crime investigation in a court of law.
American Academy of Forensic Science- currenly the worlds largest forensic science organization in the world. Scientists may opt to follow the code of ethics from their regional organization or those from this organization.
Preservation- to keep possesion of or retain for safekeeping.

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Any distinction between civil and criminal is artificial
Link or exonerate suspects
Forensic science = legal matters and legal questions
Principles and procedures of forensic science investigation are the same for both
Physical Evidence:
-recognize
-preserve
-analyze

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ASCLD-LAB
-Accredits crime labs
ISO
-Certifies crime labs
ASTM
- Certifies testing materials used in analysis
ABC
-Certifies individual forensic scientist

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American Academy of Forensic Science (AAFS)
American Board of Criminalistics (ABC)
Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners (AFTE)

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College Education
Internships
In-House Training provided by the employing agency
External Training sponsored by federal and state agencies such as: FBI National Academy in Quantico, VA and Texas Department of Public Safety (TXDPS)
Workshops

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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Federal, State, and Local Crime Laboratories
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
U.S. Postal Service (USPS)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services
Teaching at Community Colleges and Universities

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Trace Evidence- hair, fiber, paint, glass, impressions, etc.
Latent Prints- fingerprints
Forensic Biology- serology/DNA
Toxicology- blood alcohol, poisons
Controlled Substance- drugs
Questioned Documents- handwriting and typescripts
Firearms- firearms and ammunition
Crime Scene Investigation
Forensic Photography
Forensic Anthropology
Forensic Computer Science
Forensic Engineering
Forensic Entomology
Forensic Pathology
Forensic Psychology & Psychiatry

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Forensic Scientist- identify/compare physical evidence through chemical, physical, and instrumental analysis.
Criminologist- study criminal and behavioral psychology to aid in criminal investigations.
Crime Scene Investigators- collect and preserve physical evidence from crime scenes.
Medical Examiners- perform autopsies to identify the causes and manners of death.
Coroners- typically transport corpses from the crime scene to the morgue; some aid in death investigations.
Prosecutors- initiate arrests, indictments and prosecution of criminals.