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● Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?

Oral Polio Vaccine and Inactivated Polio Vaccine are important to be administered since both vaccines can enable a person to become protected against polio. Both of these vaccines provide protection in the mouth, intestines, and the blood. But specifically, the OPV can provided immunization within the mouth and intestines, while on the other hand, the IPV provides immunity within the blood. Also, a combination of these two vaccines is considered to be the "full polio immunization" since it ensures strong protection against polio as compared to if only one is to be administered (possibly immunity against types 1, 2, nd 3 of polio viruses).

● Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?

It is important for women of childbearing-age to be immunized with tetanus vaccine so that they can protect themselves and their baby from being infected with tetanus since the antibodies can travel through the placenta. And in order to maintain this immunity from tetanus, it is important for both adult women and children to continue immunization at a regular schedule, depending on the type of vaccine they plan to recieve.

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● Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?

Poliomyelitis, commonly known as Polio, is a highly contagious disease caused by a Poliovirus that invades the nervous system. It is a fatal condition that can cause permanent paralysis or even death among severe cases. As such, immediate action is necessary to save lives. Since it still has no cure, the best way to manage Polio is through complete immunization. Vaccines available to prevent this condition includes Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV). Though they might look and sound the same, the immunity they provide differ from one another. OPV gives immunity through the mucosa especially in the mouth and intestines while IPV delivers immunity through the blood. The combination of these two in the routine immunization is critical because it helps in eliminating all forms of Polio. It is important to know that Polio has various types and acquiring one despite developing immunity to it doesn’t protect you to the other remaining kinds. Furthermore, it can still make you communicable. Hence, advocating to obtain both OPV and IPV is significant to protect yourself and others from this deadly and contagious disease.

● Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?

Tetanus during pregnancy can be life-threatening to the mother and her baby. The main purpose of providing tetanus vaccine during this childbearing age is to protect them both from the disease condition itself. Aside from providing immunity to the mother, it is essential because the vaccine allows placental transfer of antibodies to her baby as well. Hence, in case of accidents during pregnancy or childbirth such as improper handling of equipment along with faulty cord dressings, the infant born from a mother who acquired tetanus vaccine during pregnancy can be safe from tetanus. Meanwhile, to enhance and continuously have protection, the infant through his or her growing years must still receive the recommended doses of tetanus vaccine.

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1. It is important to take both IPV ang OPB for the child needs both IPV and OPV to be protected against polio. OPV is administered orally, giving protection in the mouth, intestines, and blood. Polioviruses infect the mouth and grow in the intestines, thus protection in the mouth and intestines is critical.

2. The vaccination is given to women of reproductive age and pregnant women to protect them from tetanus and to prevent their newborn newborns from NT (3,4). After two doses (1–3), tetanus vaccination develops protective antibody levels in more than 80% of patients. Protects your child from tetanus, a potentially fatal disease, as well as diphtheria and whooping cough (pertussis). Tetanus causes severe muscular stiffness in children. This prevents your child from missing school or child care, as well as you from missing work.

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1. The roles of these vaccines have been essential in eradicating Polio across different nations. Together, these two vaccines provide safe and strong protection against polio. This disease condition is perceived and proven to be highly contagious, acquiring these to vaccines are beneficial for protecting your child upon the dangers of Polio. This primary defense is indeed critical and effective because OPV is given orally, providing protection in the mouth, in the intestines, and then in the blood. Protection in the mouth and intestines are important as polioviruses infect the mouth and multiply in the intestines. IPV is an injectable vaccine that provides protection in the blood.

2. Tetanus is a disease that should be taken seriously, the outbreak in the past decades has killed too many and left families devastated. WHO highlighted the relevance of the acquisition of vaccines for pregnant women and children to protect them from Tetanus. This prevents tetanus neonatorum for pregnant women and their childand ensure  them from mortality and morbidity.

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Both IPV and OPV vaccinations are necessary and beneficial for your child. These two vaccines, when combined, provide a safe and effective defense against polio. Your child will be less protected if he or she only receives one of the immunizations.

Everyone must be tetanus immunized. This vaccine protects against the newborn mortality caused by Tetanus neonatorum by passively transmitting antibodies to the fetus. Women of reproductive age and pregnant women are immunized against tetanus and NT.

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1. Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?

Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious disease caused by a poliovirus infection that spreads throughout the body. Fever, fatigue, stiff neck, and rapid development of floppy arms/legs are some of the symptoms, and in severe situations, it can lead to long-term paralysis and death. Polio has no known cure, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), but it can only be prevented through vaccination or immunization. Furthermore, there are two available vaccinations for poliomyelitis that are used to eliminate all forms of the disease and provide a safe and polio-free world: inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) (OPV). As a result, the combination of these two is critical since it provides certainty, extra protection, and the best protection for the children against polio. Furthermore, because one of the mechanisms of transmission of polioviruses involves infecting the mouth and continuing to develop into the intestines, OPV is given orally and is critical in providing protection to the mouth and intestines. IPV, on the other hand, is an injectable vaccine that protects the blood. It then supports or strengthens the effect of OPV by increasing the child's protection against polio. In the Philippines, a child will receive these two vaccines: OPV will be given three times, and IPV will be given for the third time. "IPV with OPV offers your child with the best protection from polio," according to the Department of Health (DOH).

2. Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?

Tetanus, often known as "lockjaw," is a deadly disease caused by spores of the Clostridium tetani bacterium, which can be found in soil, saliva, dust, and manure (World Health Organization, 2019). The best way to avoid contracting this infection is to get a tetanus vaccination. Tetanus vaccine is significant because it protects against the bacterial infection tetanus, and it has made tetanus a preventable disease as a result of this vaccination. The TdaP vaccine, often known as a tetanus injection, protects against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis by producing an immune response in the patient's body that aids in the prevention of the bacteria spreading. Pregnant women and women of reproductive age are given the vaccine to protect them from tetanus and to avoid maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT). Tetanus toxoid can protect women of reproductive age from tetanus by immunizing them before or during pregnancy. By delivering tetanus antibodies to the fetus, this protects both the mother and her unborn child. Because pregnant women are at danger of getting maternal tetanus, and tetanus is a vaccine-preventable disease, immunizing pregnant moms with a Tetanus toxoid dose is one of the most effective ways to guard against it. Vaccinating pregnant women with at least two doses of Tetanus toxoid vaccine has been shown to minimize infant mortality in several trials. Tetanus toxoid immunizations are therefore recommended to avoid maternal and neonatal tetanus.

References:
Department of Health. (n.d). Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV). Retrieved from https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_promotion/IPV_FAQs.pdf
Polio vaccination: What everyone should know. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/polio/public/index.html
Tetanus vaccination. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/tetanus/index.html
World Health Organization. (2021). Poliomyelitis. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/poliomyelitis

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1. Yes, both OPV and IPV are required for a child. Oral OPV protects the gastrointestinal and mucosal system, which is significant because polio is spread via feces-oral route. While IPV is an injectable vaccine that boosts a child's immunity against three poliovirus strains by stimulating antibody synthesis in the blood. Combining IPV and OPV provides the best protection against the crippling disease polio. According to the CDC, IPV has proven to be 99 percent protective against Polio after receiving all recommended doses of both vaccines.

2. Tetanus immunization is critical for all persons. Tetanus toxoid prevents infant mortality caused by tetanus neonatorum in pregnant women and women of reproductive age by passive transfer of tetanus antibodies to the fetus. Additionally, the bacteria's toxin is most frequently found in rust, dirt, and excrement. That's why children, particularly those living in underdeveloped countries, are encouraged to receive the tetanus vaccine to avoid any contact with the toxin. Children should also be immunized because natural immunity to tetanus is not guaranteed even after recovery or initial immunization. Booster doses are required to ensure complete immunity.

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1. Yes, Polio is an infectious disease that can cause permanent disability even death, thus affecting the quality of life of those affected by the disease. So, being vaccinated against Polio, both the OPV and IPV vaccines, and as well as other deadly communicable diseases helps on providing added immunity, preventing, and reducing the likelihood of children being affected with Polio, and on a nationwide-scale helps achieve herd immunity, eradication of the disease, and reduce child mortality rates against preventable deadly communicable diseases.

2. Children are playful, tend to be naughty, and prone to injuries and accidents. Since, the causative agent of Tetanus can be found in the soil and feces, it can put children at risk when they have an open wound or break in the skin that come in contact with the soil they're exposed to. Thus, immunization against Tetanus is given and recommended to children, but aside from their playful nature, it is also given to add further immunity because Tetanus does not provide naturally acquired immunity, and the disease being fatal or deadly, helps on reducing child mortality. Meanwhile, for pregnant women, the vaccine is given for the benefit of the mother, for added and immunity and prevention from the disease's complication during pregnancy and childbirth; and the baby, for the prevention of tetanus neonatorum.

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1. Many infectious diseases are rare or eradicated now as a result of immunisation programs, but new infectious diseases are appearing around the world. Cases of polioviruses circulating across different places even in the context of Philippine setting, response to outbreak with immediate response and prevention of the outbreak is crucial. Polio vaccines activate immune response in the body by developing immunity through build up of antibodies. On the other hand, non immunized individuals are at risk for the deadly circulation of the virus with accompanying complications like paralysis. Thus, full polio immunization is the only and best protection against contracting polio for life. Increasing polio immunizations especially in the most affected regions that commonly affects children under the age of 5 can stop the deadly poliovirus transmission.

2. Recently, there  is no proven and available "cure" for tetanus once a person develops symptoms, just supportive treatment and management of life-threatening and severe complications such as severe muscle spasms and convulsions. Thus, the best "treatment" of tetanus infection is prevented through immunization. Tetanus immunization is a crucial process to save lives through protection from the infectious process of tetanus. Tetanus vaccines work by eliciting an immune response in the vaccinated person, thus, facilitating protective levels of tetanus antitoxin in children and pregnant mothers' blood and long-lasting immunity against tetanus disease.

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-Poliomyelitis is a contagious illness caused by one of three kinds of poliovirus. Serotype-specific lifetime immunity develops after contact to and infection with each serotype. Polio can affect anyone at any age, but it is more common in children under the age of five. The gastrointestinal tract is the primary route of transmission. Poliovirus enters the gastrointestinal lymphoid tissue and spreads through the circulation after being consumed in contaminated water or food. Hence, obtaining OPV and IPV is critical for polio protection. OPV is administered orally and provides protection in the mouth, intestines, and blood. Polioviruses infect the mouth and grow in the intestines, thus protection in the mouth and intestines is critical. IPV is an injectable vaccine that protects the bloodstream. IPV enhances the protection provided by OPV and contributes to an individual's overall protection against polio. IPV and OPV both elicit a separate type of immunological response, but when taken combined, they increase an individual's defenses.

-The vaccination is given to women of reproductive age and pregnant women in order to prevent them and their newborn infants from tetanus. Tdap should be given to a pregnant woman during the third trimester or late second trimester, if possible. Tdap should be given promptly postnatal while in the hospital to assure pertussis or "whooping cough" immunity and limit the risk of transmission to the infant if the mother and her family members did not receive this immunization during pregnancy. This vaccine is recommended for all pregnant women by the CDC. A child should also have a tetanus injection to protect him or her from tetanus, a potentially fatal disease, as well as diphtheria and whooping cough.

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- According to the WHO, It is important and best for your child to receive both IPV and OPV. Together, these two vaccines provide safe and strong protection against polio. If your child only receives one of the vaccines they will not be as well protected.
- According to the CDC, Tetanus vaccines protects your child from tetanus, which can be a serious disease, as well as diphtheria and whooping cough (pertussis). Protects your child from painful muscle stiffness from tetanus. Keeps your child from missing school or child care, and you from missing work.

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1. Yes, Polio is a highly contagious disease that readily transmits from one person to another. The majority of persons who contract polio have no long-term consequences. However, polio can be extremely severe in some cases, resulting in lasting impairments and even death. To be protected from polio, children must receive both IPV and OPV vaccines. OPV is administered orally and provides protection in the mouth, intestines, and blood. Polioviruses infect the mouth and grow in the intestines, thus protection in the mouth and intestines is critical.

2. The vaccination is given to pregnant women and women of reproductive age to protect them from tetanus and to prevent their newborn newborns from NT. After two doses of tetanus immunization, more than 80% of recipients had protective antibody levels.