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Capital City: Havana

Population 11, 326, 616 (2020)

Ethnicity: 64.1% white, Mullato or mixed 26.6%, black 9.3%. Latino

Location: Cuba is a country located on an island of the Caribbean. It is also the biggest island of the archipelago and one of the most powerful states in Caribbean.

Religion: 58.9% Christian, 23.2% does not have any religions, 17.6% believe folk religion, >1% Budhist, >1%  Hindu, >1%  Jewish, >1%  Muslim, >1%  Others

Languages: Cuban Spanish, Haitian creole, Lucumi, Galician & Corsican, English

(Knight & Levinson, 2021, & globalEDGE, n.d.)

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Capital City: Bridgetown

Population: 287,371 (2020)

Ethnicity: 91% Black, 4% White, 3.5% Multiracial, 1% Indian, 0.5% Other/Unspecified

Location: Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands.

Religion:75.6% Christianity, 20.6% No religion, 3.8% Others

Languages: English (official), Bajan Creole (recognised regional language)

(Phillips et al., 2021)

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1.0 About Authors

1.1 Author 1: Adila

1.2 Author 2: Suhaila
1.3 About ePortfolio

2.0 Barbados

2.1 Introduction to Barbados

2.2 History of English in
Barbados

2.3 Barbadian Creole English

2.4 Speaker

2.5 Transcription of
excerpt from speaker

3.0 Cuba

3.1 Introduction to Cuba

3.2 History of English in Cuba

3.3 Speaker 1

3.3.1 Transcription of
excerpt from speaker

3.4 Speaker 2

3.4.1 Transcription of
excerpt from speaker

4.0 Phonemic Variation

4.1 Phonetic chart
[image]

4.2 Explaining phonemic
variation

4.3 44 phonemes of IPA
[Video]

4.4 Analysis of phonemic
variation in Barbados

4.5 Analysis of phonemic
variation in Cuba

5.0 Prosodic Variation

5.1 What is prosodic variation?

5.2 Analysis of prosodic
variation in Barbados

5.3 Analysis of prosodic
variation in Cuba

6.0 Syntactic Variation

6.1 What is syntactic variation?

6.2 Analysis of syntactic
variation in Barbados

6.3 Analysis of syntactic
variation in Barbados

7.0 Conclusion & Reflection

8.0 Individual Reflection

Reference

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Phonetic is a study of speech sound. (Fromkin et al, 2017)

The phonetic alphabet which is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a group of symbols used to explain sounds.

IPA is a combination of the usual alphabet and invented symbols to describe a particular sound.

In total, there are 44 phonemes in English which include the consonant and vowel sounds

The pronunciation of certain words or phrases are affected by differences in a person’s social,  national and regional accents of the language. (Gut, 2014)

Although there are few variations of pronunciation of the same word, the meaning of the word remains the same. (Nordquist, 2020)

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Cubans have learnt English for more than 100 years.

Due to the Cuban War of Independence against Spain (1895 - 1898), many Cubans have chosen to move to the USA due to political and economic instability (Garcia, 1996).

Some Cubans decided to stay in South Florida (close to Cuba).

While in USA, Cubans had learnt English and later spread it in Cuba once they move back. There are few well-known Cuban figures at that time that contributed to the spreading of English. For example, Jose Marti (Cuban National Hero) & Calixto Garcia (General)

English was officially taught in 1899 and started to rapidly spread in Cuba. In 1952, a total of 991 teachers taught English on the Island in Cuba.

Apart from learning English in school, Cubans also learnt English through night schools. (eg: in Havana)

Why English is important in Cuba?

According to The Cuban Ministry of Education at that time, English is one of the most important languages because it is a world language.

Other languages in Cuba include French & German (tourism factor & European Union), Italian (tourism), Portuguese (history, military influenced), Japanese & Chinese (most popular in Havana), Russian (political factor)

English helps strengthening the relationship between Cuba and the USA.

English is a medium of international and scientific communication at international level.

It helps Cubans to see the world in a bigger perspective.

Cubans have a positive attitude towards English.

Cubans prefer to use American English rather than British or Canadian English to the fact that:

1. Part of North America.

2. Media’s influence

3. American English is becoming lingua franca of the 21st century (Crystal, 2003; Schneider, 2011)

(Sanchez & Reichelt, 2019)

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Speaker 1 from Cuba, who goes by the nickname Dalila, had prefer to stay anonymous. Dalila is an 18 years old student from Boyeros, Havana, Cuba. Dalila is currently furthering study in Cambridge International A.S Biology, majoring in Biochemistry. Dalila is born and raised in Havana, Cuba. However, she is currently staying in America to further her study. She still goes back to her hometown, Havana, Cuba every holiday to remain in touch with her roots. In addition, Dalila is bilingual, which she can speak Spanish and English. Dalila's English is very well enunciate and mostly follows American-English.

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3.3.1 Transcription of excerpt from Speaker 1

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3.3.1 Transcription of excerpt from Speaker 1

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1. Give it to me.
/gɪv ɪt tu miː/

2. I would let you know.
/aɪ wʊ lɛt hiuː noʊ/

3. What time are you coming?
/wʌt taɪm ʌːr ju ˈkʌmɪŋ?/

4. I have to go.
/aɪ hæv tuː gəʊ/

5. She’s over there laughing.
/ʃiːz ˈəʊvə ðeər lɑːfɪŋ/

6. That dress looks very cute.
/ðæt drɛs lʊks ˈvɛri kjuːt/

7. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday
/ˈsʌndeɪ, ˈmʌndeɪ, ˈtjuːzdeɪ, ˈwɛnzdeɪ, ˈθɜːzdeɪ, ˈfraɪdeɪ, ˈsæˈtərdeɪ/

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Speaker 2 is Herminio Otero. Herminio is a Cuban Refugee, who had fled to Florida in 2014, due to political and economic instability. He had moved to Florida in hope to find a better future for him and his family. Currently, he is a self-employed and a truck driver. Herminio was recently interviewed by ABC Action News in July, 2021 because of his story where he is currently living Cuban-American that is living the American dream. Apart from that, Herminio is bilingual, which he speaks Spanish and English. However, his English has a thick Cuban accent.

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Cuban-Americans now living the American Dream (ABC News, 2021)

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3.4.1 Transcription of excerpt from Speaker 2

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3.4.1 Transcription of excerpt from Speaker 2

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Excerpt is taken from the video above from minute 1.35 until 2.02

“We have a future here. In Cuba, the people don't have future, don't have present. You come here, and you working and fight with the future, because you want something in your life. You want better for your family. You and your family. In Cuba, that one is impossible. You know we come here. We see a future for us, for our family. We want that one for Cuban people. Half future and half freedom.”

"wiː hæv eɪ ˈfjuːʧər hɪər. ɪn ˈkjuːbɑ, ðə piːpl dɑn hæv ˈfjuːʧər, dɑn hæv prɛsn. juː kʌm hɪər, ænd juː ˈwɜrːkɪŋ æn faɪt wɪð ðə ˈfjuːʧər, bɪˈkɒz juː wɑn ˈsʌmfɪŋ ɪn jɔː laɪf. juː wɑn ˈbɛtər fɔː jɔː ˈfɑmɝli juː æn jɔːˈfɑmɝli. ɪn ˈkjuːbɑ, ðæ wɑn ɪs ɪmˈpɒsibəl. juː nəʊ wiː kʌm hɪər. wiː siː ə ˈfjuːʧər fɔːr ʌs, fɔːr ˈaʊə ˈfɑmɝli. wiː wɑn ðæt wʌn fɔ ˈkjuːbɑn ˈpipl. hɑːf ˈfjuːʧər ænd hɑːf ˈfriːdəm."

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Cuban-Americans now living the American Dream

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Prosodic features are divided into few which include the length, pitch, tone, rhythm and stress or accent.

Prosodic features of speech help expressing meaning that could not be expressed by words.

Stress
1. Stress is emphasising certain syllables in a word.
2. One can show the stress in the words by using longer, louder and higher pitch sound when using English words.

Intonation
1. Intonation is the way someone say the sentence rather than the meaning of the sentence.
2. Intonation can be detected by the rise and fall of the sentences.

Rhythm
1. The way someone speak where they show a routine (stress and unstressed).

(ESL Hacks, 2021)

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(RRFTS, 2017)

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5.2 Analysis of prosodic variation in Barbados

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5.2 Analysis of prosodic variation in Barbados

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Intonation:

Bajan is a non-tonal language equivalent to English (Cassidy, 1986).

However, the intonation in every sentence is more varied in comparison to English as Bajan speakers tend to bounce with every word uttered in a sentence.

Example;

1. “What time are you coming?” shows rising pitch as it is a question.

“Wuh time you cain?”

The intonation will rise and fall with every word and the pitch for “cain” is elongated and raised near the end to indicate that it is a question.

2. “I would let you know.” Is usually spoken in a falling intonation as it is a statement.

“I wa let you know den.”

The intonation will rise and fall with every word and the speaker can be seen to bounce between the words “I”, “Wa”, “Let” and “You” due to the glottal stop /wʊʔ/, and the variation of /j/ when it is met with /t/ = /lɛt tʃuː/.

Stress:

Sentence stress - Similar to English, Bajan speakers will stress certain words in their sentences to bring emphasis to their meaning.

However, there is a slight difference shown by the Speaker as the emphasised words tend to be elongated as well.

Example;

“That dress looks very cute.” The word “very” is stressed.

“ Dah dress real cute.” The word “real” is stressed and elongated to show the emphasis that the speaker really likes the dress.

Word stress - The stress in words is prominent whenever there are shortened words in Bajan in comparison to its English counterpart.

Example;

1. “That” in Bajan is “Dah” and the word itself tends to be stressed.

2. “Wednesday” and “Saturday” are shortened to “Wendsda” and “Satda” respectively. The shortened points in the words (underlined) are stressed.

Tempo:

The tempo used by the speaker is of casual speed as she was demonstrating the Bajan dialect with the standard English accent in the video.

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4.4 Analysis of phonemic variation in Barbados

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4.4 Analysis of phonemic variation in Barbados

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Speaker’s L1 is Bajan.

The interdentals /θ/ and /ð/ have merged with other consonants and turned into /t/ and /d/ (Cassidy, 1986).

For example:

(a) Give it  to me - Gimme dah (that) - /gimɪ dah/

(b)That dress is really cute - Dah (That) dress real cute - /dɑː drɛs riːl kjuːt/

(c) I would let you know - I wa let you know den(then) - /aɪ wʊʔ lɛt tʃuː nəʊ dɛn/

“Thing" and "the" have merged with other consonants (in this case, /t/ and /d/ respectively) resulting in "ting" and "de".

Bajan is fully rhotic (more rhotic than North American Standard English.)

Bajan also has a strong tendency to realize syllable-final /t/ as a glottal stop [ʔ] (Cassidy, 1986).

For example:

(a) I would let you know - I wa let you know den - /aɪ wʊʔ lɛt tʃuː nəʊ dɛn/

(b) What time are you coming? - Wuh time you cain - /wʊʔ tʌɪm juː keɪn/

(c) I have to go - I gaw guh long - /aɪ ɡɔːʔ gəːh lɒŋ/

Bajan speakers also tend to show variation with “you”, depending on the position of the word in the sentence.

The sound /j/ can vary to /j/ and /tʃ/ (Cassidy, 1986).

For example:

(a) I would let you know - I wa let you know den - /aɪ wʊʔ lɛt tʃuː nəʊ dɛn/

(b) What time are you coming? - Wuh time you cain - /wʊʔ tʌɪm juː keɪn/

This occurs due to /j/ is combined with the sound /t/, and it forms the sound /tʃ/ as the speaker bounce between the word “let” and “you’.

The speaker cannot bounce between the word “time” and “you” as the sound /m/ is …. and the sound /j/ is retained.

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4.5 Analysis of phonemic variation in Cuba

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4.5 Analysis of phonemic variation in Cuba

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Speaker 1 can speak Spanish and English.

Thus, the pronunciation of certain words are affected by the Spanish.

Speaker 1 had notably weakened the interdental fricative sounds of [ð] in the words ‘that’, ‘there’ and ‘Thursday'.

For instance:

(a). She’s over there laughing.
/ʃiːz ˈəʊvə ðeər ˈlɑːfɪŋ/.
(b). That dress looks very cute.
/ðæt drɛs lʊks ˈvɛri kjuːt/
(c). Thursday
/ˈθɜːzdeɪ/.

Speaker 1 can be heard softening and reducing the fricative sound [ ð ] when pronouncing the word ‘Thursday’.

Speaker 1 are rhotic. She can be heard pronouncing [r] in words with 'r' clearly. This is due to the influence of American-English because Cuba follows American-English standard.

It is also common for people from Cuba to lessen the sound of fricative, especially after a vowel.

This can be seen through the instance of: would = /wʊ/

When pronouncing the word ‘would’, speaker 1 drops the phoneme [d] at the end of the word.

Speaker 1 had heavily nasalised the phoneme [ ŋ ] in the words:

1. coming = /ˈkʌmɪŋ/
2. laughing = /lɑːfɪŋ/

The words are heavily nasalised.

The sound of affricates, [ ʃ ], is weakened in the pronunciation of the word she, /ʃiː/

Speaker 1 had pronounced the phoneme [s] as [z] in the phrase ‘ She’s ’/. The speaker who is from Cuba is influenced by the American English pronunciation. This is common for Cubans when speaking in English.

Lasly, speaker 1 pronunciation mostly follows American English, just as explained previously in the history of English in Cuba.

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5.3 Analysis of prosodic variation in Cuba

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5.3 Analysis of prosodic variation in Cuba

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Speaker 1 mostly glides through the words when speaking the sentences. For instance: 'Give it ...', 'She’s over...', '...to go’

Speaker 1 had glided over the words and combined them.

Speaker 1 also puts extra stress when pronouncing words with [t] that is in the middle of the word.

For example: Saturday = ˈsæˈtərdeɪ

In addition, the speaker can be heard stressing the phoneme [t].

When pronouncing days of the week, the speaker stresses the first syllable of the word.

Sunday : ˈsʌndeɪ

Monday : ˈmʌndeɪ

Tuesday : ˈtjuːzdeɪ

Wednesday : ˈwɛnzdeɪ

Thursday : ˈθɜːzdeɪ

Friday : ˈfraɪdeɪ

Saturday : ˈsæˈtərdeɪ

Lastly, the tone used by the Cuban speaker 1 is very relaxed and welcome.

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Grammatical (or syntactic) variation deals with the ways in which sentences are structured and constructed.

Syntactic variation sometimes patterns with the frequencies of specific linguistic variants correlating with the large-scale social variables (typically investigated in sociolinguistic research)

Social variables: speaker's social class, geographical location, age or gender.

Speakers may vary pronunciation (accent), word choice (lexicon), or morphology and syntax (grammar).

(Hall,2018).

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6.2 Analysis of syntactic variation in Barbados

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6.2 Analysis of syntactic variation in Barbados

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The syntactic variation of the Bajan speaker is analyzed.

Pronouns:

Pronouns in Bajan Dialect are mostly similar to Standard English with a few differences.

Bajan does not differentiate subject and object pronouns, nor possessive pronouns, except in the case of the first person singular. Another difference is the word for the plural you, which is wunna (Williams,2017).

Questions:

The structure of questions in Bajan Dialect is different from Standard English

Most Bajan question sentence structure is a statement sentence.

Questions are usually pronounced as a statement with a raised intonation on the last word to indicate that it is a question.

Questions asking for information will begin with a 'question word/phrase', saying what is being asked for, followed by a partial, or incomplete statement (Williams, 2017).

Example:

“What time are you coming?” will be pronounced as “ Wuh time you cain?”

Tenses

In Bajan, verbs are usually dropped and only have a few forms.

The verbs used in Bajan lacks forms to express different tenses or distinguish between singular and plural.

In Bajan, the base of the verb is changed by adding "-in", "ing" or "ine" to the end.

For many verbs, this will then result in a contracted form of the Standard English (Williams, 2017).

Example:

1. To do (Verb) - do (Base) - doing (-ing) - doin (Bajan)

2. To come (Verb) - come (Base) - coming (-ing) - cain (Bajan)

3. To go (Verb) - go (Base) - going (-ing) - gain (Bajan)

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6.3 Analysis of syntactic variation in Cuba

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6.3 Analysis of syntactic variation in Cuba

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The syntactic variation of English used by Cuban is analysed.

1. Dropping of subject, pronoun and determiner.

Speaker 2 often drops the subject, pronoun and determiner in the most sentences.

For example:

'... the people don’t have future, don’t have present.’

The sentence in standard English would be as below:

‘... the people don’t have any future or present in Cuba.’

This may be due to the fact that the Speaker 2’s L1 is Spanish. Cubans often use Spanglish, a mix of Spanish and English. Thus, when the speaker has to speak fully in standard English, Speaker 2 has trouble forming sentences using proper syntactic rules. In results, Speaker 2 might have formed simple sentences with simple vocabularies.

2. Tenses

Next, it can be seen that Speaker 2 had used wrong tenses when speaking. Speaker 2 had used simple present tense and present continuous tense.  present continuous tense.

For instance:

‘...you working and fight with the future.’

The speaker had used continuous tense instead of past tense. Usage of past tense is better for this sentence as it explained about his experience about working in America after moving out from Cuba.

3. Linkers

Apart from that, Speaker 2 had used linkers whenever he faced trouble in expressing himself.

For example:

‘In Cuba, that one is impossible. You know we come here.’

Cuban-American, which is an alteration of Spanish, is often code-switch especially when using linkers. These can be seen in the different type of conversation where they had used phrases such as, ‘well-right?’, ‘you know?’, ‘actually, by the way’ (Morales, 2013: p196 as cited in Fajardo, 2017).

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Barbados' location in the Caribbean Sea (Phillips, n.d.)

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Illustration of the slavery happened due to work labour needed for the massive sugar plantation and agriculture. (Barbados Today, 2019)

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Barbados is a Caribbean island that is part of the British colonial network (settled in 1627).

Other languages were discouraged by the British overlords to prevent rebellion amongst the slaves.

Punishments were meted out to those who speak other languages aside from English.

The captive of West Africans were forcibly transported to Barbados, enslaved and forced to speak English, though learned imperfectly as it was the only means of communication during that time.

With the abolition of slavery in the 1800s, the African slaves practised their native tongues and somehow mixed them with English, creating a new form of English called Barbadian Creole English or simply Bajan.

(Moriarty, 2018).

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Bajan Dialect is an English-based creole language with African and British influences spoken on the Caribbean island of Barbados.

Bajan is primarily a spoken language in Barbados (reserved for less formal situations, in music, or social commentary.)

Bajan is the Caribbean creole with grammar that most resembles Standard English.

Due to emigration to the Province of Carolina, Bajan has influenced American English and the Gullah language spoken in the Carolinas (Cassidy, 1986).

Regionally, Bajan has ties to Belizean and Guyanese Creoles.

Bajan is a primarily spoken language with no standardized written form. Due to the lack of standardisation, spelling may vary widely from person to person (Moriarty, 2018).

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Liane Shanice Philip is a 28 years old aspiring Youtuber and influencer. She goes by the handle name It’s ShaLee for her YouTube Channel. She’s a Barbadian originating from Barbados, Caribbean. Her first language is Bajan creole and she can also speak standard English very well. In this video, the speaker's L1 is Bajan and she demonstrated the dialect along with the standardized English translation.

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I am Nur Adila Azira binti Azmi (2021352691), a part two student of Bachelor in English for Intercultural Communication, UiTM Shah Alam.

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I am Noor Suhaila Binti Abdul Hamid (2021354929). I'm a part two student of Bachelor in English for Intercultural Communication, UiTM Shah Alam.

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The Caribbean is a massive archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. The Caribbean is divided into a few territories which include the Lucayan Archipelago, the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles and ABC Island with 13 sovereign States and 17 dependent territories. There is no single language used in the Caribbean because every territory speaks different languages. One of the most spoken languages in the Caribbean are English, French, Spanish, Dutch and Antillean creole. Thus, English is a native language in several territories in the Caribbean in the earlier.

Hence, the padlet is part of our assessment for the course Global Englishes, EIC453, which will cover on English language used in the Native English country in the Caribbean which are Barbados and Cuba. This padlet aims to present the analysis of the English language used in Barbados and Cuba based on the history of English in the countries, the phonemic variation, prosodic variation and syntactic variation.

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Q & A | while painting my NAILS! (Philip, 2020)

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Speaking Like A Barbadian/Bajan (Philip, 2015).

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2.4.1 Transcription of excerpt from Speaker 1

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2.4.1 Transcription of excerpt from Speaker 1

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1. Standard English:Give it to me.

Bajan: Gimme dah
Transcription: /gimɪ dah/

2. Standard English: I would let you know.

Bajan: I wa let you know den
Transcription: /aɪ wʊʔ lɛt tʃuː nəʊ dɛn/

3. Standard English: What time are you coming?

Bajan: Wuh time you cain
Transcription: /wʊʔ tʌɪm juː keɪn/

4. Standard English: I have to go.

Bajan: I gaw guh long
Transcription: /aɪ ɡɔːʔ gəːh lɒŋ/

5. Standard English: She’s over there laughing.

Bajan: She ‘bout day skinning she teet
Transcription: /ʃi: ˈbaʊʔ deɪ skɪnɪŋ ʃi: tit/

6. Standard English: That dress looks very cute.

Bajan: Dah dress real cute
Transcription: /dɑː drɛs riːl kjuːt/

7. Standard English: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.

Bajan: Sunda, Monda, Tuesda , Wednsda , Thursda, Frida, Satda.
Transcription: /‘sʌndʌ, ‘mʌndʌ, ‘tjuːzdʌ, ‘wɛɪnzdʌ, ‘θɜːzdʌ, ‘fraɪdʌ, ‘sætdʌ/.

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Written Reflection - Nur Adila Azira binti Azmi

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Written Reflection - Nur Adila Azira binti Azmi

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All in all, the origins of English, the difference in phonemic, prosodic and syntactic variation of Barbados and Cuba are analysed.

The Barbados speaker that has been chosen is a true-born Barbadian and she speaks Bajan as her L1. As it is evident in her video, it can be seen that she can also speak standard English fluently. This is due to the fact that Barbadians use Standard English for administrative and formal purposes but they widely use Bajan as a spoken language. Barbadian Creole English or Bajan is another interesting English dialect that has been studied in this assessment. Bajan is the most English accurate creole with Jamaican influence in comparison to its neighbouring creoles. It can be observed that the English words and sentences that are pronounced in Bajan seem to be majorly simplified due to English history in Barbados itself.

Apart from that, it is found that English spoken by speakers from Cuba is heavily influenced by their regional dialect. Speaker 1 is from Havana, which is the capital city of Cuba, she then continued her study in America. Meanwhile speaker 2 of Cuba might have come from a rural area of Cuba, which standard Cuban-English is rarely used, before moving to America. Thus, the influence of other languages spoken in Cuba such as Spanish affects speaker 2 more than speaker 1, who lives in an urban area. Speaker 1 also had better and clearer prosodic pronunciation. Meanwhile speaker 2’s pronunciation is heavily accented and simpler. Cuban-English mainly follows American-English due to their history, but nowadays it is heavily affected by Spanish.

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Written Reflection - Noor Suhaila binti Abdul Hamid

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Written Reflection - Noor Suhaila binti Abdul Hamid