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Les idées de problématiques peuvent être très variées ici. Vous pouvez parler d'une année en particulier, d'une figure de la lutte pour les droits civiques (MLK, Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Kennedy) mais aussi d'évènements marquants dont nous parlerons en classe pour certains (Brown vs Board of education, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington)

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Les idées de problématiques peuvent être très variées ici. Vous pouvez parler d'une année en particulier, d'une figure de la lutte pour les droits civiques (MLK, Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Kennedy) mais aussi d'évènements marquants dont nous parlerons en classe pour certains (Brown vs Board of education, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington)

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Idées de problématiques pour l'oral du brevet

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Idées de problématiques pour l'oral du brevet

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- Que sont les Jim Crows laws que l'ont voit en application dans le film Hidden Figures?
- Quels obstacles les personnages du film ont-elles dû surmonter en raison de leur couleurs de peau?
- Comment la discrimination se manifeste-t-elle dans le film Hidden Figures?

Si comme moi la scène ou Katherine se met en colère quand son chef lui demande pourquoi elle disparait de longues minutes plusieurs fois par jour vous plait, cela peut constituer une bonne idée de problématique ;)

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Idées de problématiques pour l'oral du brevet

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Idées de problématiques pour l'oral du brevet

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- Qui était John Glenn, le premier Américain en orbite?
- Qu'est-ce que la mission Explorer?
- Qu'est-ce que la course à l'espace?
- Quelles missions ont permis à l'homme de marcher sur la lune?

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La conquête de l’espace, Alain Doressoundiram

La conquète spatiale racontée aux enfants, Olivier De Goursac

Les docs de mon quotidien, Les Etats Unis

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From Crash Course (the BEST Youtube channel!!!)

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From Crash Course (the BEST Youtube channel!!!)

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Air Travel and The Space Race: Crash Course History of Science #37

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On April 9, 1959, during President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s administration, seven men were selected to become Project Mercury astronauts: Scott Carpenter, Leroy Gordon Cooper, John Glenn Jr., Virgil “Gus” Grissom, Walter Schirra Jr., Alan Shepard Jr., and Donald “Deke” Slayton. The goals of the Projec…

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When John F. Kennedy became president in 1961, African Americans faced significant discrimination in the United States. Throughout much of the South they were denied the right to vote, barred from public facilities, subjected to violence including lynching, and could not expect justice from the courts. In the North, Black Americans also faced discrimination in housing, employment, education, and many other areas.

Progress and Protests: 1954-1960

In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Many southern political leaders invoked the tenth amendment or "states' rights" to justify segregation and claimed the desegregation decision violated the rights of states to manage their systems of public education. They responded with defiance, legal challenges, delays, or token compliance. As a result, school desegregation proceeded very slowly. By the end of the 1950s, fewer than 10 percent of Black children in the South were attending integrated schools.

The pace of civil rights protests rose sharply in response to the Supreme Court's decision. Martin Luther King Jr. led a boycott that ended segregated busing in Montgomery, Alabama. In 1957, National Guard troops under orders from President Dwight D. Eisenhower enforced the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas. But, even after Little Rock, school integration was painfully slow, and segregation in general remained largely untouched.

In February 1960, four Black college students sat down at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and asked to be served. They refused to leave their seats after being denied service. Within days, more than 50 students had volunteered to continue the sit-in, and within weeks the movement had spread to other college campuses. Sit‑ins and other protests swept across the South in early 1960, touching more than 65 cities in 12 states. Roughly 50,000 young people joined the protests that year.

The Election of 1960

By the 1960 presidential campaign, civil rights had emerged as a crucial issue. Just a few weeks before the election, Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested while leading a protest in Atlanta, Georgia. John Kennedy phoned his wife, Coretta Scott King to express his concern, while a call from Robert Kennedy to the judge helped secure her husband's safe release. The Kennedys' personal intervention led to a public endorsement by Martin Luther King Sr., the influential father of the civil rights leader. The publicizing of this endorsement, combined with other campaign efforts, contributed to increased support among Black voters for Kennedy.

Across the nation, almost 70 percent of African Americans voted for Kennedy, and these votes provided the winning edge in several key states. When President Kennedy took office in January 1961, African Americans had high expectations for the new administration.

But Kennedy's narrow election victory and small working margin in Congress contributed to his cautious navigation of civil rights issues. He was reluctant to lose southern support for legislation on many fronts by pushing too hard on civil rights legislation. Instead, encouraged by staff, he appointed unprecedented numbers of African Americans to high-level positions in the administration and strengthened the Civil Rights Commission. He spoke out in favor of school desegregation, praised a number of cities for integrating their schools, and put Vice President Lyndon Johnson in charge of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. Attorney General Robert Kennedy turned his attention to voting rights, initiating five times the number of suits brought during the previous administration.

The Freedom Rides

President Kennedy may have been reluctant to push ahead with civil rights legislation, but millions of African Americans forged ahead. Eventually, the administration was compelled to act.

For decades, seating on buses in the South had been segregated, along with bus station waiting rooms, rest rooms, and restaurants. In May 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), led by James Farmer, organized integrated Freedom Rides to defy segregation in interstate transportation. Freedom Riders were arrested in North Carolina and beaten in South Carolina. In Alabama, a bus was burned, and the riders attacked with baseball bats and tire irons. Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent 400 federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders and urged the Interstate Commerce Commission to order the desegregation of interstate travel.

James Meredith and the Integration of Ole Miss

In 1962, James H. Meredith Jr., an African American Air Force veteran, applied for admission to the all-white University of Mississippi, known as "Ole Miss." He attempted to register four times without success.

Long telephone conversations between the president, the attorney general, and Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett failed to produce a solution. When federal marshals accompanied Meredith to campus in another attempt to register for classes, rioting erupted by white protesters. Two people died and dozens were injured. President Kennedy mobilized the National Guard and sent federal troops to the campus. Meredith registered the next day and attended his first class. This was the first step in ending segregation at the University of Mississippi.

Martin Luther King Jr., Bull Connor, and the Demonstrations in Birmingham

In the spring of 1963, Martin Luther King Jr., and Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth launched a campaign of mass protests in Birmingham, Alabama, which King called the most segregated city in America. Initially, the demonstrations had little impact. Then, on Good Friday, King was arrested and spent a week behind bars, where he wrote one of his most famous meditations on racial injustice and civil disobedience, "Letter from Birmingham Jail." Meanwhile, James Bevel, another organizer of the Birmingham Campaign, rallied Black youths to march in the streets at the beginning of May. Birmingham City Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor used police dogs and high-pressure fire hoses to put down the peaceful demonstrations. Nearly a thousand young people were arrested. The violence was broadcast on television to the nation and the world.

Invoking federal authority, President Kennedy sent several thousand troops to an Alabama air base, and his administration responded by speeding up the drafting of a comprehensive civil rights bill.

Integrating the University of Alabama

Governor George Wallace had vowed at his inauguration to defend "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever." In June 1963, he upheld his promise to "stand in the schoolhouse door" to prevent two Black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama. To protect the students and secure their admission, President Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard. And on the evening of June 11, the president addressed the nation.

Kennedy defined the civil rights crisis as moral, as well as constitutional and legal. He announced that major civil rights legislation would be submitted to the Congress to guarantee equal access to public facilities, to end segregation in education, and to provide federal protection of the right to vote. A few hours later, Medgar Evers, the best-known civil rights activist in Mississippi and a field officer in the NAACP, was murdered outside his home.

The March on Washington

On August 28,1963, an interracial and interfaith crowd of more than 250,000 Americans demonstrated for social and economic justice in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Key civil rights figures led the march including A. Philip Randolph, Roy Wilkins, Bayard Rustin, Whitney Young, and John Lewis. The most memorable moment came when Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. President Kennedy, concerned about the potential impact of the March on his pending civil rights legislation, initially did not support the event. But, after the successful conclusion of the March, he invited civil rights leaders to the White House where they discussed the need for bi-partisan support of civil rights legislation.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

During the summer and fall of 1963, the Kennedy administration worked to build bi-partisan support for the legislation. In late fall, the comprehensive civil rights bill cleared several hurdles in Congress and won the endorsement of House and Senate Republican leaders. It was not passed, however, before November 22, 1963, when President Kennedy was assassinated. The bill was left in the hands of Lyndon B. Johnson. Before becoming vice president, Johnson had served more than two decades in Congress as a congressman and senator from Texas. He used his substantial political acumen, the assistance of Robert Kennedy's Justice Department, and the outpouring of emotion after President Kennedy's assassination to generate passage of the Civil Rights Act.

Provisions of the legislation included: (1) protecting African Americans against discrimination in voter qualification tests; (2) outlawing discrimination in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce; (3) authorizing the US Attorney General's Office to file legal suits to enforce desegregation in public schools; (4) authorizing the withdrawal of federal funds from programs practicing discrimination; and (5) outlawing discrimination in employment in any business exceeding 25 people and creating an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to review complaints.

Passed on July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act was a crucial step in achieving the civil rights movement's initial goal: full legal equality. Another milestone - the Voting Rights Act -- was passed in 1965. But more work has remained to be done. Although passage of these laws were significant achievements in the 1960s, discriminatory practices in many areas continue as civil rights activists strive for equality in the 21st century.

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The Modern Civil Rights Movement and the Kennedy Administration

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When John F. Kennedy became president in 1961, African Americans faced significant discrimination in the United States. Throughout much of the South they were denied the right to vote, barred from public facilities, subjected to violence including lynching, and could not expect justice from the courts.

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After World War II drew to a close in the mid-20th century, a new conflict began. Known as the Cold War, this battle pitted the world's two great powers-the democratic, capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union-against each other. Beginning in the late 1950s, space became another dramatic arena for this competition, as each side sought to prove the superiority of its technology, its military firepower and-by extension-its political-economic system.

Causes of the Space Race

By the mid-1950s, the U.S.-Soviet Cold War had worked its way into the fabric of everyday life in both countries, fueled by the arms race and the growing threat of nuclear weapons, wide-ranging espionage and counter-espionage between the two countries, war in Korea and a clash of words and ideas carried out in the media. These tensions would continue throughout the space race, exacerbated by such events as the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 and the outbreak of war in Southeast Asia.

Space exploration served as another dramatic arena for Cold War competition. On October 4, 1957, a Soviet R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile launched Sputnik (Russian for "traveler"), the world's first artificial satellite and the first man-made object to be placed into the Earth's orbit. Sputnik's launch came as a surprise, and not a pleasant one, to most Americans. In the United States, space was seen as the next frontier, a logical extension of the grand American tradition of exploration, and it was crucial not to lose too much ground to the Soviets. In addition, this demonstration of the overwhelming power of the R-7 missile-seemingly capable of delivering a nuclear warhead into U.S. air space-made gathering intelligence about Soviet military activities particularly urgent.

Did you know? After Apollo 11 landed on the moon's surface in July 1969, six more Apollo missions followed by the end of 1972. Arguably the most famous was Apollo 13, whose crew managed to survive an explosion of the oxygen tank in their spacecraft's service module on the way to the moon.

NASA Is Created

In 1958, the United States launched its own satellite, Explorer I, designed by the U.S. Army under the direction of rocket scientist Wernher von Braun. That same year, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a public order creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA), a federal agency dedicated to space exploration.

Eisenhower also created two national security-oriented space programs that would operate simultaneously with NASA's program. The first, spearheaded by the U.S. Air Force, dedicated itself to exploiting the military potential of space. The second, led by the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA), the Air Force and a new organization called the National Reconnaissance Office (the existence of which was kept classified until the early 1990s) was code-named Corona; it would use orbiting satellites to gather intelligence on the Soviet Union and its allies.

Space Race Heats Up: Men (And Chimps) Orbit Earth

In 1959, the Soviet space program took another step forward with the launch of Luna 2, the first space probe to hit the moon. In April 1961, the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit Earth, traveling in the capsule-like spacecraft Vostok 1. For the U.S. effort to send a man into space, dubbed Project Mercury, NASA engineers designed a smaller, cone-shaped capsule far lighter than Vostok; they tested the craft with chimpanzees and held a final test flight in March 1961 before the Soviets were able to pull ahead with Gagarin's launch. On May 5, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space (though not in orbit).

Later that May, President John F. Kennedy made the bold, public claim that the U.S. would land a man on the moon before the end of the decade. In February 1962, John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth, and by the end of that year, the foundations of NASA's lunar landing program-dubbed Project Apollo -were in place.

Achievements of Apollo

From 1961 to 1964, NASA's budget was increased almost 500 percent, and the lunar landing program eventually involved some 34,000 NASA employees and 375,000 employees of industrial and university contractors. Apollo suffered a setback in January 1967, when three astronauts were killed after their spacecraft caught fire during a launch simulation. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union's lunar landing program proceeded tentatively, partly due to internal debate over its necessity and to the untimely death (in January 1966) of Sergey Korolyov, chief engineer of the Soviet space program.

December 1968 saw the launch of Apollo 8, the first manned space mission to orbit the moon, from NASA's massive launch facility on Merritt Island, near Cape Canaveral, Florida. On July 16, 1969, U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins set off on the Apollo 11 space mission, the first lunar landing attempt. After landing successfully on July 20, Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon's surface; he famously called the momen t "one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

Who Won the Space Race?

By landing on the moon, the United States effectively "won" the space race that had begun with Sputnik's launch in 1957. For their part, the Soviets made four failed attempts to launch a lunar landing craft between 1969 and 1972, including a spectacular launch-pad explosion in July 1969. From beginning to end, the American public's attention was captivated by the space race, and the various developments by the Soviet and U.S. space programs were heavily covered in the national media. This frenzy of interest was further encouraged by the new medium of television. Astronauts came to be seen as the ultimate American heroes, and earth-bound men and women seemed to enjoy living vicariously through them. Soviets, in turn, were pictured as the ultimate villains, with their massive, relentless efforts to surpass America and prove the power of the communist system.

With the conclusion of the space race, U.S. government interest in lunar missions waned after the early 1970s. In 1975, the joint Apollo-Soyuz mission sent three U.S. astronauts into space aboard an Apollo spacecraft that docked in orbit with a Soviet-made Soyuz vehicle. When the commanders of the two crafts officially greeted each other, their " handshake in space " served to symbolize the gradual improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations in the late Cold War era.

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The Space Race: Timeline, Cold War & Facts | HISTORY

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The Space Race refers to the period of competition over space exploration between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

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NASA Trailblazer: Katherine Johnson | National Geographic

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Mary Jackson: the first black female engineer

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Mary Jackson: the first black female engineer

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Mary Jackson grew up in Hampton, Virginia. After graduating with highest honors from high school, she then continued her education at Hampton Institute, earning her Bachelor of Science Degrees in Mathematics and Physical Science. Following graduation, Mary taught in Maryland prior to joining NASA.

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Dorothy Vaughan: the first African American Manager at NASA

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Dorothy Vaughan: the first African American Manager at NASA

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Jim Crow laws were an official effort to keep African Americans separate from whites in the southern United States for many years. The laws were in place from the late 1870s until the civil rights movement began in the 1950s.

The name Jim Crow comes from a once popular stage performance that began in 1828. This type of show, called a minstrel show, involved lively entertainment that encouraged a negative view of Blacks. The term Jim Crow became an unfavorable name for Blacks as well as a term for their segregation, or separation, from whites.

Beginning in the late 1870s, Southern state lawmakers passed laws that required whites and Blacks to attend separate schools and to sit in different areas on public transportation. The laws extended to parks, cemeteries, theaters, and restaurants. Blacks and whites had to use different drinking fountains, waiting rooms, housing, and shops. The laws kept Black and white people from relating to one another as equals. The laws limited freedom and opportunity for African American people.

Each state had its own set of Jim Crow laws. Segregation spread beyond the South to other states in the country as well. Signs were used to show where "people of color" were not allowed to go. In addition to African American people, Jim Crow law limited many racial and ethnic groups in the United States who were not seen as white.

In 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court decided in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, or against the country's set of rules. This decision was the beginning of the end for Jim Crow law. The legal argument to end racial segregation was extended to other public areas. Soon Jim Crow law was removed completely.

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Jim Crow laws were an official effort to keep African Americans separate from whites in the southern United States for many years. The laws were in place from the late 1870s until the civil rights movement began in the 1950s. The name Jim Crow comes from a once popular stage performance that began in 1828.

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Kids learn about the history of Jim Crow Laws including segregation in the South, example laws, grandfather clauses, black codes, and how they got the name Jim Crow.

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What are some discrimination examples? What kind of discrimination did the women of Hidden Figures face?

Hidden Figures discrimination examples can be found throughout the book. Remember the women were working at NASA while Jim Crow laws were still in effect. Of course, the women of Hidden Figures faced both racial and gender discrimination, making their achievements all the more noteworthy. Read these Hidden Figures discrimination examples to get a sense of just some of the things Katherine, Dorothy, and Mary faced in their quest to build great scientific careers.

Racial Discrimination in Hidden Figures

Despite the job opportunities afforded by NACA, black people still had to face the prejudice of living and working in a segregated city of the American South at the height of the Jim Crow era. Black people had to use separate bathrooms, separate drinking fountains, separate entrances on buses, send their children to separate schools, and live in separate neighborhoods-or face severe repercussions. Indeed, segregation was powerfully entrenched in the nation's historical experience and was an all-encompassing feature of life in Virginia. In Hidden Figures, racism is evident.

Facing this climate of discrimination, the first generation of West Computers established their own culturally vibrant and cohesive communities all throughout Hampton Roads. Such communities enabled mobile young black families who'd moved to Virginia to keep their morale high and served to welcome and acclimate new waves of black migrants to the region. These Hidden Figures discrimination examples show the adversity the women faced, and just a part of their long fight for equality.

Hidden Figures Discrimination Example #1: A Segregated City

As progressive and forward-looking as Hampton Roads may have seemed at first glance to someone like Dorothy Vaughan, it was still a segregated city of the American South at the height of the Jim Crow era and in Hidden Figures, racism was something the women dealt with on a daily basis. Black people and white people had separate entrances to get on buses, and blacks were expected to give up their seats to whites if the white section was filled. African-Americans who were caught sitting in white sections could be fined, arrested, or even dragged off the bus and beaten by police. These practices even extended to black soldiers in uniform. Indeed, segregation was powerfully entrenched in the nation's historical experience and was an unmistakable feature of life wherever one traveled, especially in the South.

Hidden Figures Discrimination Example #2: Newsome Park

The new black economic migrants to the region, like Dorothy, settled in a neighborhood called Newsome Park. The community was built during the Depression, a subdivision designed and built "for blacks, by blacks." It became a focal point of the black community in Hampton Roads, attracting residents from all different occupations and income levels.

Because legal segregation prohibited so many of Newsome Park's residents from full participation in Virginia's economy and society, the community (like many other black communities throughout the South) became economically and culturally self-sufficient. Newsome Park featured its own community center with a full kitchen and banquet space, basketball and tennis courts, and a baseball diamond. The shopping center was home to a bustling grocery store, drugstore, barbershop, and even a TV repair shop.

In short, Newsome Park featured all the amenities that the upwardly mobile young black families who'd moved to Virginia needed to keep their morale high and find new sources of community in a new town. As the new black migrants came and settled, they saw that their children became fast friends with the children of the other families who'd recently made their way to Virginia. It's one of the major Hidden Figures discrimination examples, showing how the women may have worked for one of the biggest organizations in the country, but still were forced to live by Jim Crow laws.

Hidden Figures Discrimination Example #3: Colored Computing

When Dorothy Vaughan arrived at Langley, the bus dropped her off at the West Area of the campus, the space that had been reserved for the new black, female computers (the East Area was set aside for their white counterparts). She found that her new colleagues shared her background in the world of black colleges, alumni associations, and churches. Despite the prejudices and limited opportunities that existed at the time even for white women, these black women had all landed jobs at the world's premier aeronautical research institution.

One of the biggest Hidden Figures discrimination examples is that of West Computing. White women (former East Area Computers) oversaw the West Computers, parceling out tasks to the various section heads, who in turn subdivided the work among the women in their section of the computing pool. What the women of West Computing were usually working on was a portion of a larger task, some quick piece of calculation that an engineer required for a bigger project.

Langley was a place where colleagues worked closely with one another (often literally close, thanks to the wartime hiring spree) and clerks and computers might rub shoulders with top aeronautics researchers. Yet, because of the color of their skin, the West Area Computers were largely excluded from this collegial atmosphere. Although Executive Order 8802 had mandated fair employment in the defense industry, Langley's location in the Commonwealth of Virginia forced it to comply with that state's segregation statutes.

In an example of Hidden Figures racism, this was symbolized most hurtfully by the sign on the table where they sat at the back of the cafeteria that read, "COLORED COMPUTERS." Although they were ostensibly professionals on par with their colleagues at Langley, they were still treated as something less than equal.

Hidden Figures Discrimination Example #4: Separate Bathrooms

Mary Jackson was a full-fledged Civil Service employee. But the sting of discrimination that she'd known so well growing up in Virginia still followed her to Langley. Once, when she was sent by Dorothy Vaughan on an assignment to the predominantly white East Side, she asked the white computers where she could find the bathroom. The white girls simply laughed at her-Mary was black, so how could they possibly know where her bathroom was? The ugly specter of Jim Crow hurt all the more because it was at Langley, where Mary was supposed to be an equal, working with her colleagues to help her country. But still, absurdly, she was unable to perform her bodily functions in the same bathroom as her white colleagues. Out of the Hidden Figures discrimination examples, this one turns into an opportunity; Mary speaks to "Kaz" Czarnecki about the incident, and he offers her a job working with him instead.

Gender Discrimination in Hidden Figures

For all of the progress that had been made, Langley was still very much a white world, in particular a white man's world. The women of West Computing may have mastered the intricacies of aerodynamics, but now they faced an even more daunting task: advancing as women in a career that was built and run by men. These Hidden Figures discrimination examples focus on the gender discrimination the women also faced.

Hidden Figures Discrimination Example #5: A Man's World

The forms of discrimination could be subtle. There was a whole universe of networking, consisting of lunches, cocktail hours, and men-only smoking sessions from which the women of Langley were shut out. Being talented wasn't enough when they lacked the social capital and access to get their superiors to see it.

The way to get noticed and start getting real credit for one's work as a computer was to get out of the general computing pool and become assigned to a specific group working on a particular project. This would allow for the development of specialized knowledge, which would make the computer far more valuable to the team than someone with just general knowledge. As NACA moved into space research in the 1950s and 1960s, this kind of specialization would be a key point of difference between the women who made the cut and those that didn't.

This was illustrated dramatically by the experience of two (white) female computers from East Computing. In 1947, these two women were sent west to the Mojave Desert, along with a small team of fellow Langley employees, to conduct research into the vexing problem of getting aircraft to travel faster than the speed of sound ("breaking the sound barrier").

Working in this small, detached team and focusing on a singular, mission-oriented project was a game-changer for these two women. When they verified the fact that pilot Chuck Yeager had indeed broken the sound barrier, it brought them a new level of credit and recognition. They had broken a barrier of their own. Other signs of progress were there, as more and more Langley women began to get their names on research reports, a key first step in the career of any engineer.

Hidden Figures Discrimination Example #6: Girls Don't Go to Meetings

One of the most blatantly gendered Hidden Figures discrimination examples is Katherine's exclusion from meetings, despite her role on the team. Katherine was helping the senior researchers prepare these reports, which were beginning to be generated at an increasingly steady pace. She took the opportunity to pepper the engineers with questions, both to satisfy her own bottomless curiosity and to demonstrate her intellectual bona fides to the team. But because the topic was so unknown, she was discovering the answers right alongside the engineers. Despite her desire to contribute more to the mission by participating in the editorial meetings, however, she was still excluded from them, being told bluntly by her male colleagues, "Girls don't go to the meetings."

Her insistence on being included in the process was notable in an era when, even in the workplace, women were expected to "act like ladies" and patiently wait for assignments to be given to them by their male supervisors. That women might have the same passion for the work as their male colleagues seemed to have crossed no one's mind. But Katherine was undaunted. For her, it would have been a betrayal of her own confidence and that of the people who had helped her get this far to turn her back on the greatest journey of exploration in human history, simply because she was a woman.

So she persisted. She kept asking to come to the meetings, always showing the utmost respect for her colleagues (which was genuine), but also the confidence that came from knowing that she truly belonged in the room. Her persistence paid off. The engineers couldn't come up with a rational explanation for why someone so obviously committed to the cause and qualified to take on the challenge shouldn't be allowed to contribute. In 1958, Katherine entered the editorial meetings of the Aerospace Mechanics Division of NASA.

These are just a few of the many Hidden Figures discrimination examples. In the book, you'll see just how difficult it was for the women of Hidden Figures, and how their fight for equality helped their careers, but also helped NASA thrive.

Hidden Figures: 6 Important Discrimination Examples

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Hidden Figures: 6 Important Discrimination Examples | Shortform Books

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What are some discrimination examples? What kind of discrimination did the women of Hidden Figures face? Hidden Figures discrimination examples can be found throughout the book. Remember the women were working at NASA while Jim Crow laws were still in effect.

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Kids learn the history of the Space Race during the Cold War. A race between the United States and the Soviet Union to put a man on the Moon.

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Les informations de cette page sont découpées en plusieurs parties qui peuvent aider les élèves intéressés
par cette thématique à affiner leur choix.

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The Civil Rights Movement was when many people worked together to get equal rights for African Americans, and this happened from 1946 to 1968.

The civil rights movement used many different methods to achieve its goals.

These included filing lawsuits, lobbying the government, and taking direct action.

Civil rights activists achieved many victories, but they also faced strong opposition from white supremacists.

Origins of the Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Movement started many years ago. People have been trying to improve the quality of life for African Americans since the United States got founded.

Abolitionists were already attempting to eradicate racial injustice and bring an end to slavery by the time the American Revolution took place in the late eighteenth century.

African Americans and their white allies used many strategies to end slavery and get legal equality for the "freedmen" in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

It would be challenging to achieve racial equality because it would require the cooperation of two different cultures. Unfortunately, slavery and prejudice against blacks were among the things that held the United States together.

The Civil War of 1861-1865 ended slavery in the United States. However, once the war was over, it became harder and harder for the north to make the white south change their ways and accept racial equality.

African-American leaders kept creating chances throughout the tough times. This would help support the successful civil rights movements of the mid-to-late 20th century.

Segregation

Blacks in the United States faced segregation (being split off from whites) and prejudice (being treated unjustly due to their race) in the 1950s.

Segregation in the North got caused by prejudice. Black people had the lowest-paying and worst jobs and the worst housing.

Segregation was legally imposed in the South. There were rules prohibiting black people from using facilities intended for white persons.

Segregation laws (also known as Jim Crow Laws) used the concept of separate but equal' to justify separate facilities for whites and blacks. This said that separation was acceptable as long as the white and black facilities were comparable.

If they didn't stay in the "colored" area, black people might be ejected or arrested. Many Southern white people saw black people as inferior and unintelligent.

Brown v. Board of Education

One of the earliest approaches to stop discrimination was through the courts. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) led this effort.

This strategy was used to challenge the segregation laws in the South.

The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling trial found that separate facilities for different races are inherently unequal, which means that segregation in public education is unconstitutional.

As a result, school integration progressed slowly. By the end of the 1950s, less than 10% of African American children in the South were attending integrated schools.

Even though segregation was now illegal, it still existed in much of the South. This was especially true for schools, but it also applied to other public facilities like swimming pools, buses, movie theatres, and lunch counters.

The Supreme Court decision was a significant victory for civil rights. However, white supremacists in the South pledged to do everything to stop desegregation.

However, the federal government had to make sure the ruling was enforced. The pace of civil rights protests increased sharply in response to the Supreme Court's decision.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks was a secondary school graduate. Parks was involved in her local NAACP, and she was a registered voter in Montgomery, Alabama.

On December 1, 1955, Parks got employed as a seamstress at a local department store. That afternoon, she rode home from work on the bus. She sat in the first row of the "colored section" of seats between the "white" and "black" sections.

The driver asked Parks to give up her seat to another white person boarding the bus, and Parks refused and got arrested.

Rosa was fined $10 for breaking the law, plus $4 for court costs. She was put in jail too.

The Montgomery Improvement Association got formed to organize a boycott of the city bus system by the black community.

Some people in Montgomery turned to a new person, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., to help stop rivalries among local leaders.

Martin Luther King Jr.

King was 26 years old when he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. He had been born to lead.

Martin Luther King, Jr. organized a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, to end racial segregation on the buses.

King began his rise to national and international prominence during the boycott.

King drew on his study of nonviolent civil disobedience in the teachings of Henry David Thoreau and Mahatma Gandhi to deliver a message of nonviolent protest against racial injustice.

On the boycott's first day, King said to a crowd of more than 5,000 black citizens:

"There comes a time when people get tired.... tired of being segregated and humiliated... If you will protest courageously and yet with dignity and Christian love... historians will have to pause and say, 'there lived a great people-a black people-who injected a new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization.' This is our challenge and our overwhelming responsibility."

Under King's leadership, boycotters organized carpools. The city got forced to pay a heavy price for its segregationist ways through nonviolent direct political action taken by people using cars, horses, and even walking.

In November 1956, the United States Supreme Court rejected the city's final appeal to keep bus segregation in place. This meant that bus segregation in Montgomery ended.

The civil rights movement continued to fight for equality after gaining strength from their previous successes.

Little Rock Central High School

In 1957, a federal court ordered that the public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, integrate.

Nine African American students were selected to attend Central High School, but Governor Orval Faubus blocked them from entering the school.

President Eisenhower sent the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army to enforce the court order. Nine black students got escorted to class.

When several African-American teenagers arrived at Central, they got met by a vicious white mob. The parents jeered the students and the federal marshals who protected them.

In November 1960, four African-American girls also integrated Frantz Elementary School. This was an important event because these students could attend a school where they did not get segregated from the other children. This was an important step in the fight for equality and education for all people

Sit-ins and Protests

In February 1960, four African American college students sat down at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in North Carolina and asked to get served.

The students who were refused service at the restaurant refused to leave their seats. More than 50 students volunteered to continue the sit-in within days, and the movement spread to other college campuses within weeks.

In early 1960, there were protests all across the South. Young people joined these protests, which happened in about 65 different cities in 12 states.

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

On August 28, 1963, 250,000 people gathered in Washington, DC, to demonstrate in favor of full civil, political, and economic rights for African Americans.

The March on Washington was one of the largest demonstrations in United States history that advocated for human rights. This event showed the power of nonviolent direct action.

The march began at the Washington Monument and ended at the Lincoln Memorial. Representatives from many organizations gave speeches there.

The March on Washington brought together numerous diverse civil rights organizations, labor unions, and religious congregations, which included:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

American Federation of Labor (AFL-CIO)

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

The last speaker of the day was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who delivered a very famous speech during the civil rights movement.

This speech is known as the "I Have a Dream" speech. In it, he envisioned a world where people were judged not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

After many years of people fighting for it, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination and segregation in education, public facilities, jobs, and housing.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped create the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. This commission helps to make sure that people get hired fairly.

The act also established the Community Relations Service, and this service helps communities with civil rights issues.

The bill also authorized the US Office of Education to provide money to struggling communities to get rid of segregated public schools.

Black Power

Black Power began as a movement to improve the lives of black people. The movement emphasized racial pride, economic empowerment, and the creation of political and cultural institutions.

During this era, many people started to demand more Black history courses. They also began to embrace African culture more and express themselves, which showed African Americans' realities.

Malcolm X was a very influential thinker who helped start the Black Power movement.

Malcolm X inspired other leaders like Stokely Carmichael of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale of the Black Panther Party.

The Black Panther Party was a black self-defense militia and a service provider for the black community in Oakland, California.

The Civil Rights Movement Today

African Americans still get incarcerated at a much greater rate than their population percentage, which means that they are not treated equally under the law.

Black men are more likely to be victims of police brutality than people of other races. In addition, poverty rates among black children and families are higher than whites or Latinos.

Many black Americans suffer from poor access to social services and systemic inequalities in institutions like public education. This is often because many popular depictions of African Americans get based on stereotypes.

Even though the Civil Rights Movement was successful, there is still more work to achieve full equality.

Black Lives Matter

Black Lives Matter is an international social movement that started in the United States in 2013. The goal of this movement is to fight racism and anti-black violence, especially police brutality.

This system works by making sure that society values the lives of black people as much as it respects the lives of white people.

The Black Lives Matter demonstrations peaked on June 6, 2020, when half a million people gathered in 550 cities across the United States.

Millions of people in the United States have participated in demonstrations over the death of George Floyd and others.

Sources

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Civil Rights Movement Facts For Kids, History, Events & Figures -

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The Civil Rights Movement was when many people worked together to get equal rights for African Americans, and this happened from 1946 to 1968. The civil rights movement used many different methods to achieve its goals. These included filing lawsuits, lobbying the government, and taking direct action.

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History of the Civil Rights

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The rights of a country's citizens are called civil rights. Many Black Americans were denied full civil rights for about 100 years after the end of slavery. The struggle for...