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In this lesson, I have learned that astronomers have assisted people throughout history in understanding what they see in the night sky. These famous astronomers, many of whom were great scientists who excelled in multiple fields, explained space phenomena with varying degrees of precision. The term night sky, usually associated with astronomy from Earth, refers to the nighttime appearance of celestial objects like stars, planets, and the Moon, which are visible in a clear sky between sunset and sunrise, when the Sun is below the horizon.

Furthermore, I also learned something about Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler. Tycho Brahe was the first person to use a telescope to conduct extensive astronomical observations. He discovered that the planets have elliptical orbits around the Sun. He proposed some simple laws that govern the motion of planets and other celestial bodies.
Tycho Brahe proposed a theory of the solar system, which contained elements of both the Earth-centred Ptolemaic system and the Sun-centred Copernican system. In his theory, the other planets revolved around the Sun, which itself revolved around Earth. On the other side, Johannes Kepler discovered that the Earth and planets travel about the sun in elliptical orbits. He gave three fundamental laws of planetary motion. These laws are : LAW OF ELLIPSES, LAW OF EQUAL AREAS, and LAW OF HARMONIES.

The Law of Ellipses
Kepler's first law - it explains that planets are orbiting the sun in a path described as an ellipse. His first law is rather simple, all planets orbit the sun in a path that resembles an ellipse, with the sun being located at one of the foci of that ellipse.

The Law of Equal Areas
Kepler's second law - it describes the speed at which any given planet will move while orbiting the sun. The speed at which any planet moves through space is constantly changing. A planet moves fastest when it is closest to the sun and slowest when it is furthest from the sun.

The Law of Harmonies
Kepler's third law - it compares the orbital period and radius of orbit of a planet to those of other planets. Unlike Kepler's first and second laws that describe the motion characteristics of a single planet, the third law makes a comparison between the motion characteristics of different planets.

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PADILLA, JONALYN S. 11- ABM A (REFLECTION)

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PADILLA, JONALYN S. 11- ABM A (REFLECTION)

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Researchers have been attempting to understand what they see in the night sky over the course of time since a thousand years ago. During that time, well-known cosmologists had the opportunity to make sense of the concept of the sky. With the passage of time, the geocentric view of the universe evolved into the legitimate view of the universe, revealing that the earth is the center of the universe. These speculations and revelations provide us a better understanding of the expanding cosmos.

There have been prominent researchers who have made significant disclosures that have ushered in modern cosmology. The first is Tycho Brahe, a nobleman and astronomer from Denmark who conducted precise observations of celestial bodies' movement. The second is Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer and mathematician who assisted Brahe and developed the three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's considerable astronomical data.

Johannes Kepler suggested three laws of planetary motion in the early 1600s. Kepler was able to condense his mentor Tycho Brahe's meticulous data into three statements that defined the motion of planets in a sun-centered solar system. Although Kepler's attempts to explain the fundamental causes of such motions are no longer recognized, the laws themselves are still regarded accurate descriptions of the motion of any planet or satellite. The three planetary motion laws are the Law of Ellipses, the Law of Equal Areas, and the Law of Harmonies. (Law of Ellipses)- The planets' orbits around the sun are elliptical in shape, with the sun's center located at one point. (Law of Equal Areas)- An imaginary line formed from the sun's center to the planet's center will sweep out equal portions at equal time intervals. (Law of Harmonies)- The ratio of the cubes of any two planets' average distances from the sun is equal to the squares of their periods.

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Ronquillo, Alliza G. G11 ABM-A (REFLECTION)

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Ronquillo, Alliza G. G11 ABM-A (REFLECTION)

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Hardly anything happens in a beam. That's what I was contemplating as I watched the accompanying video. Things in astronomy were discovered over a lengthy period of time and in a systematic manner. I admired how curious the people were back then, and how much they had contributed to our way of life until now. Would there be a chance for us to be like these great scientists if technology did not yet exist? On that note, I'd like to offer some knowledge I have on Modern Astronomy. Thank you for the geocentric discussion, which clarified that the Earth is the center of all things and made the knowledge easier to grasp. As a result, Tycho Brahe was able to learn about the heavenly bodies.
He was a standard bearer, but because he was not backed and obeyed by his people, he traveled to the Prage and met someone who assisted him. Then he rose to the position of Imperial Mathematician, which he held for the rest of his life as a result of his outstanding calculations and observations on the solar system. Time passes, and Brahe has a new helper, Johannes Kepler. Tycho Brahe was an astronomer who conducted precise observations of the movement of celestial bodies, according to what I've learned. Kepler, an astronomer and mathematician, was able to synthesize his master Tycho Brahe's astronomical data into three propositions that characterized the motion of planets in a sun-centered solar system. I also discovered that the law of ellipses explains why planets orbit the sun in an elliptical pattern, the law of equal areas explains how fast any specific planet will travel while orbiting the sun, and the law of harmonies compares a planet's orbital period and radius of orbit to that of other planets.

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ANGEL P. SAYSON 11-HUMSS C (REFLECTION) 

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ANGEL P. SAYSON 11-HUMSS C (REFLECTION) 

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Module 3: Modern Astronomy

astronomical unit (AU)
the unit of length defined as the average distance between Earth and the Sun.

eccentricity
the ratio of the distance between the foci to the major axis.

ellipse
a closed curve, which the sum of the distances from any point on the ellipse to two points inside (called the foci) is always the same.

focus
(plural: foci) one of two fixed points inside an ellipse from which the sum of the distances to any point on the ellipse is constant.

Kepler’s first law
each planet moves on around the Sun in an orbit that is an ellipse, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.

Kepler’s second law
the straight line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in space in equal intervals of time.

Kepler’s third law
the square of a planet’s orbital period is directly proportional to the cube of the semi
major axis of its orbit

major axis
the maximum diameter of an ellipse.

orbit
the path of an object that is in revolution about another object or point.

orbital period (P)
the time it takes an object to travel once around the Sun.

orbital speed
the speed at which an object (usually a planet) orbits around the mass of another object; in the case of a planet, the speed at which each planet moves along its ellipse.

semimajor axis
half of the major axis of a conic section, such as an ellipse.

Kepler's Discoveries from Brahe's Data
Kepler postulated that there must be a force from the Sun that moves the planets. He was able to conclude that this force would explain the orbit of Mars and the Earth, including all the other planets, moved fastest when it is nearest from the Sun and moved slowest when it is farthest from the Sun.

Brahe and Kepler's Work
Brahe and Kepler had an unsteady working relationship. Kepler was Brahe's assistant. However, Brahe mistrusted Kepler with his astronomical data in fear of being shadowed by his assistant.

Johannes Kepler
Kepler was born to a poor German family and studied as a scholar at the University of Tübingen in 1589.

Tycho Brahe
He was able to invent different astronomical instruments, with the help of his assistants, and made an extensive study of the solar system. He was able to determine the position of 777 fixed stars accurately.

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Nacua, Jhanna Marie Dj. -ICT B 11 (Reflection)

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Nacua, Jhanna Marie Dj. -ICT B 11 (Reflection)

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Throughout human history, scientists have struggled to understand what they see in the Night sky, But now, thanks to these Famous astronomers they explained to us The heavens with varying degrees of accuracy with a geometric view of the universe that gave way to the profer understanding we have today of an expanding universe in which our Galaxy is but one of billions.

These scientist are one of those early astronomy through the modern era.

1. Tycho Brahe- He developed astronomical instruments and in measuring and fixing the position of stars paved the way for the future discoveries.

2. Johannes kepler- he is known for his three laws of planetary motion. These laws are: planets move in orbits shaped like an ellipse. A line between a planet and the sun covers areas in equal times.

Brahe and Kepler had an unsteady working relationship. Kepler was Brahe's assistant. However, Brahe mistrusted Kepler with his astronomical data in fear of being shadowed by his assistant. He gave a task to Kepler to keep him being occupied and left Brahe to develop his laws of planetary motion, but after Brahe died, the emperor Rudolf II assigned Kepler as the new mathematician, and all of Brahe's writings, instruments, and the Rudolphine tables were passed on him. From Brahe's Data, Kepler was able to formulate his three laws of planetary of motion.

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ALBINA, GERALDINE T. (11-HUMSS C) - REFLECTION

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ALBINA, GERALDINE T. (11-HUMSS C) - REFLECTION

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MODULE 3: Modern Astronomy

Since a thousand years ago, scientists have struggled to understand what they see in the night sky throughout history. Famous astronomers during that time were able to explain the nature of the heavens. As time passed by, the geocentric view of the universe paved the way to the proper view of the universe, wherein it tells us that the earth is the center of everything. These theories and discoveries gave us a better understanding of the expanding universe in which our galaxy is just one of billions.

In the fourteen centuries since Ptolemy, there are prominent scientists that made significant discoveries which gave birth to modern astronomy. These are: (1) Tycho Brahe. He was a Danish astronomer and nobleman who made precise observations of celestial body movements in an observatory built for him by King Frederick II of Denmark in 1576. With the help and support of his assistants, he was able to invent various astronomical instruments and conduct extensive research on the solar system. Time passed, when King Frederick II died and his successor did not fully support Brahe's work, so he moved to Prague in 1599 and worked as an imperial mathematician under Emperor Rudolf II. He suggested Johannes Kepler to work for him as an assistant. (2) Johannes Kepler was born into a poor German family and attended the University of Tübingen as a scholar in 1589.

During that time, Brahe and Kepler's working relationship was quite rocky. Brahe's assistant was Kepler. In order to avoid being shadowed by his assistant, Brahe did not trust Kepler with his astronomical data. But after Brahe died in 1601, Emperor Rudolf II appointed Kepler as the new imperial mathematician, and he received all of Brahe's writings, instruments, and the Rudolphine tables. From Brahe's astronomical data, Kepler was able to formulate his laws of planetary motion. The (1) First Law: The Law of Ellipses, which describes the planets' actual paths as elliptical rather than circular, with the Sun at one of the ellipse's foci. (2) Second Law: The Law of Equal Areas, states that an imaginary line drawn from the center of the Sun to the center of a planet will sweep out an equal area of space in equal time intervals. And lastly, (3) Third Law: The Law of Harmonies, which states that the ratio of the squares of two planets' periods is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the Sun.

With all that being said, and all things considered, Brahe's and Kepler's contributions to the knowledge of the universe are indeed a crucial part in a better understanding of the heavens, the galaxies, and the things that are into it. Because of their curiosity and thirst for unending knowledge, they were able to formulate theories and laws that are still beneficial today. Their discoveries and data have played a significant role in our current scientific knowledge. As it gives us much expanded knowledge, and comprehension of the mystery that the universe is still hiding.

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I have learned that there are five scientist who gave a way for us to have a thorough knowledge about the astronomical events and celestial bodies, thus, modern astronomy was born. The five scientist are Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton. However, in this video only two of them were mentioned. First is Tycho Brahe who was a danish astronomer and nobleman who made accurate observation of the movements of celestial bodies. He also invented so many instruments and studied our solar system and later on he became an imperial mathetician. Later on he met Johannes Brahms which was recommended by Emperor Rudolf ll and became his assistant. They don't have stable working relationship, but later on Brahe entrusted his works and Rudolphine Tables to Kepler and then he died. After his death, Kepler continued Brahe's data and also became a mathematician. Moreover, Kepler invited 3 laws of planetary motion. First, Law of Ellipses which states that planets follow an elliptical orbit. Second, Law of Equal Areas which states that if imaginary line is drawn from the center of a planet to the center of the Sun, an equal amount of space is swept in equal amount of time. Lastly, Law of Harmonies which states that the ratio of the squares of the period of two planets is equal to the ratio of th cubes of the planet's average distance from the Sun.

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Edwin Aldrin Q. Estrella   11 HUMSS - C (Reflection)

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Edwin Aldrin Q. Estrella   11 HUMSS - C (Reflection)

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What I Have Learned: (Modern Astronomy)

First, what is astronomy?
- Astronomy is the study of the sun, moon, stars, planets and other objects and phenomena in space.

Definition of Modern Astronomy:
- Astronomy made no major advances in strife-torn medieval Europe. The birth and expansion of Islam after the sevent century led to a flowering of Arabic and Jewish cultures that preserved, translated, and added to many of the astronomical ideas of the Greeks. Many of the names of the brightest stars, for example, are today taken from the Arabic, as are such astronomical terms as "zenith."

- Copernicus was a cleric and scientist who played a leading role in the emergence of modern science. Although he could not prove that Earth revolves about the Sun, he presented such compelling arguments for this idea that he turned the tide of cosmological thought and laid the foundations upon which Galileo and Kepler so effectively built in the following century.

Copernicus:
- Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Torun, a mercantile town along the Vistula River. His training was in law and medicine, but his main interests were astronomy and mathematics. His great contributions to science was a critical reappraisal of the existing theories of planetary motion and the development of a new Sun centered, or heliocentric, model of the solar system. Copernicus concluded that Earth is a planet and that all the planets circle the Sun. Only the Moon orbits Earth.

The Heliocentric Model:
- Using this concept, he was able to work out the correct general picture of the solar system. He placed the planets, starting nearest the Sun, in the correct order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. Further, he deduced that the nearer a planet is to the Sun.

The birth of Modern astronomy:
- Johannes Kepler's Astronomia nova, and the first astronomical use of the newly invented telescope, which led to Galileo Galilei's Sidereus nuncius of Starry.

Modern Astronomy invented:
- Discoveries in Modern Astronomy. Telescopes were invented around 1600, and about 1609 the first people began to use them for observing the sky. Galileo constructed a scope consisted of a convex objectives and a concave eyepiece lens.

What is the purpose of Modern Astronomy?
- Well, Astronomers are about to see deeper into space to observe regions and objects never seen before.

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Reflection

What I learned in the watched video was the discovery of five famous scientists who gave way to modern astronomy and also their well known background biographies.

Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton

Nicolaus Copernicus was a scientist who introduced a heliocentric theory, wherein the planetary systems orbit the Sun; Earth is a planet that, in addition to orbiting the Sun annually, also rotates once daily by it's own axial direction; and the precession of the equinoxes is caused by very slow changes in the direction of this axis.

Tycho Brahe was one of the pioneers in the development of a heliocentric model of the universe, with the sun at its center.

Johannes Kepler was german astronomer who discovered the Earth's and planets' orbital periods around the sun. He outlined three basic rules of planetary motion and also made significant contributions to vision and geometry.

Galileo Galilei discovered the massive moons of jupiter such as callisto, ganymede, lo, europa and his discovery about the rings of saturn.

One of the first reflecting telescopes was created by Newton—the creation of three Laws of Motion is his most significant contribution to physics also.

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Pineda Princess Seven A 11-ABM-A (Reflection)

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Pineda Princess Seven A 11-ABM-A (Reflection)

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I have learned that
After 14 centuries since Ptolemy, five noted scientists made important
discoveries that gave rise to the birth of modern astronomy. These were
Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei and
Isaac Newton.
Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer and nobleman who made accurate
observations of the movement of celestial bodies. Emperor Rudolf II
recommended Johannes Kepler to work for him as an assistant.Kepler was Brahe's
assistant. Brahe and Kepler had an unsteady working relationship.
Kepler was tasked to
figure out what path Mars followed as it revolved around the Sun
Kepler postulated that there must be a force from the Sun that moves the planets.

Brahe decided to give all his data to Kepler hoping that he would be
able to prove his Tychonic system and put together new tables of astronomical
data. This table was known as Rudolphine Tables.
After Brahe died in 1601, Emperor Rudolf II assigned Kepler as the new imperial
mathematician. Kepler was able to formulate his laws of
planetary motion: the law of ellipses, the law of equal areas, and the law of
harmonies.

The law of ellipses
He postulated that instead of a circular
path, planets follow an oval or an ellipse orbit.

The Law of Equal Areas
The law describes how fast a planet moves in its orbit.

The Law of Harmonies
It is often called the Law of Harmony because it shows a harmonic relation between distances and periods.

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DELA MERCED, Anne Margareth C.  - 11-HumSS C (Reflection)

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DELA MERCED, Anne Margareth C.  - 11-HumSS C (Reflection)

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Nothing comes in an instant. That's what I thought about while I was watching the attached video. Truly, stuffs in astronomy were discovered for a long time and in an organized process. I admired how curious the people back then that they had contribute a lot in living until now. If technology has not yet been existed, would there be a chance we could be like these great scientists? On that point, I want to share some things I've got regarding about Modern Astronomy.

Big thanks to the geocentric discussion which explained that the Earth is the center of all and made the understanding easier to comprehend. Due to this, it paved the way for Tycho Brahe to learn about the celestial bodies. He was a leader but because of the fact that he wasn't supported and obeyed by his followers, he went to other place, the Prage, and met someone who helped him. Then, he became the Imperial Mathematician which was the continuous point for his amazing calculations and observation about the solar system. Time flies by and Brahe had an appointed assistant who is Johannes Kepler. He didn't trust Kepler that much about his belongings but when he died, Kepler was able to took Brahe's possessions. This made Kepler the reigning Imperial Mathematician and he started analyzing about planetary motion. As we all know and have heard about, there are three laws about planetary motion; 1.) The Law of Ellipses - planets act in accordance to an elliptical orbit, 2.) The Law of Equal Areas - planets that move in an orbital way have the equal time interval to the area that was swept out by the planet, and lastly, 3.) The Law of Harmonies - shows harmonic relation between distances and periods.

Until in our times, these laws are still making an influence to the field of astronomy. Maybe some astronomers are still finding an answer to their educated questions about the solar system which we obviously haven't know about yet.

It's exciting to know that there is still more ~ :)

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CERVANTES, STEAVEN JHON 11-HUMSS C (REFLECTION) 

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CERVANTES, STEAVEN JHON 11-HUMSS C (REFLECTION) 

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I've learned the Five notable scientists made crucial discoveries that gave lead to the development of modern astronomy after 14 centuries since Ptolemy. Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton were the names of these men.

Tycho Brahe, was a Danish astronomer and nobleman who made accurate observations of the movement of celestial bodies in an observatory built for him by King Frederick II of Denmark in 1576. And Johannes Kepler, was born to a poor German family and studied as a scholar at the University of Tübingen in 1589. It was believed by many scientists that Brahe gave this task to Kepler to keep him occupied and left Brahe to develop his laws of planetary motion. The First Law was "The Law of Ellipses" where in The "irregularities" in Mars' movement were explained by this orbit, which matched his calculations. He was able to develop his first law of planetary motion, the law of ellipses, which states that the planets' real course was elliptical, not circular, with the Sun at one of the ellipse's focal points. The Second Law was "The Law of Equal Areas", The law of equal areas holds that an imaginary line drawn from the center of the Sun to the center of a planet will sweep out an equal region of space at equal time intervals. And the third law was "The Law of Harmonies", This  law states that the cube of a planet's average distance from the Sun is proportionate to the square of its orbital period.

To sum up, this studies helps us to examine the consequences of scientists opposing traditional norms in the past, as well as what science might be like now if Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler's scientific study and discoveries had not been made.

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RAPADAS, MARY NHEL  - (Reflection) 11-HUMSS C

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RAPADAS, MARY NHEL  - (Reflection) 11-HUMSS C

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I learned how the modern astronomy start, by over centuries a geocentric view of the universe with Earth at the center of everything and  gave way to the proper understanding about the our galaxy. And there was five noted scientists made important discoveries that gave rise to the birth of modern astronomy. These were Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. And I got to know more about the two scientist also what they discovered. Tycho Brahe is a Danish astronomer and nobleman. He was able to invent different astronomical instruments, with the help of his assistants, and made an extensive study of the solar system.

Kepler was a German astronomer and  Brahe's assistant. Kepler was tasked to figure out what path Mars followed as it revolved around the Sun. After Brahe died in 1601, Emperor Rudolf II assigned Kepler as the new imperial mathematician, and was able to formulate his laws of planetary motion: the law of ellipses states that the planet follow an elliptical orbit, the law of equal areas state that when an imaginary line is drawn from the center of the planet to the center of the sun. And the law of harmonies states that the ratio of square of the period of two planets must equal to the ratio of the planets and  average distance from the sun.

Even now we still use their discoveries to know what ways they do, and by them a lot of scientist try to explore what would they see especially with technology and they can find  more aside what was the five scientist discovered.

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MARICAR JADE M. ASUNCION - 11-HUMSS C (REFLECTION)

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MARICAR JADE M. ASUNCION - 11-HUMSS C (REFLECTION)

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I have learned that Tycho Brahe was an astronomer who made precise observations of the movement of celestial bodies. Johannes Kepler, an astronomer, and mathematician, Kepler were able to summarize his mentor Tycho Brahe's astronomical data into three statements that defined the motion of planets in a sun-centered solar system. I also learned that the law of ellipses explains why planets orbit the sun in an elliptical way, the law of equal areas explains how fast any specific planet will travel while orbiting the sun, and the law of harmonies compares a planet's orbital period and radius of orbit to that of other planets.

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Make an individual Reflection on what you have watched .
Do not forget to write your name and section in your reflection pad ....