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In the North Italy, Count caviar helped united Northern Italy, and Giuseppe Garabalidi helped united the southern part of Italy.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi , used his army to liberate the Sicilies and Naples. These states joined Sardinia-Piedmont. Victor Emmanuel II became the king of united Italy in 1861. He acquired Venetia by supporting Prussia in a war against Austria in 1866.

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World's Largest Collection of Essays! Published by Experts

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After the fall of Napoleon, many Italian-speaking states, like Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Sicily and Naples, came under Austria's direct or indirect control.

The pope ruled Rome and the Papal States. The kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont remained independent.

At this time, many nationalistic secret societies such as the Carbonari were formed with the aim of driving out the Austrians. Giuseppe Mazzini, a member of the Carbonari, organised the Young Italy Movement in 1831 to create a unified Italian republic. In 1848, revolutionary movements forced rulers to introduce some democratic reforms, but unification was not achieved.

King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont introduced many reforms after 1848. His Prime Minister Count Cavour entered into a secret pact with France at Plombieres. This enabled Cavour to use French help to win over Lombardy from Austria. Thereafter, several states, including Parma, Giuseppe Garibaldi

Modena and Tuscany united under the leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont. The states yet to join were Venetia, Rome, and the kingdom of the two Sicilies and Naples.

Giuseppe Garibaldi, a participant in the Young Italy Movement, used his army to liberate the Sicilies and Naples. These states joined Sardinia-Piedmont. Victor Emmanuel II became the king of united Italy in 1861. He acquired Venetia by supporting Prussia in a war against Austria in 1866. Only Rome, which was guarded by French troops, remained to be united.

In 1870, when Prussia declared war on France, the French troops were withdrawn and the revolutionary army immediately liberated Rome. In 1871, Rome became the capital of united Italy.

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Short Essay for Kids about the Unification of Italy

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After the fall of Napoleon, many Italian-speaking states, like Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Sicily and Naples, came under Austria's direct or indirect control. The pope ruled Rome and the Papal States. The kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont remained independent. At this time, many nationalistic secret societies such as the Carbonari were formed with the aim of [...]

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In 1820, the people rose up in revolution, created a constitution, and forced the return of the Portuguese King. King Joae returned to Portugal in April 1821, leaving behind his son , Prince Pedro, to rule Brazil. On September 7, 1822, Prince  Pedro declared Brazil’s independence from Portugal, founding the Empire of Brazil, which led to a two-year war of independence. They came up with a treaty signed by both Brazil and Portugal in late 1825.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

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In 1820, the constitutionalists rose up in revolution, created a constitution, and forced the return of the Portuguese King. When the king returned he made his son Prince and his son fought for Brazilaian independence.

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Over time, the Portuguese realized that some European countries, especially France, were also sending excursions to Brazil to extract brazilwood, and the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land by setting up hereditary captaincies, which were largely a failure.

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Germany was seperated into many diffrent states. Napolean created the condfederation of the rhine. While Napolean was gone, german soilders sarted to feel unification towards each other. Revolutions of 1848 promptied liberals to push for the confederation of Germany. Many Germans adopeted their own consistution. Bismark helped unify Germany to get more land for his kingdom.

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Germany needed to be unified and the people wanted it to happen. When Otto von bismark came to power he desided he wanted to help germany become unified. Prussia was the leading country in this. Bismark fought with Prussia and in the end it led to the unification of Germany.

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Otto von Bismarck, often referred to as the "Iron Chancellor," was the mastermind behind the unification of Germany. Through strategic diplomacy and nationalistic fervour, Bismarck paved the way for the birth of a united German nation.

With its newfound unity, Germany rapidly emerged as a formidable force in Europe. Bolstered by its industrial prowess, economic growth, and a powerful military, the nation exerted its influence on the global stage.

Under his leadership, the German Empire was formed, ending centuries of fragmentation. The symbolic significance of the unification ceremony cannot be understated. By deliberately choosing the Palace of Versailles, located outside Paris, as the venue instead of Berlin, Bismarck sent a powerful message. This decision represented a bold statement of military might and conquest, foreshadowing Germany's ambitions and its trajectory as a dominant European power throughout the first half of the 20th century.

Otto von Bismarck's legacy as the architect of German unification would shape not only the country's trajectory but also the geopolitical landscape of Europe for years to come.

A motley collection of states

Before 1871 Germany had always been a motley collection of states sharing little more than a common language.

Over 300 distinct states existed within the region, each differing in customs, systems of rule, and even religion. Unification seemed improbable and was often dismissed, much like the contemporary notion of a United States of Europe. However, the vision and determination of Otto von Bismarck would change the course of history.

As the 19th century progressed, a wave of nationalism began to sweep through Germany. The defeat of Napoleon by several German states played a significant role in fueling this nationalistic fervor. Initially, the call for unity was championed by students and middle-class liberal intellectuals who emphasised the importance of a shared language and a somewhat tenuous common history as unifying factors.

Few people took much notice beyond a few mildly nationalistic festivals, and the fact that the movement was confined to intellectuals was illustrated poignantly in the European revolutions of 1848, where a brief stab at a national German parliament quickly fizzled out and this attempted Reichstag never held much political power.

After this, it seemed that German unification was no nearer to happening than ever. The kings, princes and dukes of the German states, typically opposed to unification for obvious reasons, generally retained their power.

The power of Prussia

The power balance of the German states was important, for if one was ever more powerful than the others put together, then it might attempt conquest of intimidation. By 1848 Prussia, a conservative and militaristic kingdom in the east of Germany, had been the strongest of the states for a century.

However, it was restrained by the combined strength of the other states, and, more importantly, by the influence of the neighbouring Austrian Empire, which would not allow any German state to have too much power and become a possible rival.

After a brief flirtation with revolution in 1848, the Austrians had restored order and the status quo, humiliating Prussia in the process. When the formidable statesman von Bismarck was appointed Minister-President of that country in 1862, he aimed to restore Prussia as a great European power.

After effectively taking command of the country unconstitutionally, he vastly improved the military for which Prussia would become famous. Bismarck harnessed the aspirations of the German people and united them under a singular cause.

The defeat of Austria in the Seven Weeks' War

The war that followed in 1866 was a resounding Prussian victory which radically changed a European political landscape which had remained virtually the same since the defeat of Napoleon.

Many of Prussia's rival states had joined Austria and been cowed and defeated, and the Empire then turned its attentions away from Germany in order to restore some of its severely battered prestige. The ethnic tensions that this move created would later kick-start World War One.

Prussia, meanwhile, was able to form the other beaten states in North Germany into a coalition which was effectively the beginnings of a Prussian Empire. Bismarck had masterminded the whole business and now reigned supreme - and though not a natural nationalist he was now seeing the potential of a fully united Germany ruled by Prussia.

This was a far cry from the heady dreams of the earlier intellectuals, but, as Bismarck famously said, unification would have to be achieved, if it was to be achieved, by "blood and iron."

He knew, however, that he could not rule a united country dogged by infighting. The south remained unconquered and the north was only tenuously under his control. It would take a war against a foreign and historic enemy to unite Germany, and the one that he had in mind was particularly hated across Germany after Napoleon's wars.

The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71

France was ruled at this point by the great man's nephew, Napoleon III, who did not have his uncle's brilliance or military skill.

Through a series of clever diplomatic tactics Bismarck was able to provoke Napoleon into declaring war on Prussia, and this seemingly aggressive move on France's part kept the other European powers such as Britain from joining her side.

It also created a furious anti-French feeling across Germany, and when Bismarck moved Prussia's armies into position, they were joined - for the first time in history - by men from every other German state. The following war was devastating for the French.

The large and well trained German armies won many victories - most notably at Sedan in September 1870, a defeat which persuaded Napoleon to resign and live out the last miserable year of his life in exile in England. The war did not end there however, and the French fought on without their Emperor.

A few weeks after Sedan, Paris was under siege, and the war only ended when it fell in late January 1871. In the meantime, Bismarck had gathered the German generals princes and Kings at Versailles and proclaimed the new and ominously powerful country of Germany, changing the political landscape of Europe.

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Otto von Bismarck: Architect of German Unification

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Otto von Bismarck, often referred to as the "Iron Chancellor," was the mastermind behind the unification of Germany. Through strategic...