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Geneva Conference 1954
May 8-July 21, 1954

The day after the fall of Dien Bien Phu, the Indochina phase of the Geneva Conference begins. This phase looked to settle the First Indochina War, and by July 21st, 1954, an agreement on the cessation of hostilities was signed. Key to the agreements was the official demarcation of North and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel,  the conduction of free elections in 1956, the removal of all French troops from Northern Vietnam, the surrender of all French areas (including Hanoi, Haiphong, and Catholic enclaves) north of the 17th parallel, and guarantees that there will be no new foreign forces in Indochina.

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March 1972

The People's Army of Vietnam launches the Easter offensive with limited results.

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August 9, 1974

President Nixon resigns from office following the Watergate scandal.

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1970-1973

Under Operation Freedom Deal, the successor to Operation Menu, US bombing campaigns would last until August 1973 despite the earlier withdrawal of troops from Vietnam in March 1973.

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October 1972

Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho have a secret meeting in Paris and make a series of preliminary agreements to end the war. However South Vietnamese President Thieu rejects the settlement and talks break off once again.

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Moratorium Protest
November 15, 1969

More than 250,000 people across the nation protest in "The Moratorium" against the Vietnam War.

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August 25, 1945

On the same day that the ICP gains control of Hue City, Cochinchina also comes under the control of the ICP in the closing days of the August Revolution.

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August 25, 1945

The ICP seizes control over Hue City, and forces the abdication of the Bao Dai Emperor as part of the August Revolution.

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August 19, 1945

As the first strike of the August Revolution, the ICP, accompanied by the OSS team, seized government buildings and planted security details at power plants, hospitals, and prisons. Faced little resistance.

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Tân Trào, Sơn Dương District, Tuyên Quang, Vietnam

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Tân Trào, Sơn Dương District, Tuyên Quang, Vietnam

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Tân Trào, Sơn Dương District, Tuyên Quang, Vietnam

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July 1945

OSS Deer Team helps train and equip the Vietminh. One corpsman saves Ho's life, preventing death from malaria and dysentery.

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Pác Bó, Trường Hà, Hà Quảng District, Cao Bang, Vietnam

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Pác Bó, Trường Hà, Hà Quảng District, Cao Bang, Vietnam

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Pác Bó, Trường Hà, Hà Quảng District, Cao Bang, Vietnam

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January 1941

Ho Chi Minh again returns to Vietnam to form the  Vietnamese Independence League (Vietminh), a broad political and military resistance front that drew from all parts of Vietnamese society. Used guerilla warfare to fight against the Japanese and the colonial French.

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September 1939

The German invasion not only marked the beginning of WWII, but also later translated to another wave of crackdowns against the ICP and other Vietnamese nationalists in 1940, following France's capitulation to the Nazis.

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Summer 1940

Capitulation of France to the Germans translated to another wave of crackdowns against the ICP and other Vietnamese nationalists in the same year.

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1936-1937

After the ICP gained electoral enfranchisement in Vietnam, The Popular Front, a left-wing coalition government, comes to power in France, bringing with it greater freedom of press and the pardons of over 1,500 political prisoners. But its fall would mean an another crackdown.

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1934

Following the ill-fated revolts from 1930-1931, Ho attends the International Leninist School to develop organizational skills and discipline in order to mobilize popular support and prepare for combat.

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1924
Ho, by then a Comintern agent, was directed by the Comintern to make contact with Vietnamese exiles in Guangzhou (Canton). There, Ho founded the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League, working closely with Vo Nguyen Giap and Pham Dong. By 1929, the League became the Communist Party of Indochina (CPI), later merging with the Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP). During this time, with the help of Zhou Enlai, Ho was also able to send his adherents to Chinese political and military schools. However, by 1930, VCP hardliners thought that Ho was too moderate for emphasizing national independence rather than class struggle and revolutionary violence. The hardliners, with the blessing of the Comintern, would then convert the CPI-VCP organization into the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP).

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1923
Studied Marxism-Leninism at the University of the Toilers of the East. Met Josip Broz Tito, the future commander of the Yugoslav Partisans during WWII.

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June 18, 1919

Ho writes a letter to Secretary of State Robert Lansing requesting assistance for Vietnamese rights within French Indochina during the Versailles Peace Talks. Ho received no response back, angering him and made Ho look towards communism.

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1911-1917
Ho would visit several countries on the African continent as part of his world travels at this time.

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1911-1917
Ho would visit the Brooklyn borough as part of his world travels.

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1911-1917
Ho would visit the Harlem neighborhood in the Manhattan Borough as part of his world travels.

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Before settling into Paris in 1917, Ho would briefly visit Britain as part of his world travels.

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In the 1900s, Ho Chi Minh studies at the National College in Hue City, brushing shoulders with fellow revolutionaries such as Vo Nguyen Giap, Pham Van Dong, and Ho's arch nemesis Ngo Dinh Diem.

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1917-1920
After several years of travel, Ho Chi Minh would settle down in Paris. There, under the pseudonym Nguyen Ai Quoc, he would write pro-independence news articles. Ho befriended other Asian nationalists, such as Zhou Enlai. Ho would also found the Association of Annamese Patriots in the summer of 1919 to mobilize Vietnamese exiles in France.

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White House, Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC, USA

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White House, Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC, USA

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White House, Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC, USA

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January 1969
President Nixon takes office and says he will slowly begin the process of Vietnamization. This was the gradual reduction of US  combat forces in Vietnam  and a buildup of supplies for the ARVN forces.

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White House, Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC, USA

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White House, Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC, USA

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White House, Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC, USA

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July, 1965
President Johnson raises draft calls, orders 50,000 more troops to be sent to Vietnam and expands the air campaign.

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December 26, 1971
President Nixon orders the resumption of the bombing of North Vietnam. These are called the "Christmas Bombings."

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September 2, 1969
Ho Chi Minh suffers a heart attack and dies.

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January 1968
The US administration had been promising an end to the war was near as they had been inflicting far more casualties. On January 31, 1968, the Viet Cong launched the Tet Offensive. 85,000 Viet Cong soldiers attacked the major cities and military installations in South Vietnam. The US inflicted heavy casualties  upon the Viet Cong, but this increased public outcry for the war to come to an end.

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October 1967
The very notable anti-draft riot occurs in protest over President Johnson's increase of the draft.

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1940-1945
The Japanese Empire attempts to expand its territory all the way through Indochina. Ho Chi Minh returns to Vietnam to protect his nation from the empire.

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Mỹ Lại, Tịnh Khê, Quảng Ngãi, Quang Ngai, Vietnam

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On March 16, 1968, a brigade of American soldiers slaughtered an entire village of Vietnamese that were suspected of being Viet Cong militants. News of the My Lai massacre breaks on Associated Press on this date, then on major US news networks. This severely altered the American public's perception of the ongoing war.

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1963
After Diem severely restricts the rights of South Vietnamese citizens, the military initiates a coup. A series of coups occurs leaving the South Vietnamese extremely vulnerable to Viet Cong attacks.

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January 27, 1973
The Paris Peace Accords lead to the formal end of the war. The United States agrees to withdraw all forces from Vietnam in return for the release of all US Prisoners of War. The treaty established the formal DMZ dividing North and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel.

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April 30, 1975
Saigon falls to the North Vietnamese after they break the treaty and attack the South. Vietnam is united under the North Vietnamese communist rule. Previously, on January 28 of that same year, Congress refused to authorize more than $700 million dollars of aid to South Vietnam.

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June 1971

The Pentagon Papers are leaked. This was a highly classified study by the Department of Defense that investigated US involvement in Vietnam. The papers confirmed many people's qualms that the US government was actively escalating the conflict in Vietnam.

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Kent State University, East Summit Street, Kent, OH, USA

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Kent State University, East Summit Street, Kent, OH, USA

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Kent State University, East Summit Street, Kent, OH, USA

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May 4, 1970
4 students are killed and nine others are wounded by National Guard soldiers at a protest against the expansion of the Cambodian Campaign.

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1969-1970
The United States begins Operation Menu,  secretly targeting and striking communist encampments in Cambodia.

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1968
At the Paris Peace talks, Johnson comes very close to a treaty  to end the decades long conflict. Unfortunately, the Nixon campaign sabotaged the talks and told the South to hold out on peace because the Nixon administration would get better concessions for the South.

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The Gulf of Tonkin incident occurs: a North Vietnamese torpedo squadron purportedly attacks the USS Maddox. This greatly escalates tensions and leads US officials to take counteractions.

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1954
After nearly a decade of battling the French for independence, the Viet Minh decisively defeat the French at Dien Bien Phu. French casualties reach 2,293 killed, 5,195 wounded and 10,998 captured. They surrender and agree to armistice. This creates the formal division of North and South Vietnam.

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The Korean War occurs from 1950 to 1953. This massive expenditure by the US boosted  the perceived  viability of containing communism with American military support.