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Walter D. Mignolo

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As a reference to understand their work above

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As a reference to understand their work above

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Artist : Chto Delat

Partisan Songspiel, 2009

Video, 29:27 minutes

This brilliant work present social issues in contemporary Belgrade.

Partisan Songspiel. A Belgrade Story /from Songspiel Triptych/

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Forced Displacement is still going on in Korea.

These evacuees in Sangdo village built a container watchtower and used fire-bottles, bricks and golf balls to resist.

The Korean government learnt a lesson from the above Yongsan tragic incident, so they didn't use the same method. The district officer gave compensations and a right or residence for a rental housing to evacuees and then went in agreement after one and a half years resistance.

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Artwork about Reckless Development in Korea

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Artwork about Reckless Development in Korea

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Apartment complex became a general cityscape in Korea after around 2000.

Artist: Jaemin Cha

Fog and Smoke, 2013

Single channel video installation, HD video 20minutes

https://jeamincha.info/works/fog-and-smoke

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For evacuees, cheaper option to get the right of residence at the new apartment is available, but actually there are only few people who can live in, because they cannot afford the apartment. Majority of them have to find somewhere else to move, but their land price is usually very low, so it is not enough to find right places for living in cities. Thus, there has been several people to commit suicide.

Even worse, in those redevelopment areas, illegal state of occupancy were seen and they cannot have any right. Since those areas were home for poor people.

These five people in the photograph were driven to the rooftop and then died by arson in 2009. (One book Politics of the roof, 2014 was published based on this tragedy and as well as other demonstration cases in Korea against the  governmental authority that forces our lives to the roof)

Citizens who observed the Evacuee suppression process by police pointed out that the governmental power was not for the nation. It was abusing governmental authority and crackdown.

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A village unit mass destruction is being done in Korea to improve scenery and housing. It has been one of daily landscapes in big cities.

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An etymological approach to "nation" via Chinese Characters "國家"
that means "nation" but eace letter means "nation" and "house" respectively  allows us to use metaphor like below.

The obsession on the national biography or security of nation looks like the patriarchal father's effort to preserve his family against the outside danger that can harm his status.

This can be legitimized as paternal love but this is resemble to the dictatorship.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YAYGi8rQag&feature=youtu.be

From this video, we can see the meaning of Martin Heiddeger's dwelling: guard a precious thing with a fence so that it can grow freely and intactly. Of course he might not expected the situation of monopoly.

Like this vulnerable yet precious flower to be shared with others, communal sensitive care should be required based on trust.

Q. Should the others who wants to monopolize the flower be excluded from our society? How can we let him understand the concept of "sharing" and "common"? What will be the role of society let him understand it?

We might can find an answer from Bolivia. Inka empire had strict regime but people helped each other and lived well before the Spanish colonial rule.

If our father built a strong and rigid fence to exploit the others to accumulate wealth for us, then we'll be happy with it?

This is the metaphor of time that the colonialism has been using a method to build the national wealth and is has been legitimizing.

Q. How can it be possible
without a fence: border to share things not to accumulate natoinal wealth?

I'd like to take a look a communal archive of Museo Reina Sofia in Spain as a reference for this.

https://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/museum/mission-statement

Q. How can we examine the mind of nation? Self reflection of nation can be possible? Who is the subject that holds the power to decide?

Repatriation claim in France can be a reference for this.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/03/france-museums-restitution-colonial-objects

When, one of North Korean Defactors got the South Korean passport and she said that the first page of it : "The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea hereby requests all those whom it may concern to permit the bearer, a national of the Republic of Korea, to pass freely without delay or hindrance and, in case of need, to afford him(her) every possible assistance and protection" overwhelmed her. This shows one side of nation that can protect unsafe people.

However, why we need nation? Can we choose nation by ourselves?

The form of family(house) or nation is
the one we can express our affection, concerns and empathy to the others. Is it possible not to include or exclude and let people live peacefully?

This also bring an event in 1990s in Japan. In Nagasaki, during the construction of Peace Park, that commemorates the city's atomic bomb destruction, discovered a prison where Korean and Chinese slave-laborers had died during the Second World War.
Citizens wanted to include this contrasting events to the museum, but conservative groups ignored it and it turned into a car park (Rocks and Hard Places, p.87).

Nobody wants personal or familial biography's mystification, but for whom this should be done?

This decision of the goverment makes citizen
not to proud and unhappy.

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Critical Pedagogy on   patriarchal Society

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Critical Pedagogy on   patriarchal Society

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Korean society that produces fear didn't allow us to generate tolerance.

Korean society is hiper homogenized by the Korean race and confucianism. This society that reinforces the authority of father, but what we do to miss him after he passes away?

We hurry to throw away his stuff and of course we are not going to eat apples around his grave. We would tell our children not to eat them as well.

However, Malaggan(in Week 7: landscape) consume what their ancestors bodies produces through the decaying process in the back yard, and doing so, they remember the deceased and express their affection to them.

Fears and preconceptions that inscribed and infused in our bodies are disciplined by the logic of power. If someone tries to educate their children by using fears and preserve their authority, we need to point out it.

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Don Alfredo explained to Dr Martyn Wemyss

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Don Alfredo explained to Dr Martyn Wemyss

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“Everyone then, everyone lived in harmony. Everyone worked together, everyone helped each other. It was Minka – mutual help between brothers – if I have worked in somebody’s house, they will come and work in mine. If a man dies, and the woman can’t work, the community helped her and her children. Everyone ate equally. Before, there were no crimes, none. There were only three laws then. AmaSua, Ama Pia, Ama Llulla – Do not be a thief, do not be a liar, do not be lazy. Now, there are hundreds of laws, thousands! Because now there is crime, robbery, murder. The Spanish brought this. The people had never seen anyone steal. They had never seen anyone kill. The priests arrived with the name of god, and forced the people to lie, to kill, to burn people. They brought the neoliberal republican system to the communities and divided them. They brought the Chicote, it is not from us. It’s difficult to leave these traditions behind after 529 years of colonialism.”

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Nail Men or Men of Nails ( German: Nagelmänner) were a form of propaganda and fundraising for members of the armed forces and their dependents in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire in World War I.

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The Order of Things: Classification of Nails

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The Order of Things: Classification of Nails

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In Wikipedia, nails are classified as fastener

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Classification

Fastener

Used with

Wood, concrete

In woodworking and construction, a nail is a small object made of metal (or wood, called a tree nail or "trunnel") which is used as a fastener, as a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration. Generally, nails have a sharp point on one end and a flattened head on the other, but headless nails are available. Nails are made in a great variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail. Other types of nails include , , , spikes, and

Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer or nail gun. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction and shear strength laterally. The point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent pulling out.

Nailor's Workshop King's Norton, an etching by Henry Martin Pope (1843-1908)

The history of the nail is divided roughly into three distinct periods:

Hand-wrought (forged) nail (pre-history until 19th century)

Cut nail (roughly 1800 to 1914)

Wire nail (roughly 1860 to the present)

From the late 1700s to the mid-1900s, nail prices fell by a factor of 10; since then nail prices have increased slightly, reflecting in part an upturn in materials prices and a shift toward specialty nails.

Hand-forging a nail, including use of a nail-header

Partly mechanised boat nail production in Hainan, China

In hand-working of nails, a smith works an approximately conical iron pin tapering to a point. This is then inserted into a nail-header (also known as a nail-plate), essentially a plate of iron with a small hole in it. The broad end of the pin is slightly wider than the hole of the nail-header: the smith fits the pin into the hole of the nail-header and then hammers the broad end of the pin. Unable to advance through the hole, the broad end is flattened against the nail-header to create a nail-head. In at least some metalworking traditions, nail-headers might have been identical to draw-plates (a plate bored with tapering holes of different sizes through which wire can be drawn to extrude it to increasingly fine proportions).

The Bible provides a number of references to nails, including the story in Judges of Jael the wife of Heber, who drives a nail (or tent-peg) into the temple of a sleeping Canaanite commander; the provision of iron for nails by King David for what would become Solomon's Temple; and in connection with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.

The Romans made extensive use of nails. The Roman army, for example, left behind seven tons of nails when it evacuated the fortress of Inchtuthil in Perthshire in Scotland in 86 to 87 CE.

The term "penny", as it refers to nails, probably originated in medieval England to describe the price of a hundred nails. Nails themselves were sufficiently valuable and standardized to be used as an informal medium of exchange.

Until around 1800 artisans known as nailers or nailors made nails by hand - note the surname Naylor. (Workmen called slitters cut up iron bars to a suitable size for nailers to work on. From the late 16th century, manual slitters disappeared with the rise of the slitting mill, which cut bars of iron into rods with an even cross-section, saving much manual effort.)

At the time of the American Revolution, England was the largest manufacturer of nails in the world. Nails were expensive and difficult to obtain in the American colonies, so that abandoned houses were sometimes deliberately burned down to allow recovery of used nails from the ashes. This became such a problem in Virginia that a law was created to stop people from burning their houses when they moved. Families often had small nail-manufacturing setups in their homes; during bad weather and at night, the entire family might work at making nails for their own use and for barter. Thomas Jefferson wrote in a letter: "In our private pursuits it is a great advantage that every honest employment is deemed honorable. I am myself a nail maker." The growth of the trade in the American colonies was theoretically held back by the prohibition of new slitting mills in America by the Iron Act of 1750, though there is no evidence that the Act was actually enforced.

The production of wrought-iron nails continued well into the 19th century, but ultimately was reduced to nails for purposes for which the softer cut nails were unsuitable, including horseshoe nails.

The slitting mill, introduced to England in 1590, simplified the production of nail rods, but the real first efforts to mechanise the nail-making process itself occurred between 1790 and 1820, initially in England and the United States, when various machines were invented to automate and speed up the process of making nails from bars of wrought iron. Also in Sweden in the early 1700s Christopher Polhem produced a nail cutting machine as part of his automated factory. These nails were known as cut nails because they were produced by cutting iron bars into rods; they were also known as square nails because of their roughly rectangular cross section.

The cut-nail process was patented in the U.S. by Jacob Perkins in 1795 and in England by Joseph Dyer, who set up machinery in Birmingham. The process was designed to cut nails from sheets of iron, while making sure that the fibres of the iron ran down the nails. The Birmingham industry expanded in the following decades, and reached its greatest extent in the 1860s, after which it declined due to competition from wire nails, but continued until the outbreak of World War I.

Cut nails were one of the important factors in the increase in balloon framing beginning in the 1830s and thus the decline of timber framing with wooden joints. Though still used for historical renovations, and for heavy-duty applications, such as attaching boards to masonry walls, cut nails are much less common today than wire nails.

Wire nails are formed from wire. Usually coils of wire are drawn through a series of dies to reach a specific diameter, then cut into short rods that are then formed into nails. The nail tip is usually cut by a blade; the head is formed by reshaping the other end of the rod under high pressure. Other dies are used to cut grooves and ridges. Wire nails were also known as "French nails" for their country of origin. Belgian wire nails began to compete in England in 1863. Joseph Henry Nettlefold was making wire nails at Smethwick by 1875. Over the following decades, the nail-making process was almost completely automated. Eventually the industry had machines capable of quickly producing huge numbers of inexpensive nails with little or no human intervention.

With the introduction of cheap wire nails, the use of wrought iron for nail making quickly declined, as more slowly did the production of cut nails. In the United States, in 1892 more steel-wire nails were produced than cut nails. In 1913, 90% of manufactured nails were wire nails. Nails went from being rare and precious to being a cheap mass-produced commodity. Today almost all nails are manufactured from wire, but the term "wire nail" has come to refer to smaller nails, often available in a wider, more precise range of gauges than is typical for larger common and finish nails. Today, many nails are made using the modern rotary principle nail machine, which allows wire feeding, wire cutting and nail head forming to take place in one continuous process of rotating movements.

Nails were formerly made of bronze or wrought iron and were crafted by blacksmiths and nailors. These crafts people used a heated square iron rod that they forged before they hammered the sides which formed a point. After reheating and cutting off, the blacksmith or nailor inserted the hot nail into an opening and hammered it. Later new ways of making nails were created using machines to shear the nails before wiggling the bar sideways to produce a shank. For example, the Type A cut nails were sheared from an iron bar type guillotine using early machinery. This method was slightly altered until the 1820s when new heads on the nails' ends were pounded via a separate mechanical nail heading machine. In the 1810s, iron bars were flipped over after each stroke while the cutter set was at an angle. Every nail was then sheared off of taper allowing for an automatic grip of each nail which also formed their heads. Type B nails were created this way. In 1886, 10 percent of the nails that were made in the United States were of the soft steel wire variety and by 1892, steel wire nails overtook iron cut nails as the main type of nails that were being produced. In 1913, wire nails were 90 percent of all nails that were produced.

Today's nails are typically made of steel, often dipped or coated to prevent corrosion in harsh conditions or to improve adhesion. Ordinary nails for wood are usually of a soft, low-carbon or "mild" steel (about 0.1% carbon, the rest iron and perhaps a trace of silicon or manganese). Nails for masonry applications are tempered and have a higher carbon content.

Different types of nails:
1) roofing
2) umbrella head roofing
3) brass escutcheon pin
4) finish
5) concrete
6) spiral-shank
7) ring-shank (a used, bent "gun" nail, with barbs left over from the tool's feed system)

Horseshoe nails

Nail-maker's work-bench or anvil in a storeroom of the Black Country Living Museum

Railroad spikes of the old Jezreel Valley railway (part of the Hejaz Railway), found near Kfar Baruch (Israel)

A capped nail for weather wrap

Nails for nail guns

Types of nail include:

Aluminum nails - Made of aluminum in many shapes and sizes for use with aluminum architectural metals

Box nail - like a common nail but with a thinner shank and head

Brads are small, thin, tapered nails with a lip or projection to one side rather than a full head or a small finish nail

Floor brad ('stigs') - flat, tapered and angular, for use in fixing floor boards

Oval brad - Ovals utilize the principles of fracture mechanics to allow nailing without splitting. Highly anisotropic materials like regular wood (as opposed to wood composites) can easily be wedged apart. Use of an oval perpendicular to the wood's grain cuts the wood fibers rather than wedges them apart, and thus allows fastening without splitting, even close to edges

Panel pins

Tacks or Tintacks are short, sharp pointed nails often used with carpet, fabric and paper. Normally cut from sheet steel (as opposed to wire), the tack is used in upholstery, shoe making and saddle manufacture. The triangular shape of the nail's cross section gives greater grip and less tearing of materials such as cloth and leather compared to a wire nail.

Brass tack - brass tacks are commonly used where corrosion may be an issue, such as furniture where contact with human skin salts will cause corrosion on steel nails

Canoe tack - A clinching (or clenching) nail. The nail point is tapered so that it can be turned back on itself using a clinching iron. It then bites back into the wood from the side opposite the nail's head, forming a rivet-like fastening.

Clench-nails used in building clinker boats.

Shoe tack - A clinching nail (see above) for clinching leather and sometimes wood, formerly used for handmade shoes.

Carpet tack

Upholstery tacks - used to attach coverings to furniture

Thumbtack (or "push-pin" or "drawing-pin") are lightweight pins used to secure paper or cardboard.

Casing nails - have a head that is smoothly tapered, in comparison to the "stepped" head of a finish nail. When used to install casing around windows or doors, they allow the wood to be pried off later with minimal damage when repairs are needed, and without the need to dent the face of the casing in order to grab and extract the nail. Once the casing has been removed, the nails can be extracted from the inner frame with any of the usual nail pullers

Clout nail - a roofing nail

Coil nail - nails designed for use in a pneumatic nail gun assembled in coils

Common nail - smooth shank, wire nail with a heavy, flat head. The typical nail for framing

Convex head (nipple head, springhead) roofing nail - an umbrella shaped head with a rubber gasket for fastening metal roofing, usually with a ring shank

Copper nail - nails made of copper for use with copper flashing or slate shingles etc.

D-head (clipped head) nail - a common or box nail with part of the head removed for some pneumatic nail guns

Double-ended nail - a rare type of nail with points on both ends and the "head" in the middle for joining boards together. See this patent. Similar to a dowel nail but with a head on the shank.

Double-headed (duplex, formwork, shutter, scaffold) nail - used for temporary nailing; nails can easily pulled for later disassembly

Dowel nail - a double pointed nail without a "head" on the shank, a piece of round steel sharpened on both ends

Drywall (plasterboard) nail - short, hardened, ring-shank nail with a very thin head

Fiber cement nail - a nail for installing fiber cement siding

Finish nail (bullet head nail, lost-head nail) - A wire nail with a small head intended to be minimally visible or driven below the wood surface and the hole filled to be invisible

Gang nail - a nail plate

Hardboard pin - a small nail for fixing hardboard or thin plywood, often with a square shank

Horseshoe nail - nails used to hold horseshoes on hoofs

Joist hanger nail - special nails rated for use with joist hangers and similar brackets. Sometimes called "Teco nails" ( × .148 shank nails used in metal connectors such as hurricane ties)

Lost-head nail - see finish nail

Masonry (concrete) - lengthwise fluted, hardened nail for use in concrete

Oval wire nail - nails with an oval shank

Panel pin

Gutter spike - Large long nail intended to hold wooden gutters and some metal gutters in place at the bottom edge of a roof

Ring (annular, improved, jagged) shank nail - nails that have ridges circling the shank to provide extra resistance to pulling out

Roofing (clout) nail - generally a short nail with a broad head used with asphalt shingles, felt paper or the like

Screw (helical) nail - a nail with a spiral shank - uses including flooring and assembling pallets

Shake (shingle) nail - small headed nails to use for nailing shakes and shingles

Sprig - a small nail with either a headless, tapered shank or a square shank with a head on one side. Commonly used by glaziers to fix a glass plane into a wooden frame.

Square nail - a cut nail

T-head nail - shaped like the letter T

Wire (French) nail - a general term for a nail with a round shank. These are sometimes called French nails from their country of invention

Wire-weld collated nail - nails held together with slender wires for use in nail guns

Most countries, except the United States, use a metric system for describing nail sizes. A 50 × 3.0 indicates a nail 50 mm long (not including the head) and 3 mm in diameter. Lengths are rounded to the nearest millimetre.

For example, finishing nail* sizes typically available from German suppliers are:

Drahtstift mit Senkkopf (Stahl, DIN 1151)

In the United States, the length of a nail is designated by its penny size.

Box: a wire nail with a head; box nails have a smaller shank than common nails of the same size

Bright: no surface coating; not recommended for weather exposure or acidic or treated lumber

Casing: a wire nail with a slightly larger head than finish nails; often used for flooring

CC or Coated: "cement coated"; nail coated with adhesive, also known as cement or glue, for greater holding power; also resin- or vinyl-coated; coating melts from friction when driven to help lubricate then adheres when cool; color varies by manufacturer (tan, pink, are common)

Common: a common construction wire nail with a disk-shaped head that is typically 3 to 4 times the diameter of the shank: common nails have larger shanks than box nails of the same size

Cut: machine-made square nails. Now used for masonry and historical reproduction or restoration

Duplex: a common nail with a second head, allowing for easy extraction; often used for temporary work, such as concrete forms or wood scaffolding; sometimes called a "scaffold nail"

Drywall: a specialty blued-steel nail with a thin broad head used to fasten gypsum wallboard to wooden framing members

Finish: a wire nail that has a head only slightly larger than the shank; can be easily concealed by countersinking the nail slightly below the finished surface with a nail-set and filling the resulting void with a filler (putty, spackle, caulk, etc.)

Forged: handmade nails (usually square), hot-forged by a blacksmith or nailor, often used in historical reproduction or restoration, commonly sold as collectors items

Galvanized: treated for resistance to corrosion and/or weather exposure

Electrogalvanized: provides a smooth finish with some corrosion resistance

Hot-dip galvanized: provides a rough finish that deposits more zinc than other methods, resulting in very high corrosion resistance that is suitable for some acidic and treated lumber;

Mechanically galvanized: deposits more zinc than electrogalvanizing for increased corrosion resistance

Head: round flat metal piece formed at the top of the nail; for increased holding power

Helix: the nail has a square shank that has been twisted, making it very difficult to pull out; often used in decking so they are usually galvanized; sometimes called decking nails

Length: distance from the bottom of the head to the point of a nail

Phosphate-coated: a dark grey to black finish providing a surface that binds well with paint and joint compound and minimal corrosion resistance

Point: sharpened end opposite the "head" for greater ease in driving

Pole barn: long shank ( in to 8 in, 6 cm to 20 cm), ring shank (see below), hardened nails; usually oil quenched or galvanized (see above); commonly used in the construction of wood framed, metal buildings (pole barns)

Ring shank: small directional rings on the shank to prevent the nail from working back out once driven in; common in drywall, flooring, and pole barn nails

Shank: the body the length of the nail between the head and the point; may be smooth, or may have rings or spirals for greater holding power

Sinker: these are the most common nails used in framing today; same thin diameter as a box nail; cement coated (see above); the bottom of the head is tapered like a wedge or funnel and the top of the head is grid embossed to keep the hammer strike from sliding off

Spike: a large nail; usually over 4 in (100 mm) long

Spiral: a twisted wire nail; spiral nails have smaller shanks than common nails of the same size

Nails have been used in art, such as the Nail Men-a form of fundraising common in Germany and Austria during World War I.

Before the 1850s bocce and pétanque boules were wooden balls, sometimes partially reinforced with hand-forged nails. When cheap, plentiful machine-made nails became available, manufacturers began to produce the boule cloutée-a wooden core studded with nails to create an all-metal surface. Nails of different metals and colors (steel, brass, and copper) were used to create a wide variety of designs and patterns. Some of the old boules cloutées are genuine works of art and valued collector's items.

Once nails became cheap and widely available, they were often used in folk art and outsider art as a method of decorating a surface with metallic studs. Another common artistic use is the construction of sculpture from welded or brazed nails.

Nails were sometimes inscribed with incantations or signs intended for religious or mystical benefit, used at shrines or on the doors of houses for protection.

Roman bronze nails with magical signs and inscriptions, 3rd-4th century AD.

The Iron Roland of Mannheim, an example of Nail Men (1915).

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Classification Fastener Used with Wood, concrete In woodworking and construction, a nail is a small object made of metal (or wood, called a tree nail or "trunnel") which is used as a fastener, as a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration.

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Je me constituant object (Frantz Fanon), From Peau Noire, Masques Blancs, 1952

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Je me constituant object (Frantz Fanon), From Peau Noire, Masques Blancs, 1952

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I'd like to link this expression from Fanon to the passive state of nails. His experience that named as "Nigro" on the street all of a sudden was 'the external stimuli that pierced him who was passing by (Domiyama Ichiro)'.

"The other fixer me through gesture, attitude or gaze. Like figment tint and fix a preparation. I raged and demanded for an explanation. Anything was useless. I was falling apart (Fanon, 1952)"

The violent situation for Fanon that the word stop, can be the perpetuate situation for nail it should be passive and impotent.

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However, nails can do nothing without outside forces. For example, someone's intention to drive in a nail with a hammer.

Nails are subject to be drove into unfamiliar objects. Maybe it can happen reluctantly. Thus, the violent properties of nails should be questioned. It is one of fixed ideas of people that inscribed in nails.

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If we recognized and used nails without fixed ideas, we would have created something new like this artist that I quote here. I don't want to judge or critique what he produced. The only important work for me now is removing limited notions of mine on nails with the help of his ideas.

“You'd think that you would sort of choke off your options and potential, the more you keep excavating a single item, but I find it's the opposite–it explodes. There are so many amazing tangents that I haven't had time to take; so many great insights that are buried years back, so it's ever expanding, this mundane object. I'm quite happy saying now that I will only work with nails.”

https://mymodernmet.com/john-bisbee-nail-sculptures/

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What would a feminist say about your object?

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What would a feminist say about your object?

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Apparently, nails can be compared to the phallic symbol.

Compare to the human body, nails' strong and firm materiality is similar to bones, fingers or erected male genital parts. Nails definitely cannot be used as a metaphor for soft materials like flesh, muscles or organs.

I think female bodies are opened like the Klein's bottle. However, nails have solid concrete forms and there are no inner spaces.

Nails can make wounds, cuts and holes on the softer materials such as woods and concrete. Nails can be used as an effective tool for violence. They can harm people as well.

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From small things to the entire body: Week 9: Architecture and homes

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From small things to the entire body: Week 9: Architecture and homes

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Five houses for the poor that were built by a group of volunteers from 'Habitat for Humanity' in Florida were survived after hurricane in 19's.
Some people thought that the contradiction; the most houses of the rich swept away but only those five houses remained was made by God's blessing.

But one Korean architect
saw this matter would have been related with the depth of nails on construction materials on the walls.
Compared to the rich's houses that workers used fine electric tools, those five houses were built solely by volunteers' hand.
This could have been made the difference in depth of nails on the joining parts. The fine devices could have driven unnecessarily deep and this made the entire house's strength weaker.

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Authenticity, consumption and identity, and  Iconoclasm

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Authenticity, consumption and identity, and  Iconoclasm

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If someone destroyed these nails or relics it would have been regarded as a same moral sphere destruction of people.

The materiality of sacred objects are significant for some people not only as a historical artifact but also as a presence of god.As we can see on one of Week 5's readings : Of gifts and grandchildren: American Holy Land souvenirs by Hillary Kaell

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A secret chamber was discovered beneath a monastery in the Czech Republic

Archaeologists found an ancient wooden box adorned with a gold plate

The plate was inscribe with the letters 'IR' that translates to 'Jesus is King'

Inside the box was a six-inch nail that allegedly comes from Christ's cross

Experts are set to have the nail verified for authenticity sometime next year

Priceless Christian relics have been discovered in a secret chamber of a monastery that allegedly includes a nail used in the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.

Archaeologists working in the Milevsko monastery in the Czech Republic found a six-inch long piece of nail inside a box adorned with a 21-karat gold cross.

The box was built between 260 and 416 AD and is inscribed with the letters 'IR,' which translates to 'Jesus is King.'

The hidden treasury room, according to experts, was used to conceal rare artifacts from raids by Hussite troops in the early 15th century.

Researchers excavating the scene say that they cannot confirm if the nail came from the 'True Cross,' but note the discovery 'is even greater than the reliquary of St. Maurus, reports the Czech News Agency (ČTK).

The Maurus Reliquary is a large box made of gold that holds fragments from bodies of three saints: Saint Maurus, Saint John the Baptist and Saint Timothy.

There has also been dozens of nails uncovered that are linked to Jesus's crucifixion, leading scientists to be skeptical about the recent find.

Jiří Šindelář, who took part in the discovery, told ČTK: 'Because the Hussites destroyed the archive, there was no information that such a thing was here.'

Šindelář added that the authenticity of the nail will be verified by other scientific expertise sometime next year.

Archaeologists have been working at the Milevsko monastery for several months and recently uncovered a secret passage that led to the treasury room.

The monastery was built in 1187, but was captured by Hussites in 1420 and taken over by the group's nobility.

However, before losing their place of worship, those who called the monastery home built a secret room to hide rare and priceless artifacts.

After analyzing the box through radiocarbon dating, the team found it was made with two types of wood.

The larch wood, which is found in Israel's subtropical climate, dates back between 1290 and 1394 AD.

The second sample, which is oak, was found to originate from 260 to 416 AD.

A similar discovery was unearthed in October when a team found nails with ancient bone and wood embedded in them.

The nails were allegedly found in Jerusalem, in a first-century burial cave believed to be the resting place of Caiaphas, the Jewish priest who sent Jesus to his death in the Bible.

At some point after the cave was excavated in 1990, however, the nails went missing

Years later, filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici would claim to have found the nails, even claiming that they were used to crucify Jesus himself in the 2011 documentary, Nails Of The Cross.

At the time, scholars slammed the suggestion, denying that the nails Jacobovici had found were the same ones from Caiaphas' tomb.

But now an explosive new study has concluded that the nails are indeed the same ones - and that they were probably used to crucify someone too.

Lead author Dr Aryeh Shimron made the jaw-dropping find after comparing material from the nails with material from the tomb's ossuaries - limestone boxes used to store the bones of the dead.

He said: 'The materials invading caves differ subtly from cave to cave depending on topography, soil composition in the area, the microclimate and neighboring vegetation.

'Consequently caves have distinct physical and chemical signatures.

'The physical and chemical properties of the materials which, over centuries, have invaded the tomb and its ossuaries were investigated.

'Our analysis clearly and unequivocally demonstrates that these materials are chemically and physically identical to those which have, over centuries, also become attached to the nails.

'Caiaphas' cave was the only match for the nails out of 25 tombs tested, Dr Shimron found.

He continued: 'We have also discovered fine slivers of wood accreted within the iron oxide rust of the nails.

'It is well preserved and entirely petrified* the wood is therefore ancient and not a chance or man-made fake attachment to the nails.

'Within the rust and sediment attached to the nails, we also identified and photographed a number of microscopic fragments of bone.'

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'Nail from Christ's crucifixion' is found at Czech monastery

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A secret chamber was discovered beneath a monastery in the Czech Republic Archaeologists found an ancient wooden box adorned with a gold plate The plate was inscribe with the letters 'IR' that translates to 'Jesus is King' Inside the box was a six-inch nail that allegedly comes from Christ's cross Experts are set to have the nail verified for authenticity sometime next year Priceless Christian relics have been discovered in a secret chamber of a monastery that allegedly includes a nail used in the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.

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An artwork about the stories behind the Landscape

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An artwork about the stories behind the Landscape

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Artist: Yoan Capote

Isla (Negro y Blanco), 2015

Oil, nails and fishhooks on linen panel on plywood

104 x 157 x 8 cm

"The sea is an obsession for any island population…
When I was a child, I looked to the horizon and would imagine the world beyond. The sea represents the seductiveness of these dreams, but at the same time danger and isolation.
The Iron Curtain, a concept from the Cold War that I read about for the first time during history classes when I was student, was my inspiration behind this series of seascape paintings.
I wanted to use thousands of fishhooks to create a surface that would be almost tangible to the viewer upon their approach; this would become the tactile experience of standing in front of a metal fence. The fishhook itself is an ancient tool that has kept its design for centuries and which is also symbolic of seduction and entrapment.
For Cubans the seascape imposes a political and ideological limit that has been dividing families, ideas and feelings for several generations; it is a mental wall between the present and the future that affects the collective conscience like a permanent fascination"    Y.C.

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Installation of several paintings surrounding the Gallery space, making coincide all the horizons at the same high, in order the spectator could perceive each painting like a window on the wall, emphasizing the experience of being surrounded by the water. The viewer is the Island.

"The sea is an obsession for any island population...
When I was a child, I looked to the horizon and would imagine the world beyond. The sea represents the seductiveness of these dreams, but at the same time danger and isolation.
The Iron Curtain, a concept from the Cold War that I read about for the first time during history classes when I was student, was my inspiration behind this series of seascape paintings.
I wanted to use thousands of fishhooks to create a surface that would be almost tangible to the viewer upon their approach; this would become the tactile experience of standing in front of a metal fence. The fishhook itself is an ancient tool that has kept its design for centuries and which is also symbolic of seduction and entrapment.
For Cubans the seascape imposes a political and ideological limit that has been dividing families, ideas and feelings for several generations; it is a mental wall between the present and the future that affects the collective conscience like a permanent fascination" Y.C.

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Installation of several paintings surrounding the Gallery space, making coincide all the horizons at the same high, in order the spectator could perceive each painting like a window on the wall, emphasizing the experience of being surrounded by the water. The viewer is the Island. "The sea is an obsession for any island population...

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I cannot find any reasons why he uses nails to create Korean Traditional Landscape paintings, but it seems like he uses nails as one of painting mediums.

Artist: Inki Hwang

On an Autumn Day Rising Full Moon,1997

acrylic and Korean ink on Korean paper, nails

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Landscape as Resistance in Week 7: landscape

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Landscape as Resistance in Week 7: landscape

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Nail Houses in China reminds me of one artwork of one artist, but it is a shame that I cannot think of his/her name. The artist showed the artwork that represent a nail houses a place of resistance.

In Week 3: the social life of things, we learnt that space is so controlled, so you cannot express yourself in public. We can see the ironic situation here that the nail house express itself so strongly in public albeit that controlling power is working around it.

In Korea, it is hard to find these kinds of examples of nail houses. Apartment complex building of big construction companies is the majority aim of removals, so there has been a lot of forced removals with the help of corrupt Korean government.

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A dingzihu - or 'nail house' - is a home where the owner refuses to accept compensation from a property developer for its demolition. Here are some of the most striking

* Shanghai's left-behind older generation hark back to Mao

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China's nail houses: the homeowners who refuse to make way - in pictures

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A dingzihu - or 'nail house' - is a home where the owner refuses to accept compensation from a property developer for its demolition. Here are some of the most striking * Shanghai's left-behind older generation hark back to Mao

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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53089037

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From the perspective of consumption and identity in Week 5: consumption and identity, we shop for Ideological version of Self.

Nail is regarded as one of raw materials and it has masculine, strong, and tough images. This can create interesting image that can play well with the luxury fine jewelry brand image like Cartier.
We can attain multi layered images: masculine yet sensitive fine, and luxurious to make attractive ourselves by owning this jewelry.

https://www.instagram.com/p/CJ4BjnsDb3L/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link

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A Spiritual Power that can be infused in nails

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A Spiritual Power that can be infused in nails

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Power Figure (Nkisi N’kondi)

A nkisi nkondi is a specific type of power figure in which the spirit was activated by hammering a nail into the figure. At the request of a victim of theft, for instance, a nail would be driven into the wooden figure, and the nkisi-nkondi would punish the thief. A nkisi-nkondi also worked as a deterrent. Important agreements could be sealed in front of the figure, which would then punish all future violators. The mirror of the abdominal box and the whites of these figures’ eyes refer to the ability of the ritual specialist to pass between the worlds of the living and the dead through the watery intermediary divide.

https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/84444

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Artist : Chto Delat

Their name, Chto Delat means "What to be done?" in English.

In an exhibition at Korean national Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art(MMCA), they hung Korean magazines that promote anti-communism with big nails and questioned:  Should  Communism ideology be thrown away?

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Leaking Lines, 2019
by Reena Saini Kallat

charcoal, gouache, graphite, nails, electric wires on laser cut and embossed Arches paper

http://www.burgercollection.org/welcome/artists/artist/contact1480.Kallat-Reena+Saini.html

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Mass reproduction of nails: Week 4: Heritage Industry

* Sterilization and deindividuation?

* Homogenization?

* Standardization?

* Authenticity?

* Getting rid of aura?

Under the Japanese colonial rule there was an ordinary censorship to divide Korean (Chosun-in) and Japanese. For example, if someone's accent sounds awkward Japanese people used to ask" You must be Korean, right?. Sometimes people from Okinawa had to be asked the same question.
Japanese civil militia groups killed Korean people by asking questions.

Like this, deindividuation, homogenization, and standardization was used as a political method by using fears against death: Maybe we can find a link between Thanatopolitics (from Michel Foucault) or Necropolitics (from Achille Mbembe).

After the division in 1945 of Korea, there has been a purge of communists and  anti-communism education. This resulted in legitimizing tool for the Korean government to kill  innocent citizens irrelevant to Socialist ideology by simply stigmatizing them as "Commie".

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Scratching someone's car surfaces or making someone to have a flat tire with nails out of malice.

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The most general way to use nails is hanging and fastening even a human body like Jesus Christ.

Is it contribute to commodify humans?

"where they crucified him, and with him two others, on either side one, and Jesus in the midst"

Juan 19.18

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For Want of a Nail, Benjamin Franklin, 1758

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For Want of a Nail, Benjamin Franklin, 1758

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For want of a nail the shoe was lost.

For want of a shoe the horse was lost.

For want of a horse the rider was lost.

For want of a rider the battle was lost.

For want of a battle the kingdom was lost.

And all for the want of a horseshoe nail.

"For Want of a Nail" is a proverb, having numerous variations over several centuries, reminding that seemingly unimportant acts or omissions can have grave and unforeseen consequences.

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Is the object universal? : Do we all experience the same world?

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Is the object universal? : Do we all experience the same world?

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How can be varied the way to conceive nails in every culture?

I cannot think the way to use nails out of box.
Artworks that entangles with nails that represent diverse societies might be helpful to get some inspirations.

Nail has materiality but it can make us understand intangible heritages as well.

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From the Perspective of National Biography : Metal Stakes from Japanese Colonial Time in Korea

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From the Perspective of National Biography : Metal Stakes from Japanese Colonial Time in Korea

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I was thought by public education that says the Japanese government drove big metal nails: stakes into land's acupuncture point. However, Japan still denies this.

Northeast Asian countries (including Japan, Korea and China) were deeply rely on to the theory of divination based on topography. When not only normal people build their houses, but also when royal families build palaces and set up the capital, geomancy was the fundamental factor that have to be considered. Since Japan has the strong cult of nature, the assertion that the Japanese Government drove a lot of stakes into the land to cut the spirit of Korea seems having a point.

Some people argues that those stakes were driven to measure land by the Korean Government and it sounds possible. However, how can we explain that the stakes on the tombs of
an army for national independence? How dare the Korean Goverment do such behavior to measure land? It sounds contentious.

Currently, there has been metal stakes terror not only in Korea, but also on several comport women statues that has been erected around the world looks irrelevant to it.

The Japanese Government of Shinzo Abe Attempted to exclude of some past events that can harm Japan's national biography on student’s text books. Some Japanese people have criticized it like "There will be no-one to believe unstained and flawless history"

This reminds me of questions in Week 3: the social life of things.

What to be absence and presence in national Biography is related with the matter of legitimacy and mythification.

Who creates National Biography? Who holds the power?

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I have been using daily objects as medium for my artworks. I understood it was termed as "found object" and used one of general mediums in art after Marcel Duchamp's Fountain, 1917.

This task, that I should choose one of mundane and interest less objects and think about it for ten weeks, was the opposite approach of mine: I have tried to find objects that match with what I want to express.

It is hard to say what is being done first always between the idea what I want to deliver and finding objects, but I haven't thought about an object without any purposes.

Thus, this unfamiliar way of seeing outside my old habit would allow me to navigate excluded objects from my narrow domain of interests and to build a power to trace hidden meanings behind the objects.

What I have to do is seeing nails without preconception, without me. Babies doesn't know the function and meaning that was given to the each object. Thus they don't have fixed ideas and separate things as dirty and clean, so can put anything in their mouths.

This also can be linked with the viewpoint of allegoryker from Walter Benjamin. I.e., the image of history is even as ruins and an allegoryker finds new meanings of objects from there and deleting a former meanings that was given to it before.

This can be developed with an issue such as having interests in excluded things of museum archiving domain in Week 2: Objects as ambassadors or in Week 8: Museums.

"There is no archive without a place of consignation, without a technique of repetition, and without a certain exteriority. No Archive without outside"

Jacques Derrida
Archive Fever, 1995

Also, the ideas on secular spaces as a repository of creating new meanings from Boris Groys.

On the New, 2014