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Classification Of Different Environmental Philosophies (The "Zayd Anderson")

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Classification Of Different Environmental Philosophies (The "Zayd Anderson")

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The ecocentric worldview puts ecology and nature as central to humanity and emphasizes a less materialistic approach to life with greater self-sufficiency of societies. Is life centered which respects the rights of nature and dependence of humans on nature so has a holistic view of life which is earth-centered.

The anthropocentric worldview believes humans must sustainably manage the global ecosystem. This might be through use of taxes, environmental regulation and legislation. is human centered in which humans are not dependent on nature but nature is there to benefit human kind.

The technocentric worldview believes that technological developments can provide solutions to environmental problems.

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Pollutants can be:
-Anthropogenic
-Point source or non-point source
-Organic or inorganic
-direct or indirect

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- In troposphere, 6 miles above the Earth’s surface
- It's mixture of pollutants formed when NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from vehicle exhausts react to sunlight
- VOCs oxidize NO into NO2 without breaking down ozone molecules → build-up of ozone near ground level + smog formation
- Thermal inversion prevents air from rising, trapping it which leads to increasing concentration

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-Eutrophication is when excess nutrients are added to an aquatic ecosystem.

-Dead zones are created when eutrophication is severe(when there is not enough oxygen to support life).

-The impacts of eutrophication include: oxygen-deficient water, loss of biodiversity, death of higher plants, death of aerobic organisms, and increased turbidity of water.

-Process:
-Fertilizer washes into the river or lake
-high levels of phosphate allow algae to grow faster
-algal booms farm that blocks out the light to plants beneath them
-more algae mean more food for small animals that feed on them
- algae die and are decomposed by aerobic bacteria
-there is not enough oxygen in the water so everything dies as food chains collapse
-oxygen levels fall lower
-dead organic material forms sediments on the lake
-all life is gone and the sediment settles to leave a clear blue lake

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Trioi-sphere >10km

Strato-sphere 10-50km

Meso-sphere 51-80

Thermo-sphere (80-100km)
-ian

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-timeline of CFC reduction (1970s-2012)

1. 1970: Ozone depleting properties in CFCs are discovered.

2. 1985: British-Antarctic survey discover Ozone hole

3. 1987: MONTREAL PROTOCOL: 30 countries agreed to reduce CFC emissions by haff by 200

4. 1990: London amendment: strengthening Montreal protocol, they would phase out CFC use and production by 2010.

5. 1992: more measures to face out CFCs, have replacement chemicals

6. 1995: Nobel prize

7. 2006: recorded that Ozone hole was bigger than ever

8. 2012: 25th anniversary of Montreal protocol

-ian

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NO2+H2O=Nitric Acid
SO2+H2O=Sulfuric Acid
CO2+H2O=Carbonic Acid

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-Radiation travels from sun to earth (visible light, UV light, infrared heat)
-Gets caught/reflected by atmosphere (50%)
-Travels through atmosphere & absorbed by earth
-Atmosphere traps heat
-Greenhouse gas emissions cause more heat to be trapped -> global warming

Greenhouse gases
-Water vapor (H₂O)
-Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
-Methane (CH₄)

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Write something beautiful...
Lol, kk.
Acid deposition can be wet, and it can be dry. The way they happen depends on their wetness: ie:
wet: acid rain, snow
dry: acidic gas not mixed w/water

Acid deposition (AD) primary and secondary pollutants some primary pollutants are..
- sulfur dioxide
-NOx
some secondary pollutants are...
-sulfuric acid
-sulfrurous acid
-nitric acid

also, you should know the effects of acid deposition and management strategies that include replacement, regulation and restorations

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Formation of sulfuric & nitric acids (aine)

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Formation of sulfuric & nitric acids (aine)

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Sulfur exists in fossil fuels

Fossil fuels are burned for energy

Creates SO₂ (sulfur dioxide)

interacts with H₂O in atmosphere

Creates H ₂ SO ₄ (sulfuric acid) (or H₂SO₃ (sulfurous acid) depending on oxygen present)

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Nitrogen exists as most common gas in the atmosphere

Combines with oxygen through internal combustion in cars

Creates NO (nitrogen oxide) or NO₂ (nitrogen dioxide)  (NOx)

interacts with H₂O in atmosphere

Creates HNO ₃ (nitric acid)

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Transformations (changes state to or from liquid water)-Isa

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Transformations (changes state to or from liquid water)-Isa

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-Evapotranspiration: liquid to water vapor
-Condensation: water vapor to liquid
-Freezing: into solid snow and ice

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Reduce
- make sure you know how to maintain your possessions so that they last longer
- change shopping habits:
- buy things that will last
- look for items with less packaging
- buy products that are made from recycled materials
- choose products that are energy efficient
- avoid things that are imported
- be aware of how many resources you are using
Reuse
- returnable bottles
- compost food waste
- use old clothes as cleaning rags
- read e-books
Recycle
- in Germany, each household has four bins for recycling
- in the UK, there's a discussion about charging households more if they produce more than the standard amount of waste
- in India and China, very little waste is food waste as this is either not thrown away or is fed to animals
- in MEDCs, up to 50% of waste is food waste

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There are four ways to measure water pollution:

-Biochemical oxygen demand - a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen required to break down the organic material in a given volume of water

-Indicator species - plants and animals that show something about the environment by their presence, absence, abundance, or scarcity

-biotic index - indirectly measures pollution by assessing the impacts on species within the community

-The presence of certain indicator species that can tolerate various levels of oxygen - used to calculate a biotic index

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EF = the area of land and water required to support a human population of a given standard of living/ area required to provide all resources and assimilation of all wastes.

High EF = low population & high consumption
Low EF = high RRR and high sustainable energy

Example:
Highest EF = Qatar
1. High consumption
2. High emissions
3. High H20 usage
4. Low producing
5. RRR

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1970s - Ozone-depleting properties of CFCs are recognized.
1974 - US and Sweden banned CFCs from non-essential aerosol uses.
1985 - British Antarctic Survey reports the ozone hole.
1987 - Montreal Protocol organized by the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). Over 30 countries agree to cut CFC emissions in half by 2000.
1990 - London Amendment to strengthen Montreal Protocol. Industrialized countries would eliminate CFC production by 2000 and developing countries by 2010.
1992 - Further measures to accelerate phasing out of ODS and replacement by substitute chemicals.
1995 - Nobel Prize for Chemistry awarded to Molina, Sherwood Rowland and Crutzen for their work on solving the ozone depletion issue.
2006 - NASA and NOAA record the Antarctic ozone hole as the largest ever measured.
2012 - 25th anniversary of signing of the protocol.

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Eutrophication Management Strategies (The "Zayd Anderson")

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Eutrophication Management Strategies (The "Zayd Anderson")

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Altering the human activity producing pollution:
1.) Ban or limit detergents with phosphate
2.) Use ecodetergents with no phosphates or new technology in washing machines
3.) Plant buffer zones between the fields and watercourses to absorb the excess nutrients
4.) Stop leaching of slurry
5.) Educate farmers about more effective timing for fertilizer application

Regulating and reducing the pollutants at the point of emission
1.) Treat wastewater before release to remove phosphate and nitrates
2.)Divert or treat sewage waste effectively
3.)Minimize fertilizer dosage on agricultural lands or use organic matter instead

Clean up and restoration
1.) Pumping air through the lakes
2.) Dredging sediments with high nutrient levels from the river and lake beds
3.) Remove excess weeds physically or by herbicides and algicides

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Solid Domestic Waste:
- this is becoming a problem because it is increasing rapidly without many ways to manage it and the population keeps growing and consuming
- the production methods and the management/mitigation techniques used can have massive effects on sustainability

Categories of SDW- trash made from the household:
-metal
-glass
-cardboard
-ewaste

Categories of GARBAGE:
-organic waste
-toxic waste
-recyclable
-soiled

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-Withdrawals-for domestic use, irrigation in agriculture and industry
-Discharges-adding pollutants to water (chemicals from agriculture, fertilizers, sewage)
-Changing speed water can flow & where it flows
-Diverting rivers or sections of rivers

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the water cycle!!
a circulatory system of flows and storage that can be easily interrupted by human activity and basically can become destroyed

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-Best example of international cooperation on an environmental issue
-Example of precautionary principle in science based decision making
-Many experts from different fields coming together to research and find solutions
-First with regulations that were carefully monitored
-First to recognize different countries phase out ODS chemicals at different times depending on economic status

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Damaging Effects of UV Radiation (Eddie)

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Damaging Effects of UV Radiation (Eddie)

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- genetic mutation and subsequent effects on health
- damage to living tissues
- cataract formation in eyes
- skin cancers
- suppression of the immune system
- damage to photosynthetic organisms, especially phytoplankton
- damage to consumers of photosynthetic organisms, especially zooplankton

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Crude Death Rate (CDR) = The number of deaths per thousand people in pop.

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Deaths/1000/year - (# of deaths ➗ total pop.) × 1000

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = The number of live births per 1000 people in a population
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Births/1000/year - (# of births ➗ total pop.) × 1000

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) = The average number of births per woman of child-bearing age

Natural Increase Rate (NIR) = the CDR from the CBR.
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(CBR - CDR)/10

Doubling Time (DT) = This is the time it takes for a population to double in size
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70/NIR

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UV radiation releases the Cl in CFCs. Cl reacts with O3, destroying it, or with O, preventing O3 formation. Cl is not used up and can do this multiple times over. CFCs cause a positively fed-back chain reaction.

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Snow reflects light back preventing heating - if snow melts it can cause less light reflection causing more heat and melting of snow.

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1. CFCs (or freons)
2. HCFCs
3. Halons
4. Methyl Bromide
5. Nitrogen Oxides

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1. Anthropocentric
- Nature's purpose is to benefit humanity
- Sustainably manage
- EF
- Legislation, taxes, regulations
2. Technocentric
- Tech, innovation will solve all problems
- High EF (typically)
--> Cornucopians - infinite resources
--> Environmental managers - stewards - low EF
3. Ecocentric
- Nature is central to humanity
- Low EF
- Foolish to think we can appropriately "manage" nature
--> Low EF, Deep Ecologists - Value nature more than humanity
--> Low EF, Biocentric - All life has value

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1. Agricultural Run-Off, industrial discharge, and solid domestic waste
2. Rivers, pipelines, atmosphere and human activities at sea, both operational and accidental discharges