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Hamish, Scott. The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History

https://www.britannica.com/art/Renaissance-art

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/renaissance-art.htm

https://www.gaceta.unam.mx/el-hombre-de-vitruvio-el-dibujo-mas-conocido-en-el-mundo/

http://spanish.fansshare.com/gallery/photos/17734040/famous-paintings-of-the-renaissance-wallpaper-renaissance/?displaying

https://www.worldhistory.org/Renaissance_Architecture/

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Over the course of the 15th and 16th centuries, the spirit of the Renaissance spread throughout Italy and into France, northern Europe and Spain. In Venice, artists further developed a method of painting in oil directly on canvas; this technique of oil painting allowed the artist to rework an image–as fresco painting (on plaster) did not–and it would dominate Western art to the present day.

By the later 1500s, the Mannerist style, with its emphasis on artificiality, had developed in opposition to the idealized naturalism of High Renaissance art, and Mannerism spread from Florence and Rome to become the dominant style in Europe. Renaissance art continued to be celebrated, however: The 16th-century Florentine artist and art historian Giorgio Vasari, author of the famous work “Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects” (1550), would write of the High Renaissance as the culmination of all Italian art, a process that began with Giotto in the late 13th century.

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Pages from Serlio's Seven Books on Architecture

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Basilica Palladiana, Vicenza by Palladio

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Renaissance sculpture and architecture were inspired by ancient Greek and Roman cultures, especially for the level of detail and realism. They sought to break with the Gothic style and were based on the perfection of the representations, through mathematical and geometric calculations to obtain real proportions.

In sculpture, the perfectionist and proportional details of the human body were highlighted as artists increasingly acquired knowledge of anatomy, physics and mathematics, in addition to observation. The works used to be captured in marble and bronze. The most renowned sculptors and architects, among other specialties, were Michelangelo and Donatello.

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Renaissance painting was characterized by the perfect representation of details, in terms of balance, harmony and perspective, based on the artist's observation. The concept of perspective and vanishing point emerged for the conception of spaces.

The new oil-on-canvas technique, which prevailed over the classic quick-drying tempera or tempera paint, made it possible to perfect the effect of light and shadow, allowing greater realism to be achieved in portraits and nude bodies.

Artists such as Masaccio, Paolo Uccello, Fra Angélico, Piero Della Francesca and Sandro Botticelli stood out, using various techniques. From the 16th century on, the works of Leonardo Da Vinci, Rafael Sanzio and Miguel Ángel Buonarroti stood out.

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Renaissance art was characterized by:
* Recover aspects of classical Greco-Roman culture, such as harmony and proportion as the ideal of beauty, in addition to mythological themes.
* Based on the concept of the human being as the center of all things, instead of considering God as the center of the universe (although Renaissance art took the angels, the apostles and God as the main figures).
* Weaken the Church, which lost social power in the face of the new conception of reason as the center of everything. The idea of ​​reason prevailed over faith.
* Consider human suffering as a consequence of ignorance. He held that knowledge led to the happiness of man.
* Search for perfection, symmetry and proportion in the lines, both in painting and sculpture, to represent the human body.
* Consider the plastic arts as a way of expressing knowledge of geometry, mathematics, anatomy, botany and philosophy.
* Address topics such as mythology, history, the human body, and nature.
* Employ the technique of oil painting in painting on canvas.
* Create the essay, a new genre in literature.
* Incorporate patronage, during this period the important and powerful figures of the time (kings, princes and nobles) carried out commissions for the decoration of churches or other important buildings.

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"The creation of Adam",painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. By Michelangelo Buonarroti

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Renaissance art went through two main stages:

The Quattrocento (15th century). In this period the constructions of Roman and Greek monuments were investigated and perspective and oil painting were introduced.
The Cinquecento (16th century). The maturity of the Renaissance period was achieved. The great artists who marked the era emerged, such as Miguel Ángel, Da Vinci, Miguel de Cervantes, Rafael, among others.

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The movement emerged in a context of economic prosperity and the development of new technologies such as the printing press, which had a direct impact on the dissemination of knowledge, the arts and philosophy. Artists such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Miguel Ángel and Rafael stood out.

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"The Birth of Venus" by Italian artist Sandro Boticelli

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The 16th century (also known as the Cinquecento) can be recognized, from an artistic standpoint, as the birth mark of the renaissance art movement.
It developed in Italy during the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age. The colonization of America and the end of medieval times changed the understanding of reality.
Man began to believe in his own individuality, in his own mind, and in the limitless possibilities of knowledge.