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During the late 12th century, India was divided into many small and large states. Because of lack of unity Muhammad Ghori was successful in invading India & conquered Punjab, Sindh & few other states.

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Delhi Sultanate in the thirteenth century 

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This Dynasty is called Slave Dynasty or Mamluk Dynasty because most of the rulers of this Dynasty were slaves or children of slaves.

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1. Founder of Slave Dynasty
2. Established a strong kingdom based on military power.
3. Defeated Yaldoz ( ruler of Ghazni ) & freed Punjab from him.
4. He was a patron of art, literature & Architecture
5. He built Qutub Minar, Quwwat- ul- islam ( mosque, Delhi ) & Dhai din ka Jhopra in Ajmer.
6. He had Literary gems like Hasan Azmi & Mubarak Shah in his court.
7. He died in 1210 CE.

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Qutubuddin Aibek was succeeded by his son, Aram Shah but he was not accepted by his nobles. So his son-in-law & the subedar of Badaun, Iltutmish was invited to rule. He defeated Aram Shah & became the sultan.

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1. He was the son-in-law of Qutubuddin Aibek.
2. He made Delhi his capital.
3. He organised a group of 40 Turkish nobles called Chaliha.
4. He introduced Silver Coins,  Tanka & Copper Coins, Jital.
5. He divided his empire into many Iqtas for administrative efficiency.
6. He was a staunch Sunni Muslim.
7. He treated Shias & Hindus very badly.
He did not had faith in the capability of his sons to rule so he nominated his daughter Razia, to become the sultan.

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After the death of Iltutmish, the nobles declared his eldest son, Rukunuddin Feroz, the sultan.
But he was murdered only seven months later & Razia became the sultan.

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After the death of Rukunuddin Feroz, Razia became the Sultan.
She crushed her opponents.
She gave higher positions to non turk-nobles
She was an able military general and was considered an exceptionally capable ruler.
She used to dress up like a man while going on military expeditions.
Razia could  rule for a short period of three and half years only because she was killed in a battle in 1240 CE.

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After the death of Razia, Bahram Shah was made the Sultan by the nobles he was killed in 1242 CE

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He was the youngest son of Iltutmish.
He ruled for 20 yrs
After his death in 1266 CE, Ghiyasuddin Balban became the sultan as Nasiruddin Mahmood did not have any son.

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He was a strong & capable ruler.
He suppressed all operations and created atmosphere of obedience and Patriotism towards the Sultanate
Balban ended to power of the group of 40 turkish  Nobels to consolidate his position.
He was a Sultan who believes in complete justice He enhanced The Prestige and the power of the Sultan by safeguarded his  frontiersby constructing many force and posting is best guards there.
He died in 1286 CE.

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Jalal - ud - din Khalji ( 1290 CE - 1296 CE )

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Jalal - ud - din Khalji ( 1290 CE - 1296 CE )

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He captured The Throne at the age of 70 by murdering the last Successors of balban
He was the founder of Khilji dynasty
He was assisted by his nephew Ala-ud-din Khilji in his military expeditions
He was treacherously murdered by his nephew Ala-ud-din Khilji when he was coming back after defeating the ruler of Devgiri.

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He captured The Throne in 1296 CE.
He was a brave general and the skilled administrator. He wanted to conquer the whole world.
He had well trained and well equipped Army.
The life of Hindus was miserable because they had to pay more taxes than the Muslims.
Market controllers appointed for strict supervision over the traders.
He also reformed the revenue system.
Land revenue was fixed according to size of the land holding.
He was the first Muslim ruler who did not tolerate the interference of religious leaders like Ulemas & Mullas  in administration.

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He was the last ruler of Khilji dynasty.
He was defeated and murdered by Ghazi Malik who took the name of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and became the Sultan in 1320 CE

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He was the founder of Tughlaq dynasty.
He rose from an ordinary position to high position of governor of the Frontier province.
He was a great Warrior and able administrator.
He consolidated the scattered Sultanate and restored peace and order as the whole country was in the grip of unrest a lawlessness.
To improve the condition of the peasants, he even withdrew some of the taxes imposed on them.
He died in an accident when an Pandal set up for his welcome fell on him. It is said that it was a conspiracy hatched by his son Juna Khan for early occupation of The Throne.

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After the death of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Juna Khan took the name of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq. He became the Sultan in 1325 CE. He  was a very learned person. He opposed the interference of Ulemas in the matters of the state.

He took many steps to consolidate his
Sultanate, transferred his capital from Delhi to Devgiri to avoid the Fury of attacks of Mongols and To exercise better control on the Deccan. But in the absence of transport facilities it caused many hardships. Many people died on the way to Devgiri which was 950 kilometres away.

His absence from the north encouraged the frequent attacks from mongols. After 5 years ordered a  Retreat which even cause great hardship to the people. Delhi once again became the capital of the Sultanate.

Mohammed Tughlaq wanted to increase as military power to conquer more and more territories and to cover the loss of all previous projects.

So, he imposed land tax in the doab area at 50% of the produce. the peasants who recently suffered due to widespread famine, were stunned by the order. Many farmers give up cultivation and their land lay barren.

This project also ended in utter failure. When farmers gave up cultivation, Muhammad Tughlaq realised his mistake he not only withdrew his orders but also extended help to the farmers to resume cultivation.

The failure of this project emptied the Treasury.
Then thought of issuing token currency of copper coins instead of silver coin but due to increased circulation of counterfeit coin he had to withdrew his Orders and asked the people to exchange coins with silver coins.

This cause heavy loss to the Royal treasury. Muhammad Tughlaq was a mixture of opposites. He was the great scholar but lacked the common sense. He was very harsh as well as liberal. During his last days he have to face many rebellions in different parts of the Sultanate.

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Feroz Tughlaq was the cousin of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.

He imposed Jazia on Hindus
He gave  high positions to Ulemas.
He was he was a staunch Sunni by faith.
Be considered himself as a servant of God.

He laid 1200 Fruit Gardens around Delhi.
He founded new cities like Hissar, Jaunpur, Ferozpur, Ferozabad etc.

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He was the last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty.
During his reign, Timur Lang invaded India and took away a large amount of wealth. He was he also took with him many Indian artisans for decorating his capital at Samarkand.

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In 1414 CE Syyed Khijra Khan attacked Delhi and defeated Daulat Khan and founded the Sayyed dynasty. Four rulers of this dynasty ruled up to 1451CE when Bahlol Lodi attacked.

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He was an able ruler and the competent general. He did not rule like a Sultan but like a feudal Lord. To please his nobles he declared that he was one among them. He never Sat On The Throne. He suppressed The Revolt in Doab &  annexed Jaunpur and a number of other states. He was a religious person. His rule extended from Punjab to some parts of Bihar.

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Sikandar Lodi succeeded his father in 1489 CE. He was generous towards Muslims and Ulemas. He helped the poor Muslims and gave money to poor widows for the marriage of their daughters. Sikandar Lodi religious policies towards Hindus was very harsh and intolerant. He destroyed temples and constructed mosques in their place. He reimposed Jazia on Hindus. He founded the new city of Agra in 1506 CE and made it his capital and shifted the centre of power from Delhi to Agra.

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He became the Sultan after his father Sikandar Lodi. He was an intelligent, able and brave ruler but  have to face many rebellions. He failed to subdue Rana Sanga of Mewar. He replaced the old and senior military officers with young and brave officers to strengthen its military power. This displeased many of the old nobles. Daulat Khan, the governor of Punjab rebelled and invited Babur, the ruler of Kabul to attack. Babur invaded India and met Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipat in 1526 CE. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi who was killed in this battle. This marked the end of Delhi Sultanate and the beginning of Mughal rule in India.