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Volunteering in correlated with self-less activity. They demonstrated that when compared to those who did not volunteer, older adults who volunteered regularly showed greater satisfaction in life and exhibited reduced rates of depression and anxiety.

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Study done on football players where person in need of help would be wearing either an in-group or out-group football jersey, it was found that football players wearing the in-group jerseys would help more often

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relationships are based on subjective cost-benefit analysis

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we rationally measure costs and benefits before deciding whether or not to help others

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Evaluated the idea of becoming salient( more aware of our ingroup) He showed stories of people who had survived tornado disasters to people who were either primed to think of their independence (individualistic) or their relationships with others in their race (collectivism). When primed individualistically, they donated equally to both in group and outgroups. However, the people in the collective group donated more to their race.

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A biological group's shared desire to keep their genes present in the gene pool by having as many as possible viable offspring.

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Cultural Norms - agreed upon/expected guidelines for the members of a culture

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Cultural Norms - agreed upon/expected guidelines for the members of a culture

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egoistic motives lead us to help others in need rather than empathy with another person.

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Organisms/beings attempt to maximize the amount of the best genes being passed down and that in pack animals, the genetic goal is survival over individuals.

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Social Identity Theory (Levine, 2005) In-group bias means people are more likely to help people in their in-group than out-group

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Social Identity Theory (Levine, 2005) In-group bias means people are more likely to help people in their in-group than out-group

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Studied altruistic behavior in chimpanzees and 18 month old babies. Warneken sought to study whether or not prosocial behavior is in human nature. Both animal and human helped at same rate but within different times.

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Kids 3-11 in six different countries were tested for helping behavior and see the differences and possible factor being learned culture.
U.S. scored lower in comparison to asian, south american, and african countries. -dax

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If people see non reactions from others in what seems to be an emergency, they will have a nonreaction

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This study used both chimps and babies to see if alturisum/ pro social behavior is something that we are born with. The study found that over 50% of both chimps and babies helped the researcher.

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NYC Subway study. Found that it took longer for people to assist a drunk man than an ill man, appearing to confirm that people took longer to consider costs and benefits.

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Children from several different countries participated in a naturalistic observation over several days. They found that children who were assigned more responsibilities growing up typically engaged in more prosocial behavior, suggesting that a collaborative environment can foster altruistic behavior.

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Suggests that evolution has impacted altruism and explains prosocial behaviors.

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Darwin studied Finches on different islands in the Galapagos. This study led to the Theory of Natural Selection, which argues that one adapts to their environment in order to breed and pass on traits/genes. The Kin Selection Theory is based on the Theory of Natural Selection, because it states that the degree of altruism that one demonstrates depends on the number of shared genes.

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"someone else will do it"

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People who are like or similar are more attracted to each other.

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Spontaneous helping is seen in other primates, so the researchers conducted this experiment to see if human infants would behave in the same way. Their results showed that both chimps and infants helped over 50% of the time. Since both had not been exposed to society and learned through others behaviors, it is evidence of the evolutionary root in helping behavior.

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aimed to show that leading questions could alter eyewitness testimony. They created a questionaire asking people to guess the speed of the vehicle

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There were two conditions: low empathy and high empathy. There was also easy and hard escape conditions. They found that the low empathy condition helped less when there was an easy escape, and the high empathy condition helped with both escape conditions.

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Supported negative state relief model, which means that individuals just want to reduce discomfort caused by negative situations. Also suggests that egoistic motives cause altruistic behavior, not empathy.

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individuals experience two types of emotions when they see someone suffering
1) personal distress --> egoistic helping
2) empathetic concern --> altruistic helping

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aimed to show that leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony. The participants were asked to estimate the speed of a motor vehicle.

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The degree of altruism that one demonstrates depends on the number of genes shared by the organisms.

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Carried out a study to see if rats would actively help another rat in distress. Batson also argues that empathy is an innate trait in all of us, but it is not clear why we do not experience a predictable level of empathy in a given situation.

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not helping someone in need of help

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You are more likely to help people altruistically who are biologically like you out of a biological need to carry on your gene pool.

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Is altruism hardwired? Researchers looked at the difference between altruistic behavior in 18 chimps and 22 18-month old human infants. The study found that both groups helped over 50% of the time, suggesting that there is an evolutionary root to altruism.