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How playing sports benefits your body ... and your brain 

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How playing sports benefits your body ... and your brain 

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TedEd Lesson

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The benefits of playing sports are wide and varied. This article and podcast from NPR: Benefits Of Sports To A Child's Mind And Heart All Part Of The Game is sure to make you want to stay active. This article is also a great resource. Strong heart, strong lungs and better emotional well being are all side-effects of playing sport.

There are however, some negatives to playing too many sports. Youth sport: positive and negative impact on young athletes will give you some insight into why you shouldn't really overdo things. Everything in moderation, including sports.

Does exercise really help bone density? Is there really a link between the two? Check out Exercise in Youth Makes Bones Strong in Old Age and see.

Participating in a sport isn't just about the physical component; there is also an emotional component to playing sports. Feeling a bit "down?" Read: Group exercise boosts happiness," for some inspiration to move! As you may already know, you don't win every game, you can't score with every shot and sometimes, it takes practice. Sports are also an awesome way to build resilience and grit! Need some proof? Read: Resilience in Youth Sport: A Qualitative Investigation of Gymnastics Coach and Athlete Perceptions and What's the Value of Youth Sports?

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How playing sports benefits your body ... and your brain - Leah Lagos and Jaspal Ricky Singh

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The victory of the underdog. The last minute penalty shot that wins the tournament. The training montage. Many people love to glorify victory on the field, cheer for teams, and play sports. But should we be obsessed with sports? Are sports as good for us as we make them out to be, or are they just a fun and entertaining pastime?

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Defining and non-defining relative clauses

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Defining and non-defining relative clauses

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Answer these exercises!

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Defining vs non-defining - Grammar chart

Defining relative clauses

Defining relative clauses carry essential information because they identify which thing or person we are talking about, and they are used without commas.

We can use that

In defining relative clauses we can use that instead of which or who.

When can we omit who/which/that?

Who/which/that, can be omitted if they are followed by subject + verb

Non-defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses are used between commas, and they add extra information which is not necessary to know who or what we are talking about.

We cannot use that, and we cannot omit who/which

In non-defining relative clauses (between commas) we cannot use that, and we cannot omit who/which.

Defining vs non-defining relative clauses

In a defining relative clause the information is essential to identify who or what we are talking about, whereas in non-defining relative clauses, we just add extra information, which is not necessary. Compare:

My brother, who lives in Cardiff , is much older than me. (=I have only one brother, so we don't need the relative clause to know who I am talking about)

Relative pronouns and adverbs

Here you can see a grammar chart with the relative pronouns and adverbs that we normally use in relative clauses.

Common mistakes

Two subjects

When who, which or that is the subject of a relative clause, we don't use another pronoun or noun after it, because we can only have one subject ( who, which or that).

That is the painting that was stolen from the gallery. (NOT: That is the painting that it was stolen from the gallery.)

That between commas

We cannot use the relative pronoun that in a non-defining relative clause (between commas)

The victim, who suffered a concussion, said he didn't remember the accident. (NOT, The victim, that suffered a concussion, said he didn't remember the accident.)

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Defining and non-defining relative clauses - Test-English

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Relative clauses – defining, non-defining. Relative pronouns and adverbs. Who, whose, which, that, where. English intermediate grammar exercises.

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Defining vs Non-Defining Relative Clauses

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Defining vs Non-Defining Relative Clauses

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Check this image!

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Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses 

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Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses 

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Watch this video!

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Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses - English Grammar Lesson

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Ratatouille

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Exercises

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Ellipsis and substitution – Omitting or replacing words - Test-English

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Ellipsis and substitution. Advanced English grammar exercises. Omission of pronouns, use of auxiliary verbs, reduced infinitive, etc.

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Ellipsis: How to Omit Words and Speak English Naturally

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Ellipsis: How to Omit Words and Speak English Naturally

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Video

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Ellipsis: How to Omit Words and Speak English Naturally

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Will vs Be Going To vs Present Continuous: Talk About the Future in English

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Will vs Be Going To vs Present Continuous: Talk About the Future in English

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Video

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Will vs Be Going To vs Present Continuous: Talk About the Future in English (Jack Explains)

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Future forms – will, be going to, present continuous

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Future forms – will, be going to, present continuous

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Exercises

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Future forms – will, be going to, present continuous - Test-English

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Future forms – will, be going to, present continuous, etc. English intermediate grammar exercises. Predictions, offers, promises, plans, arrangements, etc.

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Infographic

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Future Tenses in English: WATCH THIS to Finally Learn How to Use Them (LOTS OF EXAMPLES) 😀

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Fernanda Lòpez

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Gerunds and Infinitives with or without “to”

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Gerunds and Infinitives with or without “to”

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Video

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Gerunds and Infinitives (Verbs): Fun & humorous ESL video to peak your students’ engagement!

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Exercises

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

Gerund or infinitive - verb patterns

Exercise 1

Choose the correct gerund or infinitive form for each gap below.

When to use gerund or infinitive

In the table below, you can see when to use gerund or infinitive.

Verbs that take gerund or infinitive with a change of meaning

Forget

Forget to do something: Used to talk about things that we need to do, and we forget to do them.

Forget doing something: It's normally used in negative sentences. Used to talk about memories, normally about things that we did in the past and that we will not forget.

Remember

Remember to do something: You remember first and then you do something. Used to talk about things we need to do.

Remember doing something: Used to talk about memories. We remember things from the past.

Try

Try to do something: When we try to do something, we make an effort to achieve something that maybe we will or will not accomplish.

Try doing something: Used when we want to achieve something and try something as an experiment to see if it help us achieve what we want. We try a method (one of the many we could try) in order to achieve something.

Stop

Stop to do something: Used when we stop doing an activity so as to start doing a different one.

Stop doing something: It means to finish doing something that we are doing.

Need

Need to do something: It's necessary to do something

Something needs doing: It has a passive meaning. It means that something needs to be done.

Your car needs cleaning. (=Your car needs to be cleaned.)

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Gerund or infinitive - verb patterns - Test-English

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Gerund or infinitive. Verb patterns. Upper-intermediate English grammar. The use of gerunds or infinitives after certain nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.

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Image

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Infographic

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Gerunds and Infinitives in English |  grammar lesson

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Exercises

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Oxford University Press, English Language Teaching - elt.enquiry@oup.com

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7B verbs of the senses | English File Student's Site | Oxford University Press

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Students >English File Student's Site >Advanced third edition >Grammar >File 7 >7B verbs of the senses

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Video

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Sensation versus Perception | Psychology

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Modal verbs – permission, obligation, prohibition, necessity

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Modal verbs – permission, obligation, prohibition, necessity

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Exercises

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Infographic

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Modal verbs: permission, necessity, obligation

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Modal verbs: permission, necessity, obligation

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Presentation

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Modal verbs: permission, necessity, obligation

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Permission, Prohibition, Obligation, No obligation ( Modal Verbs) 

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Permission, Prohibition, Obligation, No obligation ( Modal Verbs) 

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Video

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Permission, Prohibition, Obligation, No obligation ( Modal Verbs) en INGLÉS

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JOSE

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How to use GERUNDS and INFINITIVES | Confusing English Grammar

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How to use GERUNDS and INFINITIVES | Confusing English Grammar

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Video

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How to use GERUNDS and INFINITIVES | Confusing English Grammar

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Exercises

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Complete the sentences. 1. (to ski) ______ can be dangerous. 2. After (to shop) ______ ,we went to the cinema. 3. (to smoke) ______ is unhealthy. 4. (to swim) ______ is my favourite activity. 5. Do you like (to surf) ______ on the net? 6. Does she enjoy (to wear)______ jewels?

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Verb + object + infinitive/gerund – verb patterns

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Verb + object + infinitive/gerund – verb patterns

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Exercises

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Verb + object + to + infinitive

After certain verbs

We can use the following verbs + object + to + infinitive: advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, convince, enable, encourage, expect, force, get (see get uses), help, intend, invite, mean, order, persuade, recommend, remind, take (time), teach, tell, warn. (See table with examples below)

Want, need, would like, would hate, would prefer

We can also use want, need, would like, would hate, would prefer + object + to + infinitive.

Verbs also used in other ways

Advise, persuade, remind, teach, tell, warn

We can also use advise, persuade, remind, teach, tell, warn + object + (that) clause.

We can also use recommend + that clause (without object).

Advise, allow, recommend

We can use advise, allow, recommend + object + to + infinitive. But if they are followed by the verb (without the object), this verb must take the -ing form.

Verb + for someone + to + infinitive

Arrange, ask, plan, wait

We say arrange, ask, plan or wait + for someone + to + infinitive.

Adjectives

We can use certain adjectives + for someone + to + infinitive.

It would be nice for you to be there on the day of the rehearsal.

We can use certain nouns such as advantage, disadvantage, demand, disaster, idea, mistake, etc. + for someone + to + infinitive.

We can also use too or enough + for someone + to infinitive.

Infinitive of purpose

We can also use the same structure after an infinitive of purpose.

Verb + object + infinitive without to

Let, make, help

We can use the verbs let, make, and help followed by object + infinitive without to.

Be made to do

We say make + someone + infinitive (without to), but we say someone + be made + to + infinitive.

Hear, listen, notice, see

We can use hear, listen, notice, see + object + infinitive without to to talk about a short or complete action (see B1+ verb patterns):

But we use hear, listen, notice, see, watch + object + -ing to talk about an action in progress; an action that is longer and incomplete.

Verb + object + gerund

In this kind of construction, the object of the main verb is the subject of the verb in the gerund form. The following verbs can be used before object + gerund: dislike, hate, imagine, involve, keep, mind, prevent, not like, remember, resent, risk, stop (See table with examples below)

Tables with example sentences

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Verb + object + infinitive/gerund - verb patterns - Test-English

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Verb + object + infinitive / gerund. English advanced grammar practice. Multiple-choice and gap-filling exercises to review verb patterns.

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What is a GERUND? 😣 Confusing English Grammar

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What is a GERUND? 😣 Confusing English Grammar

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What is a GERUND? 😣 Confusing English Grammar

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Infographic

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Mixed conditionals

Mixed conditionals are a combination of two types of conditional patterns, usually second and third conditionals. We can have a third conditional in the if clause and a second conditional in the main clause or a second conditional in the if clause and a third conditional in the main clause.

Grammar chart

Second and third conditionals

In a second conditional we use past in the if clause and would/might/could + infinitive in the main clause. It is used to talk about hypothetical situations happening in the present or future.

In a third conditional we use past perfect in the if clause and would/might/could + have + past participle in the main clause. It is used to talk about hypothetical situations happening in the past.

A mixed conditional is a combination of second and third conditionals.

Mixed third/second conditional

We use this combination to talk about a hypothetical condition happening in the past (third conditional) with a present result (second conditional). We use past perfect in the if clause and would/could/might + infinitive in the main clause.

Mixed second/third conditional

We use this combination to talk about a hypothetical condition happening in the present (second conditional) with a past result (third conditional). We use past in the if clause and would/could/might + have + past participle in the main clause.

Note that in this type of combination, the present condition also existed in the past, when the result in the main clause took place. Let's take a look, for example, at the first sentence:

If I were a man now would mean that I would also have been a man in the past, when I was not given the job. As I'm not a man now (which implies that I wasn't a man when I applied for the job either), I didn't get the job.

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Mixed conditionals - If I were you, I wouldn't have done it - Test-English

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Mixed conditionals are a combination of two types of conditional patterns, usually second and third conditionals. We can have a second conditional in the 'if' clause and a third conditional in the main clause or vice versa. Here's a complete grammar explanation and three online exercises. B1-B2 English grammar online.

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Second and third conditionals – unreal conditionals

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Second and third conditionals – unreal conditionals

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Exercises

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

Second and third conditionals - unreal conditionals

Exercise 1

Choose the correct forms of the second and third conditionals to complete the sentences.

Second conditional - Grammar chart

We use the second conditional to talk about hypothetical or imaginary situations in the present or the future. We can use past simple or past continuous in the if clause and we can use would, could or might + simple infinitive (do) or continuous infinitive (be doing) in the main clause.

When we use the verb be in the if clause, we can use either was (more formal) or were (spoken English) after I, he, she or it.But when we are giving advice, we always use if I were you (NOT was).

If wouldn't be living in this house. he was/were rich, he

If I were you, I'd call him as soon as possible. (NOT was)

As with all conditional types, we use a comma after the if clause when it goes at the beginning of the sentence, but we don't use a comma when the if clause goes at the end.

I could concentrate if you weren't making so much noise.

Third conditional - grammar chart

We use the third conditional to talk about hypothetical or imaginary situations in the past. We can use the past perfect simple or past perfect continuous in the if clause and we can use would, could or might + the perfect infinitive in the main clause.

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Second and third conditionals - unreal conditionals - Test-English

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Review the use of the second conditional and the third conditional in English. Gap-filling and multiple-choice exercises.

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Infographic

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Exercises

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

First and second conditionals

Exercise 1

Choose the correct form of the verbs to make first or second conditional sentences..

First and second conditionals - Grammar chart

First conditional vs second conditional

We use the first conditional and the second conditional to talk about present or future situations.

We use the first conditional to talk about possible situations, things that may easily happen. We use the second conditional to talk about unrealistic situations.

If I see Sara, I'll tell her to call you. (=possible)

If I won the lottery, I'd buy a new house. (=unrealistic)

Sometimes we use either the first or second conditional, and we use one or the other depending on how probable we think the situations are to happen.

If I find her, I'll tell her that I love her. (=I think it's possible that I find her)

If I found her, I'd tell her that I love her. (=I think it's improbable that I find her)

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First and second conditionals - Test-English

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First and second conditionals. If I do ... If I did ... Real vs unreal situations in the present or the future. English intermediate grammar exercises.