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innate- a behavior that you are born knowing . These tools are built in for example reproduction is one of those behaviors along with a heart beat

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Exploring common innate/learned behaviors and how animal species use those behaviors to interact with each other or assert hierarchy.  - slides 20-22

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Birds communicate by song. These songs allow them to identify different or similar species, find mates, and learn new things about their environment. Insects also communicate through songs. The insects songs are genetically controlled and allow for them to find their mates.

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Innate(Learning): Imprinting. It is the learning to form social attachments at a specific critical period. An example of such is a newly-born duck following its mother.

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Habituation is the loss of a response to a stimulus, also known as the "cry-wolf effect." When a stimuli occurs repeatedly, it is likely unimportant and habituation allows animals to disregard them.

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An example of a pheromone is when a female lion lures a male lion by posture and movement

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Pheromones are chemical signals that stimulate responses from other individuals. Examples include alarm pheromones or sex pheromones. 

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Pheromones are chemical signals that stimulate responses from other individuals. Examples include alarm pheromones or sex pheromones. 

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Examples of the fixed action patterns (FAP) include the "eyebrow flash" in humans and geese rolling their eggs.

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Do animals reason? Yes they in fact do. Chimpanzee's make tools out of sticks and branches in order to reach food, sea otters use rocks to break open scallops... etc. Certain animals also show problem solving skills like being able to solve simple puzzles for food or treats.

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Learning Experience- These behavioral modifications are learned by environmental factors to help survive. Modifications may change over time depending on the environment. (ex. a recently hatched goose will imprint on something other then its mother.)

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Honey bees communicate through dancing. This allows honey bees to locate a food source. This dancing is a form of language.

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Innate behavior: Taxis, automatic movement either towards or away from a stimulus. (positive taxis/negative taxis)

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Slide 15: Classical Conditioning
(Ivan Pavlov's dogs) Connects reflexes to an associated stimulus. In this case, each time the dog hears the bell ring they know it's time to eat, and begin to salivate.

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How are animals social? Animals can be social by interactions between individuals. This can be used to as communication/ language. This can even demonstrate dominance between animals.

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Innate behavior follows fixed action patterns which are unchangeable behavioral sequences that must be completed once started, a sign stimulus is what triggers the pattern.

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Kinesis means a change of rate in movement because of something

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operant conditioning is bf skinners theory, involves trial and error learning,behavior is rewarded or punished like in the skinner box the rat learns pressing the lever gives him a food pellet

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slide 16: loss of response to stimulus (animals not reacting or having a response on something that repeats) Ex. leaves falling no fear or emotion caused to baby birds.

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Charlotte Caolo, Slide 18, Social Behaviors

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Charlotte Caolo, Slide 18, Social Behaviors

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Interactions between individuals. Communication/language (ex. honey bee communication). Agonistic behaviors are related to fighting, this includes threats, displays, retreats, placation, and conciliation.. Threatening and submissive rituals along with territoriality, competitor aggression.
Dominance hierarchy: a form of animal social structure in which a linear/nearly linear ranking exists, with each animal dominant over those below it and submissive to those above it ranking wise.
Cooperation: purposeful interaction of the actions of two or more creatures, people, organizations, or systems. *Opposed to working in competition for "selfish" benefit
Altruism - behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor.

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Altruistic behavior are common among animals that live in groups and they inhibit this behavior because their relative might have similar genes as they do so they make an attempt to preserve their relative so that the genes may be passed on.

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Cooperation is when organisms work together in coordination. For example, a pack of African dogs hunting wildebeest cooperatively.

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Cooperation in animal behavior is when a group of animals work together to get something done.

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Slide 17: In learning theory, immediate and clear learning or understanding that takes place without overt trial-and-error testing. Insight occurs in human learning when people recognize relationships (or make novel associations between objects or actions) that can help them solve new problems.

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Songs are used by animals to communicate innate behaviors to other members of the species.

Agonistic behaviors consist of fighting, defense, and aggression.

Hierarchal behaviors(like alpha males in lion prides) that show more importance of an individual.