# data[].attributes.body
The FSLN was named in honor of the martyred Augusto Ceasr Sanino, The gropus slogan was "No revolution without women's emancipation: no emancipation without revolution" suggest dual goals of Nicaraguan women. Facing typical problems to womens movements AMNLAE credited with forwarding women's participation in the public and political spheres and ijmpressive accomplishment in a region where women's suffrage had often been delayed. Paraguay's women waited for suffarge rights until 1961, when that nation became the alst in Latin America to incorporate women into political process.

# data[].attributes.body
Juan Peron was a former colonel in the army was elected president. He was a nationalistic militarist and his regime garnered immense popularity among large segments of the Argentine population. He promoted a nationalistic populism, calling for industrialization, support of the working class, and protection of the economy from foreign control. His wife Eva Peron helped to foster that popularity as Argentines warmly embraced their "EVitat. Rose to the reanks of being desoeratly poor.

# data[].attributes.body
It had a resonably ezpansive economy based on cattle raising and agriculture, a booming urban life, the beginnings of an industrial base, and a growing middle class in a population composed mostly of migrants from Europe. European economic and political intervention in the region. A gradual shift to free elections and a sharing of political power beyond that exericised by the landowning elite also emerged. Argentina became a model of a less positive form of political organization.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mexico - Economic and Political Reforms post-revolution 

# data[].attributes.subject
Mexico - Economic and Political Reforms post-revolution 

# data[].attributes.body
Reforms guaranteed to Mexicans by the COnstitution of 1917. The consititution provisions regarding the state's right to redostribute land after confiscation and compensation. Brought land reforms and redistribution to peak in MExico. The revenues generated by PEMPEX contributed to "El Milagro Mixicano" or Mexican economic miracle. The Institutional Revolutionary PArty experimented with various economicstrategies that decreased or increased Mexicos reliance on foregin markets and capitals. The Democratic Party shift to democratic political cometition and mulitparty election has continued into the 21st century.

# data[].attributes.headline
Africa - Orginization of African Unity (OAU) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Africa - Orginization of African Unity (OAU) 

# data[].attributes.body
The Organization of African Unity (OAU) recognized some of those problems and attempted to prevent conflicts that could lead to intervention by former colonial powers. IT promoted pan-African unity at least in the faction headed by Kwame Nkrumah as another way for African states to resist interference and domination by foregin powers. AAfrican states continued to attempt wider integration into the global economy, despite the dependency that this moves often entails.

# data[].attributes.body
Two years after the end of th eIran-Iraq WAr, Hussein's troops invaded Kuwait and incited the Guld War (1991). The result was a decisice military defeat for Iraq, at the hands of an international coalition led by the United States, and futher hardships for the Iraqi people.

# data[].attributes.body
Iran-Iraq War killed as many as ojne million soldiers. The human devastation is still visible adn in a nation that permits little dissent from Islamist orthodoxy. Young people are showing signs of a growing dicontent caused by the war and by rigors of a revolution that also killed many. Islamism has reemerged in 21st century Iran and has aroused some international concern particulary for the United States. A conservative supreme leader the Ayatollah Khamenei and a conservatice president, Mahmound Ahmadinjad. Touted Iran's nuclear program adn his antipathy to the state of Israel, which had the effect of increasing his status in the Islamic world while intensifying tensions with the Untied States.

# data[].attributes.body
The Arab-Muslim world was divided on a number of issues but the Iranian REvolution that took place in 1979 demonstrated the power of islam as a means of staving off secular foreign influences. The revolution took on a stronglt anit-U.S. cast. The Islamic power played against a development nation such as the United States inspires other Muslims to undertale terrorits actions. LAte 1970s Iraq built a formifable military machine, largerly owing to oil revenus and the effors of Saddam Hussien. He had launched his attack on Iran and that victoru swift adn perhaps hoping to become the new leader of a revived pan-Arab nationalism.

# data[].attributes.body
Islamic values in the political and social sphere known as Islamism. KEading Islamic thinkers cllaed for the rigorous enforcement of the sharia. In the view of many propnents, the Muslims world had been slipping into a state of decline, brought about by the abandoment of Islamic teraditions. Many Muslims had become skeptical about European and AMerican models of economic development and political and cultural norms, which they blamed for economic and political faliure. The solution of problems faced by Muslims societies lay, according to Islamists, in the revival of Islamic identity, values, and power. Convinced that the Muslim world is under seige, extremists used the concept of jihad- the right and duty to defend Islam and the Islamic community from unjust attack-to rationalize and legitmize terrorism and revolution.

# data[].attributes.headline
India - Indria Gandhi - Sikh/Hindu modern disputes

# data[].attributes.subject
India - Indria Gandhi - Sikh/Hindu modern disputes

# data[].attributes.body
Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter became leader of the Congress Party. Served as prime minister of India. Under her leadership India embarked on the "green revolution" that increased agricultural yields for India's eight hundred million people. Beyond the proverty that drove Indians to demonstrations of dissatifacation with Gandhi's government, India was beset by other troubles- overpopulation and continuin section tarian conflicts. Problems promoted Indira Gandhi to take stringent action to maintain control. The riots ensued and the fear of castration among men who might be forced to undergo vasectomies added to Gandhi's woes. When Indira Gandhi allowed elections Indians voted against her because of her abrogation of democratic principles adn her harsh birth control policies. Her son Rajiv Gandhi took over leadership of India and offered reconciliationto the Sikhs. He was assassinated by a terrorist in 1991 while attemmting to win back the office he lost. The legacy of Mohandas K. Gandhi lived on in the form of brutal assassinations and continued quests for peace and religious tolerance.

# data[].attributes.headline
Tiananmen Square - Massacre at Tinanmen Square 

# data[].attributes.subject
Tiananmen Square - Massacre at Tinanmen Square 

# data[].attributes.body
Tiananmen Square in 1989, Deng, whose experiences in the Cultural Revolution made him wary if zealous revolutionary movements. Deng faced hostile world opinon after crushing the student movement. Issue facing China as it entered the global economy was how to reap economic benefits without compromising its identity and its authoritarian political system. The evidence of China's increasing global power and prominanece became especially visible during the 2008 summer Olympic in Beijing.

# data[].attributes.body
Colleague of Mao, Deng Xiaoping suffered the same fate as millions of other Chinese during the Cultural REvolution; he had to recant criticism of Mao, identify himself as a petit-bourgeois intellectual, and labor in a tracto-repair factory. After Mao's death China began its recovery from the turmoil. Deng moderated Mao's commitment to Chinses self-sufficiency and isolation adn engineered China's entry into the international financial and traditing system, a move that was facilitated by the normalization of relations between China and the United States in 1970s.

# data[].attributes.headline
China - Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution - Cultural Rev. 

# data[].attributes.subject
China - Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution - Cultural Rev. 

# data[].attributes.body
In 1966 Mao tried again to mobilize the Chinese and reignite the revolutionary spirit with the inauguration of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Mao perceived in Chinese life, especially among Communist Party leaders and others in position of authority, the Cultural Revolution subjected millions of people to humiliation, presecution, and death. The Cultural Revolution whihc had cost China years of stable development and gutted its educational system, did not die down until after Mao's death in 1976.

# data[].attributes.body
The Great Leap Forwar was a continuation of China's push for development. Mao envision his GReat Leap Forward as a way to overtake the industrial production of more development nations and to that end he worked to collectivize all alnd and to manage all business and industrial enterprises collectively. The Great Leap Forward had failed.

# data[].attributes.body
Mao had reunifed China for the first time since the collapse of the Qing dynasty which had transformed European communist ideology into a distinctly Chinese communism. The economic and social transformation of Chinese society centeredon rapid industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture. The GReat Leap Forward and the Great Proletarian Cultural REvolution. These were far-reaching policies that contrarily hampered the very political and econimic development that Mao sought. He saw the Great Leap Forward to take over the industrial production of more developed nation and to that end he owrked to collectivize all land and to manage all buisness and industrial enterprises collectively. Maoblamed the sparrows for the bad harvests accusing the counterrevoultionaries of eating too much grain. He ordered tens of millions of peasants to kill the feathered menaces leaving insect free consume what was left of the crops.

# data[].attributes.headline
South Africa - End of Apartheid- F.W. de Klerk 

# data[].attributes.subject
South Africa - End of Apartheid- F.W. de Klerk 

# data[].attributes.body
The F>W> de Klerk became president he adn the National Party began to dismantle the apratheid system. He had released Nadela from jail in 1990 legalized the ANC and worked with MAndela and the ANC to negotiate the end of white minority rule. Tehy created a new constitution and held elections that were open to people of all races. The ANC won overwhel ingly and Mandela became the first black president of SOuth AMerica. 1963 the trial had ended. Mandela lived to see his ideal fulfilled. In1994 as president he proclaimed his nation "free at last".

# data[].attributes.headline
South Africa - Nelson Mandela - Africa National Congress

# data[].attributes.subject
South Africa - Nelson Mandela - Africa National Congress

# data[].attributes.body
Nelson Mandela inspired direct action campaigns to protest apartheid. In 1955 the ANc published the Freedom Charter which had proclaimed the ideal of multiralcial democratic rule for South Africa. The goals had directly challenged white rule, the ANC and all black activists in South Africa faced severe repression. The government declared all its opponents communists and escalated its actions against black activists. Protest increased in 1960 and on 21 March 1960 white police gunned down black demonstrators in Sharpeville, near Johannesbury. The combined effects of widespread black agitation and a powerful international anti-apartheid boycott eventually led to reform and a growing recognition that if it was to survive, South AFrica had to change.

# data[].attributes.body
Under the National Party the government instituted a harsh new set of laws designed to control the restive black population; therse new laws constituted the st=ystem known as apartheid ("separateness"). It had asserted white supremacy and institutionalized racial segregation established in the years before 1948. The governemtn had designated 87 percent of South Africa's territory for white residents. Areas that remained were designated as homelands for black and colored citizens, nonwhites were classified to a variety of ethnic identifications. Dispossessed people all found in apartheid and impetus for resistance to white rule. The African National Congress formed in 1912, gained new young leaders such as Nelson Mandela who inspired direst action campaigns to protest apratheid.

# data[].attributes.headline
Ghana - Kwame Nkrumah - African Nationalism

# data[].attributes.subject
Ghana - Kwame Nkrumah - African Nationalism

# data[].attributes.body
Ghana's success in achieving its freedom from British rule in 1957 served as a hallmark in AFrica's end of empire. Under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah, political parties and strategies for mass action took shape.

# data[].attributes.body
Drawing from the pan-African movements that emerged in the United States and the Caribbean, African intellectuals, especially in French-controlled wiest Africa, established a movement to promote Negritude. Reviving Afric's great traditions and cultures, poets and writers expressed a widely shared pride in Africa.

# data[].attributes.headline
Algeria - Liberation War Against the French/Nationalism

# data[].attributes.subject
Algeria - Liberation War Against the French/Nationalism

# data[].attributes.body
Began in 1954 under the command of Front de Liberstion Nationale (FLN). The FLN adopted tactics similar to those of nationalist liberation groups in Asia relying on bases in outlying mountanious areas and restoring to guerrilla warfare. The French faced a serious challenge in 1955 when the FLN had moved into more urbanized areas, France sent many troops to Algeria to put down the revolution and by 1958 had committed half a million soldiers to the war. War became ugly Algerians serving with the French had to kill fellow Algerians or be killed by them; the Algerian civilians became trapped in crossfire of war, thousands of French soldiers died. The war ended 1962 when Algerians gained independence from France hundered of thousands of Algerians had died.

# data[].attributes.body
The Suez crisis left him in a dominant position in the Arab world. The crisis erupted in 1956 and Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and used the money to finance construction of a massive dam of the Nile River at Aswan. When he didn't bow to international pressure the British, French, and Israeli forces combined to wrest control of the canal away from him. Their military campaign was succesful but had failed on the diplomatic level and tore at the cold war system. Didn't communicate with US and strongly condemned that attack and forced them to withdraw. The Soviet Union also objected forcefully and gaining reputation for being a staunch supporter of Arab nationalism. Dispite his success he did not manage to rid the region of Israel. Many wars were fought throughtout the decades and peace between the arab states and Israel seemend impossible. Palestine appeared to lend itself to manipulation by the superpowers, the region of southwest Asia confused, complicated, and underminded elements of bipolarism. The importance of oil dictated that both superpowers for favor in the Arab states, and while the United States became a frim ally of Israel, the Soviet Union also supported Israel's right to exit. The Suez crisis futher tangled old war power politics because it divided the US and its allies in western Europe.

# data[].attributes.headline
Egypt - Arab Nationalism - Opposition to Israel

# data[].attributes.subject
Egypt - Arab Nationalism - Opposition to Israel

# data[].attributes.body
Eygyptian military leafers under the direction of Gamal Abdel Nasser committed themselves to opposing Israel and taking command of the Arab world. They began a political revolution and campaign of state reform through militarism, supressing the ideology and religiouse opposition organized by communists and the Muslim Brotherhood. July 1952 Nassar staged a bloodless coup which had ended the monarchy of Egypt's King Farouk Many complicated intrugues, Nasser named himself prime minister and took control over the government. He wanted to develop Egypt economically and militarily and make it the foundation head of pan-Arab nationalism. To strengthen Egypt, Nasser adopted an internationalist position to Nehru's nonalignment policy in India. Nasser condemned states that joined with forigen powers in military alliances, he saw the new cold war world opportunities that could exploit for the advancement of Egypt, and used his political savvy to created pledges of economic and military assistance from the United States and the Soviet Union. He showed how newlly independent nations could evade becoming trapped in either ideological camp and could force the superpwoers to compete for influence. He gave aid to the Algerians in their war and Nasser didn't neglect the remaining imperial presence of Egypt and he abolished the British military right to Suez Canal. Through his actions he laid claim to pan-Arab leadership throughout southwest Asia and north Afriaa.

# data[].attributes.body
Arab and Jewish troops battled each other as the British completed their withdrawal from Palestine, and in May 1948 the Jews in Palestine proclaimed the creation of the independent state of Israel. The proclamation of statehood provoked series of military conflicts between Israeli and many Arab forces. The Result of those wars Israel increased the size of its territory beyond the area allowed and hundreds of Palestinians became refugees outside the state of Israel. The Arabs and Israelis failed to reach a comprehensive and permanent peace agreement the conflict continued. In 1987 a popular mass movement known as intifada initiated a series of demonstrations, strikes, and riots agaisnt Israeli rule in the Gaza Strip and other occupied territories. And till now occupied territories remain undetermined.

# data[].attributes.body
Great Britian served as the mandate power in Palestine after the Great War. Before and after had made conflicting promises to the Palestinian Arabs and the Jews migrating to Palestine to establish a secure homeland where they could avoid persecution. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 the British government committed itself to support the homeland for Jews in Palestine which had engendered in part of the Zionist movement that was growing in Europe. Zionists were dedicated to combating the violent anit-Semitism prevailing in central and eastern Europe which establishing a national Jew state. They dreamed to return home in Palestine, which they considered the orginal Jewish homeland, and received a boost from the Balfour Declaration and the Allies' support. So the British were forced to allow Jewish migration to Palestine, but feared those in possesion of land the Palestinian Arabs, they limited the migration and settlement of Jews and promised to preotect teh Arabs' political and economic rights. After WWII a battle startet, as Arab states around the Palestine gained their freedom they developed a pan-Arab nationalism for their fellow Arabs in Palestine and oppositon to the possibility of a Jewish state. The holocost and the limitation of Jewish migration intensified Jewish commitment to build a state capable of defending thousands of Jews and thousands of Palestine Jews who fought along Britian army during the war they were seen as potential defenders of the new state.

# data[].attributes.headline
Vietnam - End of the Vietnam War/ Unification/ Vienamization 

# data[].attributes.subject
Vietnam - End of the Vietnam War/ Unification/ Vienamization 

# data[].attributes.body
Opposition to war grea in the United States and recognized his countrys distase for the Vietnam war Richard Nixon pledged in 1968 to end the war. The strategy of turning war over to the South Vietnamese created Vietnamization by escalating the conflict. The war was extended and hevy bombed North Vietnam. Also opened diplomatic channels to the Soviet Union and China, trying to get them to negotiate and end the war. The U.S. troops eventually withdrew from conflict and on January 1973 the "American War" the Vietnamese termed it ended with the negotiated Paris Peace Accords. War did not end but they achieved their goals with the militaru]y defeat pf South Vietnam in 1975 and with national reunification 1976.

# data[].attributes.headline
Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh and French Decolonization 

# data[].attributes.subject
Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh and French Decolonization 

# data[].attributes.body
Vietnam's nationalist communist leader, Ho Chi Minh had exploited wartime conditions. Ho had helped the Japanese from Vietnam in waning days of World WAr II and then he had issued the Vietnam Declaration of Independence. The French had humiliated by their country's easy defeat and occupation by the Germans abd had ought ot reclaim their world-power through imperial possessions.

# data[].attributes.body
Lack of support for Diem and U.S. - style democratic reforms, the nationalist communist attacks against the South Vietnamese goverment. 1965 president Lyndon Johnson created a course of action that increased the U.S involvement in Vietnam. There was an order of a bombing campaign agaisnt North Vietnam and sent U.S. ground troops into the South Vietnamese army. The U.S. and South Vietnam achieve against the Viet Chong was a draw. Vietnamese forces fought for freedom from outside interference and showed patience while making towards independence.

# data[].attributes.headline
Vietnam - Geneva Conference/Division of Vietnam

# data[].attributes.subject
Vietnam - Geneva Conference/Division of Vietnam

# data[].attributes.body
The peace conference determined that Vietnam should temporarily divided the 17th parallel; North Vietnam and would be controlled by Ho Chi Minh and the communist forces, whereas South Vietnam would remain in the hands of noncummunists. The communist affilation of Ho and his comrades and with globalization of the cold war that accomapnied the Korean War, persuaded United States to lend their support forst to the French war effort and then the government of South Vietnam. The violation of the terms of the Geneva Conference that held required elections which would have likely brought Ho to power, South Vietnam's leaders with U.S support,a vodied elections and sought to build a governemtn that prevents the spread of communism in South Vietnam. 1906 the Vietnamese nationalist created the National Liberation to fight for freedom from South Vietnamese rule. The south made up the majority in the organization and recieved direction, aid, weapons, and ultimately troops. The goveernment received economic and military assistance from the Soviet Union and China.

# data[].attributes.headline
Indian Ocean (Asian & Africa) - Non-aligned Movement

# data[].attributes.subject
Indian Ocean (Asian & Africa) - Non-aligned Movement

# data[].attributes.body
In April 1955 leaders from 23 Asian and 6 African nations met in Bandung, Indonesia. Bandung COnference stressed over the struggles of colonialism and racism and the Indonesian president Achman Sukarno proclaimed "the first international conference of coloured peoples in the history of mankind." Bandug was precursor of the Nonaligned Movement, which had held occasional meetings so the memeber sould discuss matters of common intrest and their relations with the United States. The movements goal was to keep formal neutrality, but the group lacked unity among the memebers and failed to present a united front.

# data[].attributes.body
The partition of India, the division into separate Hindu and Muslims states. Gandhi had condemned the division of his homeland as a "vivisection." August 15, 1947 accompanied independence for India and Pakistan, prophesying that "rivers of blood" would flow in the wake of partition. Which was true and hunderds of thousands of Muslims and Hindu refugees migrated to either Muslim Pakistan or to Hindu India. The hostility between the migrating Hindus and Muslims spilled over into the enmity between the two states and complicated efforts to build their independent nations.

# data[].attributes.body
India was ordered to help in the war and British recalacitrance about Indian independence dissapered. Winston Churchill who hated Gandhi was voted out of the office. The economic devastation after war made Britian not able to continue bearing financial burden of empire. Muslims feared the minority state in a free India dominated by Hindus. Muhammad Ali Jinnah who was the leader of the Muslim League, about expressing Muslim concerns and wants a separate Muslim state adn Congress Party leaders such as Jawaharal Nehru and Gandhi urged Indians to act and feel as one nation. In August 1946, there negotiations with Britian to reach terms with independencem the Muslim Leage had called for Day of Direct Action and the Muslim demonstrations may lead to rioting and fighting between Muslims and Hindus. Six thousands people died in the Great Calcutta Killing that resulted "They only solution to India's problem is Pakistan."