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This chemical reaction type is a hydrocarbon combustion since one of the reactants contains Oxygen atoms and the products include  CO2 and H2O. In this reaction sodium carbonate is added to alkannin. This process is done in order to raise the pH levels making alkannin more soluble in water.

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This chemical reaction type would be classified as decomposition because the alkannin, our one compound breaks down into 2 products. The general formula for this is AB-> A+B. In this reaction we see Alkannin's alcohol group dehydrated by a strong acid, sulfuric acid.

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Alkannin is a chiral molecule. It shows a nonsuperimposable mirror image, meaning its mirror image is not the same as itself. However, the molecules one stereocentre that is identified by the sp³ carbon site which is bonded to 4 different atom environments is achiral, showing to have a superimposable mirror image.

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IUPAC  name: 5,8-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-4-methylpent-3-enyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione

Molecular formula: C₁₆H₁₆O₅

2D Structure                              3D Structure

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Alkannin is a natural dye, extracted from the borage family Alkanna tinctoria. It is commonly used for dyeing food items, materials and cosmetic products. However, Alkannin does not dye these items by itself; with the aid of other chemicals the colour of the dye can be altered. An example of this is Alkannin and Aluminium, both in certain conditions create a shade of violet. In terms of functional groups it contains alkene, arene (aromatic ring), alcohol, ketone and carboxylic acid. [1]

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Alkannin is sourced from the plant Alkanna tinctoria or also commonly referred to Alkanet.

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Alkanet - Remedy for Sores and Natural Dye

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Alkannin has only a couple of features that would stand out in FTIR spectroscopy. I would expect it to show symmetric stretches in aromatic (~1600 cm⁻¹), the alcohol group O-H most likely to show broad, strong absorption (3300 cm⁻¹), C=O the strength of the absorbption should be strong with its stretching vibration frequnecy between 1630cm cm-1 - 1800 cm⁻¹, and C-O stretch would be in the fingerprint region and difficult to identify. The aromatic C-H stretches would be expected above  3000cm⁻¹,and very different from alkane C-H stretches.

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This 1H NMR Spectrum represents the number of equivalent hydrogen atoms in a 5,8-DIHYDROXY-2-(4-METHYL-3-PENTENYL)-1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE molecule (C₁₆H₁₆O₄). The most shifted peaks would be the carboxylic acid H atoms (10-13 ppm), protons on N or O  typically have wide ranges of expected chemical shifts since these protons are acidic and, therefore, exchangeable. The least shifted peak would be the alcohol group ROH (0.5-5 ppm). The aromatic ring Ar-H (Ar= Aromatic ring) peaks shows the most intensity (1) compared to the molecules other groups (7.3 ppm). (Dr. Starkey, N.D.) [3]

(Figure sourced from: https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/KecvP3WKZHL)

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[1]Singh, B.H., &  Bharati, K.A. (2014). Handbook of Natural Dyes and Pigments. Woodhead Publishing India. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/alkannin

[2] Huu Tung, N., Du, G. J., Wang, C. Z., Yuan, C. S., & Shoyama, Y. (2013). Naphthoquinone components from Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch show significant antiproliferative effects on human colorectal cancer cells. Phytotherapy research : PTR, 27(1), 66–70. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4680

[3] Dr. Starkey, L.S. (N.D.) 1H NMR Chemical Shifts [Dataset]. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. retrieved from: https://www.cpp.edu/~lsstarkey/courses/NMR/NMRshifts1H-general.pdf

[4] Dr. Heber, G. (2021). 1022SCG teaching notes- Module 1. [Lecture slides]. Learning@Griffith.

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Alkannin has had numerous effects on society and is more known for it's common use as dye, but the substance also serves for pharmaceutical purposes since its range of biological properties is vast.

Alkannin has defenitely had an impact on herbal medicine.
Containing active compounds, Alkannin presents significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of certain human colon cancer cell lines. Displayig anticancr activities related to cell cycle arrest and unduction of apoptosis. [2] Alkannin as well exhibited incredibly high radical scavenging activity, which is involved in aging processes, antiinflammatory, anticancer and wound healing activities.