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-Most African Americans were slaves and did not have basic liberties in the South

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-Large cities like these did have some free blacks

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Discrimination against immigrants and free blacks

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Discrimination against immigrants and free blacks

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European immigrants came to the North to work in factories

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-a simple tool that helped ranchers tame the land
-a significant improvement to wire fencing with an invention that "twisted two wires together to form a cable for barbs-the first of its kind."

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-President Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act on May 20, 1862
-Gave citizens or future citizens up to 160 acres of public land provided they live on it, improve it, and pay a small registration fee

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Hundreds of thousands of people travelled west on the Oregon, California, and Santa Fe Trails, but their numbers did not ensure their safety.
Illness, starvation, and other dangers—both real and imagined— made survival hard

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-Murdered or pushed off their land

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-Could move coal, minerals, cattle, and grain
-United East and West
-Cut cross country travel from 26 days to 7

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-1825
-Moved farm products from the Midwest to the East

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-supported expansion
-The symbol of the donkey for the Democratic Party is said to have stemmed from Andrew Jackson. His opposition called him a jackass. Instead of taking it as an insult, he chose to adopt this as a symbol. This, in turn, became the symbol of the Democratic Party.

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-Land for Southern crops
-Large plantations

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-Acquired from Mexico
-Slave state

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-Cities and roads grew to accommodate growing populations
-By 1860, California's population was 300,000

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-Built railroads
-Sailed across Pacific Ocean to California
-Contributions such as draining swamplands and digging irrigation systems turned dry land fertile
-Staked claim on gold fields, but driven out by white settlers

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No rights for these groups in the South

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-Because of gold rush, many lost land and faced harships
-Mexican ranchers had worked the land in the American Southwest long before American “cowboys” arrived
-relegated to the worst-paying jobs under the most terrible working conditions

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California mining camps included: white settlers, run away slaves, free African Americans

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-wanted to practice religion free from prosecution
-Utah
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-Expression of American individualism
-Texas, Oregon, California, Southwest

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Gold Discovered in California and Nevada

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Gold Discovered in California and Nevada

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-Thousands of men travelled
-Seeking fortune

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-South and East
-People lost jobs and banks collpased