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From looking at the reactions and attitudes from both "in-group" and "out-group" perspectives, I can see that they all agree that English has been valued in the creation of these advertisements due the prestige and the higher social status associated with it. It seems to be that even though the two insiders don't mind looking at these English based advertisements, they don't enjoy it either; while the outsider thinks it is nice to be able to understand something in a foreign country if English is presented. This might relate to Blommaert (2006)’s idea about national language policies in which "a society is in effect monolingual" (p.243) and a nation should only have a language associated with its people. This is somehow projected through how the two insiders don't feel comfortable viewing advertisements that are entirely in English. The debate continues as the idea of "how much is too much English" rises and if we need to have a balance between the use of English and Vietnamese in a context where Vietnamese is primarily spoken.

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"As in many developing countries, the English language has a high social status in Vietnam. The Vietnamese government regards English proficiency as the linguistic instrument for ‘national economic development, modernization, and participation in the global economy’ (Le, Nguyen, Nguyen, & Barnard, 2019), a vision that has been translated into several initiatives on reform of the country’s English education landscape." (Tran & Tanemura, 2020, pp.536-537)

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From looking at these advertisements, it seems to be that they are just examples of standard English. I can't really tell if they were following British English or American English, even there are some that use British spellings, but the overall presentation pointed to Standard English. Another thing that I want to point out is that even though there are code-mixing, there is no new words that were created during that process. All the grammar or sentence structures were based on Standard English that can be easily found on clothing websites in countries where English is primarily spoken and there is no new structure. Some variations could be found, but it might be considered as errors rather than new creation.

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"English in Expanding Circle countries like Vietnam, according to Kachru (1985), does not develop into their own localized varieties, but rather are norm-dependent. Consequently, English in Vietnam is dependent on standard American and British English norms, with no standardized local varieties (even though nativized features of English are used locally)." (Tran & Tanemura, 2020, pp.530-531)

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Because these advertisements are usually found on social media and are consumed by younger customers, the form of English is usually shaped by the expectation that it should be short but informative. There is no need to be too concerned with the formality of the language, however, in order to make a good impression on the customers, the English use should at least create a welcoming feeling. I also notice that the English forms are usually simple with catch phrases added to it so more people can understand the meaning. The bigger phrases tend to have the most important meaning with simple wording. And the smaller the phrases, the more complex the sentences tend to be.

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In regard to the history of English in Vietnam, according to Galloway & Rose (2015), English can be traced back to 1515 and also visible during the time of the Vietnam War. However, English was never a part of the system even after all those years having contact with the West, therefore, Vietnam falls under the Expanding Circle because this circle, according to Kachru’s model, ‘includes the rest of the world where English is used as the primary foreign language, and the uses of English are unpredictably increasing’ (Kachru, 1985, p. 3). Over the years, English has gained popularity in Vietnam through education, economy, media, and interpersonal function, especially for younger generations. According to Baker & Giacchino-Baker (2003), English has now become the most taught and most used foreign language in the country (as cited in Galloway & Rose, 2003, p.139).

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As English continues to spread around the world, more potential varieties emerge. Recently in Vietnam, there have been a lot of advertisements, announcements, and job postings that started to use English as a major form of communication. Therefore, for this project, the question I want to ask would be: How and why is English used in advertisement posts for clothing brands in Vietnam?