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What drives operating rules?
How are  various (possibly conflicting) uses traded-off/reconciled?
Special interest in jointly managing dam cascade!

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Huila's participation in national rice production (Agronet)

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In-between space seems very interesting - both from a social-ecological as well as a dam operations perspective! And seems very new as a focus in the international literature on dams.

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-First, this a try to develop a brainstorming exercise online.
-Two dams: Betania (since the 80s) and Quimbo (more recent- 2011)
-Is it Betania also managed by Enel-Emgesa?
-Cases with a large amount of information flows by the company and the activist association ( from radio programs to other types of campaigns).
- Land-use: Intensive production of rice / The department has a huge contribution to this crop productivity in the country.  The production is located downstream of the dam.
-The water demands of these crops contribute to water tensions with local artisanal fishers.
-The lack of legal land titles in resettlements is triggering other conflicts regarding legal water access, infrastructure, and recognition of these settlements in the planning of the municipalities.
-Leticia's suggestions: It is important to be careful with generalization comments based on the short experience of the pre-fieldwork. It is also relevant to bring concrete data and sources (secondary data and government)
-Cesar's : the soil conditions and infrastructure opportunities in the region makes it very attractive for agro-industry since the 60's. For instance, cotton was harvested some decades ago
-Indirect land-use change: fish farming in the dam is connected with fish farming in land and other types of crops (rice), owned by few owners.
- There is not direct connection in terms of irrigation from the dam to these types of crops.
-Nilo: to fully understand the issues regarding the dam construction we need to overlook at the historical processes of the region?
Who are benefited by the operation of the dam?
-Camila's answer:  food security is contested as some of them find the reservoir as still a place for fishing and some other are not fishing there anymore.
-Hydrological: Daily variability is crucial as local inhabitants based their decisions on those ones and also how this relates to erosion.
-The operation of the dam might be answering the market demands rather some other environmental aspects.
-Environmental license: is not required to present daily reports on water levels. And this is a interesting aspect.
-Important to clarify the interconnectivity of the energy system in Colombia.
Three moments in the electrification: private initiatives- public-private initiatives - and then private owners.

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Located far from the river and concentraded way.
Precarious infrastructure. Are not included in territorial planning, so don’t access basic public services. [Is this the case for all resettlements?]

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- Important dates

1981-1987-2011;

- Magdalena river (Most important in Colombia);

- Region: Neiva, Yaguara, Campo Alegre e Hoya municipalities. Huila state;

-Used for hydropower generation, irrigation [where are the intakes of the irrigation systems (even if not directly connected to the dam)?], pisciculture (fish-farmig) and flood control  [how successful is this? - we can look at flow variability change];
- Conflict psiculture [what is the export market for this fish?] x artesanal fishing [seems like fishing activities/benefits have moved to different people!];
- Intensive production - rice [is this irrigated?]. Huila have a national participation in this productive;
- Problems with land tenure [have land titles changed from small-scale (who?) to big producers (who?)?];
- Ecological impacts from dam construct, but from productive systems too.

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Magdalena River, Andes region

Betania:

-          First plan 1972, built 1981-1987

-          Flooded 74 Km²

-          Installed capacity 540 MW

El Quimbo:

-          13 km south of Betania

-          Built 2011-2015

-          Flooded 80 Km²

-          Installed capacity 400 MW, 4% Colombian demand (with Betania 8%)

-          First dam built by a Italia-Spanish private company (ENEL-EMGESA), both dams apparently owned by ENEL-EMGESA

-          Resettled 152 families, monetary compensation for 244

-          RadioAsoQuimbo by Asoquimbo + The Good Energy of El Quimbo Radio Program by enel

Uses [how does dam operation deal with possible conflicts? - applies to other dams too]:
hydropower
irrigation: d/s irrigation systems apparently not connected to reservoir [where are the intakes?]
fish farming: why do we see fish-farming only here, and not in the other 2 cases that were subject to similar national-global incentives? [this is about explaining the particular amongst more general processes]
flood control: how successful is this? [we can look at flow variability change through Camila's work]

good soils! - most productive soils flooded by reservoir?

FARC guerrilla

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Why is El Quimbo necessary for Colombia? According to Enel

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Why is El Quimbo necessary for Colombia? According to Enel

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Is the first dam that was constructed entirely by a private company in Colombia.
Is the first dam constructed under the reliability charge scheme.
150.000 y 200.000 dolars per year

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Ver: https://www.asoquimbo.org/es/comunicados/quien-le-responde-a-los-pescadores-artesanales-afectados-por-la-descargas-controladas-del-quimbo

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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How does Betania - El Quimbo produce/reduce inequalities?

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How does Betania - El Quimbo produce/reduce inequalities?

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Special interest in daily flow variability (also by locals)!
Relation to shore erosion

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Human-water relations since the operation of the dam

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-Re-phrase: in|equality is reproduced beyond the dam.
-Inclusion-Exclusion in Fish Market Dynamics
-Access to lentic environments vs lotic environments
-Identity | Recognition

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- Contaminated water and fish (loss of food resources, change in way of life);
- Low quality jobs;
- External/concentrated benefits X local costs;
- Displaced people (rupture of social and cultural ties, denied rights);
- Intensive rice production;
- Imbalance in economic and political powers.

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Coming-Soon: National Strike & Elections

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Post-pandemic Recovery

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Food Prices Increase

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Complementary livelihood strategies:  |Fishing- gold mining-transport | Employees of fish farming companies |

'Maladaptation' Cases | Energy-intensive - Geomembranes for fish farming - Corruption

Shift in ecosystem services from the Magdalena River to smaller streams (Las Vueltas stream)

Changes in the material-discursive relevance of fish species: decrease of native species vs. introduced | invasive species (Pangasius fish)

Infrastructure tensions over new roads and power towers (as a consequence of energy generation) | Proyecto UPME 05 de 2009 Tesalia – Alférez & R | 4G Santa Ana - Mocoa-Neiva) | Oil pipeline Emerald Energy

Fishing Actors -  Precarity | Informality | Violence

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https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?hl=en&mid=17zA4XhV17vcX76a4uTmdHdBVNkgegajZ&ll=2.550758868895716%2C-75.52873172619775&z=13

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The idea around 'securing' water-energy-food

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The idea around 'securing' water-energy-food

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Rapid Ethnographic Assessment

Water Users | Water Practices | In between dams |                                             Adaptation Trajectories

¿Cómo aseguran y se sienten seguros alrededor del agua-la energía - el alimento?

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Field work traject inside the dam

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Land Use by IDEAM (2014)
What are the dominant land uses in the area?

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Contribution of this productive chain to economy (Agronet)

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Rice production on field

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Spatial patterns of rice production
Is rice production associated with presence of dam or wider processes?
Is rice production associated with irrigation?

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Possible contamination by Psciculture (Fish-Farming)
Water quality issues related with fish-feed, pesticides etc.? - do we have data on water quality?

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Spatial Patterns of psciculture
Where is this fish sold to?

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Social organizations around water uses - New organizations (or not)
Aquiculture vs artisanal fishermen (conflicts)
Water technologies
Socio-political choices (global-national-local) - energy

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Intensification use water-space
Aquiculture - Pisciculture  [seems like fishing activities/benefits have moved to different people!]
ILUC
Uses of land (POT) - land tenure arrangement
Betania-Quimbo-Hidrosogamoso
Need to look at interlinked/indirect landuse changes!
Need to try and separate dam-related and wider effects!
Revival of cotton! [can we do something with remote sensing here?]