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Relaciones de hombres mayores con menores de edad

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No me hables si tu feminismo no es antirracista.

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No me hables si tu feminismo no es antirracista.

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No me hables si tu feminismo no es antirracista.
— Valeria Angola (@ValuRulu) September 18, 2018

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No me hables si tu feminismo no es antirracista.

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No me hables si tu feminismo no es antirracista.

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No me hables si tu feminismo no es antirracista.

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Las jacarandas salen el #8M 💜💚 https://t.co/T6hoKWP6RS

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Las jacarandas salen el #8M 💜💚 pic.twitter.com/T6hoKWP6RS
— Diana Berry🫐 (@Diana_Mora89) March 9, 2022

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Las jacarandas salen el #8M 💜💚 https://t.co/T6hoKWP6RS

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Las jacarandas salen el #8M 💜💚 https://t.co/T6hoKWP6RS

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#MeToo was never just about getting men fired.

When activist Tarana Burke started the Me Too campaign more than 10 years ago, her goal was "to spread a message for survivors: You're heard, you're understood." When actress Alyssa Milano helped kick off the current phase of the movement two years ago, she wanted to "give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem."

As they made clear, #MeToo has always been about raising awareness of the prevalence and pernicious impact of sexual violence. It's also about creating change: As Ai-jen Poo, executive director of the National Domestic Workers Alliance, told Vox last year, "#MeToo is a movement of survivors and their supporters, powered by courage, determined to end sexual violence and harassment."

But at this point, two years after a New York Times exposé on allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein helped make #MeToo a topic of conversation across America, what has really changed? As a journalist covering the issue, it's a question I hear more often than almost any other: Survivors have shared their stories, some powerful men have lost their jobs, but at a broader social level is anything really different?

To help answer that question, I looked at some of the changes that have taken place as a result of #MeToo, from state laws to monetary compensation for survivors. The efforts and reforms listed below show that while sexual harassment, assault, and misconduct remain systemic problems, the #MeToo movement has helped motivate Americans to solve them.

States are banning nondisclosure agreements that cover sexual harassment

One of the systemic problems exposed by coverage of Harvey Weinstein and other powerful men was the use of nondisclosure agreements. For example, Zelda Perkins, Weinstein's former assistant, signed an agreement as part of a settlement that prevented her from telling even family members that Weinstein had exposed himself to her repeatedly, including forcing her to take dictation while he bathed, according to the Los Angeles Times.

The agreement kept Perkins from speaking out for almost 20 years. As her story and others made clear, such agreements allowed wealthy and powerful people to essentially buy others' silence, preventing anyone from finding out about sexual misconduct allegations against them - and potentially putting others at risk.

But as the #MeToo movement gained attention, several states passed laws prohibiting the use of nondisclosure agreements in sexual misconduct cases. In September 2018, California banned the agreements in cases involving sexual assault, harassment, or sex discrimination. New York and New Jersey enacted similar laws. The federal BE HEARD Act - introduced earlier this year by Sen. Patty Murray (D-WA), Rep. Katherine Clark (D-MA), Rep. Ayanna Pressley (D-MA), and others - also bans some types of nondisclosure agreements.

"I don't think I understood the impact of being silent for 20 years," Perkins told the LA Times. Under the new laws, others may have an easier time speaking out.

States are also introducing protections for more workers

Federal sexual harassment law and most state laws don't protect independent contractors; the laws only apply to employees. That means people who are technically self-employed, from actors to makeup artists to Uber drivers, may have little legal recourse if they're harassed on a job.

Moreover, millions of domestic and farm workers - the people who clean Americans' homes, care for their children, and harvest their food - lack sexual harassment protections because they work for employers with fewer than 15 employees, as Vox's Alexia Fernández Campbell reported last year. These workers, disproportionately women of color and often making a low wage, have nowhere to turn if they are harassed.

But in some places, that's starting to change. New York expanded its sexual harassment law to cover independent contractors in 2018 and improved protections for domestic workers in 2019. California broadened its law in 2018 to offer protections for people harassed in an expanded set of business relationships - including, notably, relationships with producers.

Meanwhile, hundreds of domestic and farm workers rallied in Washington last year to urge Congress to extend harassment protections to cover them. The BE HEARD Act would do that, giving protections to independent contractors, domestic workers, and more.

The Time's Up Legal Defense Fund has helped over 3,600 people seek justice

For many people, bringing a sexual harassment lawsuit is prohibitively expensive. That's why Time's Up, a group of women in Hollywood working to fight harassment, started the Time's Up Legal Defense Fund, aimed at helping survivors of sexual misconduct, especially in low-wage industries, get legal representation. Since the fund launched in January 2018, it has raised over $24 million and connected 3,677 people with attorneys to pursue possible legal action, according to a fact sheet provided to Vox by Time's Up.

One person who's gotten help through the fund is Brittany Hoyos, who says an older coworker at McDonald's began making unwanted advances toward her when she was just 16 years old, according to the Time's Up statement. She refused them, but he began spreading rumors about her at work, she said, and she was ultimately fired. She and her mother, who says she faced retaliation at the same restaurant, joined more than 20 other McDonald's workers in filing complaints against the company in May.

"Just because you're going through a lower job in society's eyes, that doesn't mean you should have to go through the obstacles and challenges that I did," Hoyos told the New York Times.

The movement to end the tipped minimum wage is gaining steam

Restaurant workers are often forced to put up with harassment from customers for fear that reporting the behavior or otherwise trying to put a stop to it could result in the loss of a tip. And for many waiters and other workers, losing tips means losing the ability to pay basic bills because the federal minimum wage for these workers is just $2.13 an hour. The idea behind the "tipped minimum wage" is that workers make the rest in gratuities - and while employers are supposed to make up the difference if tips fall short, they don't always do so.

For that reason, restaurant workers and their advocates have long argued that ending the tipped minimum wage is necessary to fight harassment. Seven states have done so already, and the movement has gained steam with the rise of #MeToo. Legislation to require tipped workers to get the same minimum wage as other workers has been proposed recently in Massachusetts, as well as in cities like Chicago.

The House passed a bill in August that would raise the tipped minimum wage to meet the standard minimum wage (it's unlikely to pass the Senate). The BE HEARD Act would also eliminate the tipped minimum wage.

Congress has reformed some of its process for staffers reporting sexual harassment

Since #MeToo entered its most public phase, allegations against legislators on both sides of the aisle - including Reps. Blake Farenthold, John Conyers, Trent Franks, and Sen. Al Franken - have drawn attention to the issue of sexual misconduct by members of Congress. Perhaps surprisingly, Congress has actually taken steps to reform itself as a workplace, as Li Zhou reported for Vox.

Last year, Congress passed legislation addressing a number of issues advocates had raised with its process for congressional employees to report harassment or assault. The law eliminated a mandatory three-month waiting period for people reporting misconduct, during which the survivor would have to go through counseling and mediation before filing a lawsuit. It also barred legislators from using taxpayer money to cover harassment settlements - last year, a report revealed that nearly $300,000 of taxpayer funds had been used for that purpose since 2003.

The law doesn't do everything advocates wanted, Zhou notes; it doesn't provide staffers with guaranteed legal counsel, for example. But by passing legislation to regulate itself, Congress at least started to address the problem.

Some survivors are getting financial restitution

Though the case began to come to light before #MeToo entered its current phase, the trial of former USA Gymnastics team doctor Larry Nassar has become one of the defining moments of the #MeToo era. Last January, Nassar was sentenced to 40 to 175 years in prison for sexually abusing more than 100 young athletes, in addition to an earlier 60-year sentence on child pornography charges. During his sentencing hearing, 163 people gave moving and at times heartbreaking testimony about how his abuse had harmed them and their families.

Nassar wasn't the only one implicated in the case. Officials at Michigan State University, where he was a sports medicine physician, were accused of looking the other way and failing to act on athletes' reports. After a private negotiation with lawyers for over 300 people, the university created a $500 million settlement fund. It was believed to be the largest such fund ever created by a university in response to a sexual abuse case, according to the New York Times. Through the fund, survivors could get between $250,000 and $2.5 million each.

While the Michigan State fund was one of the most high-profile settlements, monetary awards in sexual misconduct cases in general have risen in the #MeToo era. In 2018, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filed 41 sexual harassment lawsuits, more than a 50 percent increase over 2017, according to MarketWatch. The EEOC won $70 million from companies on behalf of harassment survivors in 2018, up 47 percent from 2017.

Americans have changed how they think about power

One of the biggest effects of the #MeToo movement has been to show Americans and people around the world how widespread sexual harassment, assault, and other misconduct really are. As more and more survivors spoke out, they learned they were not alone. And people who had never had cause to think about sexual harassment before suddenly saw how much it had affected their coworkers, children, parents, and friends.

All this has helped to change how many Americans think not just about sexual misconduct but also about gender and power. Those changes were especially evident in Americans' reactions to the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh, who was accused of sexual assault by Christine Blasey Ford. According to a December 2018 poll by the research firm PerryUndem, those hearings made 50 percent of voters think about men having more power than women in government.

In a follow-up poll conducted by PerryUndem in September, 49 percent of voters and a full 76 percent of Democrats agreed with the statement that "one reason Justice Kavanaugh was confirmed is because white men want to hold onto their power in government."

"We would've never seen this three or four years ago," Tresa Undem, a partner at PerryUndem, told Vox at the time. Overall, she said, Americans are thinking more than ever about power: who has it, who doesn't, and how those with more power are trying to control those with less. There are a lot of reasons for that, including the election of Donald Trump, but #MeToo has been a significant driving force behind the change, she said.

There's much the #MeToo movement has yet to accomplish, from changes in federal law to real safety for survivors who speak out, many of whom still face harsh repercussions. But two years after the movement began to make headlines around the country, its impact - in statehouses, in court, and in the conversations Americans are having with one another - is undeniable.

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7 positive changes that have come from the #MeToo movement

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It's not just about powerful men losing their jobs. The #MeToo movement has begun to inspire broad changes around the country.

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omen's rights have been the focus of many protests in Britain this year. After the rape and murder of Sarah Everard and the killing of the teacher Sabina Nessa, women demonstrated over the lack of safety on the country's streets.

Beyond British shores, when news broke that the Taliban had once again begun restricting Afghan women's lives and the debate about the legitimacy of abortion restarted in the US, it became clear that the threat to women's rights was increasing around the world.

Among all this discourse over women and their bodies, the fourth anniversary of the #MeToo movement took place this October. This all raises the question: what impact has #MeToo had on the world, if any?

The movement has certainly made a difference in Hollywood, leading to the arrest and conviction of powerful men such as Harvey Weinstein. However, sexism and sexual harassment are not only found in Hollywood but also closer to home, in our schools, our workplaces and our everyday lives.

A YouGov poll carried out in March 2021 for UN Women UK found that seven out of 10 women surveyed had experienced some form of sexual harassment in public; for younger women the proportion was nearly nine out of 10. A report by a group of British MPs and peers set up to support UN Women UK's work concludes that "sexual harassment in public places continues to be highly prevalent and concerning".

Laura Bates, the founder of the Everyday Sexism Project in the UK, has said: "Many people would like to think that workplace sexual harassment is a thing of the past. In reality, it is alive and well, and having a huge impact on tens of thousands of women's lives."

Even more concerning is the number of sexual assault cases in schools. A BBC investigation revealed that at least 13,000 sex offences involving under-18s were reported to police in England and Wales every year between 2018 and 2020, and the education inspectorate Ofsted says sexual harassment has become "normalised" among school-age children.

This level of cases creates a dangerous environment and culture among students and a mindset that regards sexual abuse or harassment of any kind as a normal and acceptable part of society; a mindset that can then be carried into adulthood and the workplace.

I can attest from personal experience that sexual harassment in schools is scarily common, to the extent that it is considered ordinary classroom banter among boys. What is even more rife within the school environment is the presentation and exchange of nude images. Many of my female friends, and even occasionally I, receive unwanted explicit images that we try to ignore or delete.

A stitched message tied to a tree outside Highgate School in north London, where pupils staged a walkout in March following alleged abuse and harassment at the school. Photograph: James Veysey/REX/Shutterstock

Making the situation worse is the lack of reports made by students to teachers about the behaviour because, as Ofsted's chief inspector, Amanda Spielman, said in an interview: "Whether it's happening at school or in their social life, they simply don't feel it's worth reporting."

It has been suggested that this could be the result of a lack of education about what is considered assault, or from a history of schools failing to take cases brought to them seriously. From my experience, I would say that both are sadly true.

However, an anonymous system, whereby pupils can submit their cases to a trusted teacher or member of staff without having to go to them in person, has been shown to be effective at allowing students who might otherwise feel uncomfortable sharing their experiences the opportunity to report their cases. However, this has not yet been widely implemented in British schools.

I hadn't even realised how detrimental the culture we have created is until I began researching for this article: I can now see more clearly that the behaviour I would have previously dismissed is dangerous. It shows how far we still must go even after the upheaval the #MeToo movement created.

To me, it seems that sexual harassment is still happening, the only difference is that now we're much more aware of it. But awareness is perhaps the first step in eradicating the threat of sexual assault that many of us feel daily, and in slowly dismantling the dangerous culture created by decades of silence.

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#MeToo changed Hollywood - but what about our schools, workplaces and homes? | Rosamund Cloke

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omen's rights have been the focus of many protests in Britain this year. After the rape and murder of Sarah Everard and the killing of the teacher Sabina Nessa, women demonstrated over the lack of safety on the country's streets.

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Pese a ello, en los últimos años mujeres mexicanas [agrupadas y no, asumidas feministas y no] han [hemos] ido recurriendo a otras acciones como el impulso de redes, como la protesta en las calles y el escrache virtual para denunciar y visibilizar la violencia que nos atraviesa.

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Así hemos visto surgir en México #RopaSucia [2015]; #MiPrimerAcoso, #YoDenunciéY [2016]; #SiMeMatan [2017], y ahora #MeTooEscritoresMexicanos, #MeTooPeriodistasMexicanos, #MeTooCineMexicano, #MeTooAcadémicosMexicanos.
— 𝚕𝚒𝚣𝚋𝚎𝚝𝚑 (@abismada_) March 25, 2019

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Pese a ello, en los últimos años mujeres mexicanas [agrupadas y no, asumidas feministas y no] han [hemos] ido recurriendo a otras acciones como el impulso de redes, como la protesta en las calles y el escrache virtual para denunciar y visibilizar la violencia que nos atraviesa.

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Pese a ello, en los últimos años mujeres mexicanas [agrupadas y no, asumidas feministas y no] han [hemos] ido recurriendo a otras acciones como el impulso de redes, como la protesta en las calles y el escrache virtual para denunciar y visibilizar la violencia que nos atraviesa.

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Mujeres bolivianas:
¿A qué edad fueron acosadas por primera vez por un hombre adulto?
 Empiezo yo, #MiPrimerAcoso fue a los 12 años.

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Mujeres bolivianas:
¿A qué edad fueron acosadas por primera vez por un hombre adulto?
 Empiezo yo, #MiPrimerAcoso fue a los 12 años.

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Mujeres bolivianas:
¿A qué edad fueron acosadas por primera vez por un hombre adulto?
Empiezo yo, #MiPrimerAcoso fue a los 12 años.
— Maraalm 💜🌻 (@Maraalm_) August 21, 2020

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Mujeres bolivianas:
¿A qué edad fueron acosadas por primera vez por un hombre adulto?
 Empiezo yo, #MiPrimerAcoso fue a los 12 años.

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Mujeres bolivianas:
¿A qué edad fueron acosadas por primera vez por un hombre adulto?
 Empiezo yo, #MiPrimerAcoso fue a los 12 años.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.text
Mujeres bolivianas:
¿A qué edad fueron acosadas por primera vez por un hombre adulto?
 Empiezo yo, #MiPrimerAcoso fue a los 12 años.

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Durante el movimiento virtual #MiPrimerAcoso el promedio de edad en el que una niña vivió por primera vez un acoso sexual, fue a los 7 años. 
#EllasDeciden #LibreParaCrecer #DHDesarrolloLocal #PasaLaVoz #ElFesTortura #DerechosParaTransformar

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Durante el movimiento virtual #MiPrimerAcoso el promedio de edad en el que una niña vivió por primera vez un acoso sexual, fue a los 7 años. 
#EllasDeciden #LibreParaCrecer #DHDesarrolloLocal #PasaLaVoz #ElFesTortura #DerechosParaTransformar https://t.co/HZEK76YoKd

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Durante el movimiento virtual #MiPrimerAcoso el promedio de edad en el que una niña vivió por primera vez un acoso sexual, fue a los 7 años. #EllasDeciden #LibreParaCrecer #DHDesarrolloLocal #PasaLaVoz #ElFesTortura #DerechosParaTransformar pic.twitter.com/HZEK76YoKd
— CLADEM (@CLADEM) October 9, 2020

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Durante el movimiento virtual #MiPrimerAcoso el promedio de edad en el que una niña vivió por primera vez un acoso sexual, fue a los 7 años. 
#EllasDeciden #LibreParaCrecer #DHDesarrolloLocal #PasaLaVoz #ElFesTortura #DerechosParaTransformar https://t.co/HZEK76YoKd

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Durante el movimiento virtual #MiPrimerAcoso el promedio de edad en el que una niña vivió por primera vez un acoso sexual, fue a los 7 años. 
#EllasDeciden #LibreParaCrecer #DHDesarrolloLocal #PasaLaVoz #ElFesTortura #DerechosParaTransformar https://t.co/HZEK76YoKd

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Durante el movimiento virtual #MiPrimerAcoso el promedio de edad en el que una niña vivió por primera vez un acoso sexual, fue a los 7 años. 
#EllasDeciden #LibreParaCrecer #DHDesarrolloLocal #PasaLaVoz #ElFesTortura #DerechosParaTransformar

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Es muy duro leer # como #Cuéntalo #MiPrimerAcoso o #MeToo

Durísimo.

Pero dado que culpabilizar a víctimas y sobrevivientes de violencia es la norma, luchar contra el silencio y la anulación debe ser la constante.

#YoLesCreo

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Es muy duro leer # como #Cuéntalo #MiPrimerAcoso o #MeToo

Durísimo.

Pero dado que culpabilizar a víctimas y sobrevivientes de violencia es la norma, luchar contra el silencio y la anulación debe ser la constante.

#YoLesCreo

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Es muy duro leer # como #Cuéntalo #MiPrimerAcoso o #MeToo

Durísimo.

Pero dado que culpabilizar a víctimas y sobrevivientes de violencia es la norma, luchar contra el silencio y la anulación debe ser la constante.#YoLesCreo
— Diana Amores Moreno 💚 (@Diana_Amores) May 1, 2018

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props_source.data.text
Es muy duro leer # como #Cuéntalo #MiPrimerAcoso o #MeToo

Durísimo.

Pero dado que culpabilizar a víctimas y sobrevivientes de violencia es la norma, luchar contra el silencio y la anulación debe ser la constante.

#YoLesCreo

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.original_text
Es muy duro leer # como #Cuéntalo #MiPrimerAcoso o #MeToo

Durísimo.

Pero dado que culpabilizar a víctimas y sobrevivientes de violencia es la norma, luchar contra el silencio y la anulación debe ser la constante.

#YoLesCreo

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.text
Es muy duro leer # como #Cuéntalo #MiPrimerAcoso o #MeToo

Durísimo.

Pero dado que culpabilizar a víctimas y sobrevivientes de violencia es la norma, luchar contra el silencio y la anulación debe ser la constante.

#YoLesCreo

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Desde 2014 hasta 2021 se reportan 12574 denuncias por el delito de acoso sexual (Fuente: FGE). Los periodos en que hubo más denuncias por este delito coinciden con la aparición de campañas mundiales como #MeToo y nacionales como #MiPrimerAcoso y #NoCallamosMás.
@SurkunaEc

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Desde 2014 hasta 2021 se reportan 12574 denuncias por el delito de acoso sexual (Fuente: FGE). Los periodos en que hubo más denuncias por este delito coinciden con la aparición de campañas mundiales como #MeToo y nacionales como #MiPrimerAcoso y #NoCallamosMás.
@SurkunaEc

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Desde 2014 hasta 2021 se reportan 12574 denuncias por el delito de acoso sexual (Fuente: FGE). Los periodos en que hubo más denuncias por este delito coinciden con la aparición de campañas mundiales como #MeToo y nacionales como #MiPrimerAcoso y #NoCallamosMás.@SurkunaEc
— Tatiana Jiménez Arrobo 💜💚 (@tjimenezarrobo) February 16, 2022

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Desde 2014 hasta 2021 se reportan 12574 denuncias por el delito de acoso sexual (Fuente: FGE). Los periodos en que hubo más denuncias por este delito coinciden con la aparición de campañas mundiales como #MeToo y nacionales como #MiPrimerAcoso y #NoCallamosMás.
@SurkunaEc

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.original_text
Desde 2014 hasta 2021 se reportan 12574 denuncias por el delito de acoso sexual (Fuente: FGE). Los periodos en que hubo más denuncias por este delito coinciden con la aparición de campañas mundiales como #MeToo y nacionales como #MiPrimerAcoso y #NoCallamosMás.
@SurkunaEc

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.text
Desde 2014 hasta 2021 se reportan 12574 denuncias por el delito de acoso sexual (Fuente: FGE). Los periodos en que hubo más denuncias por este delito coinciden con la aparición de campañas mundiales como #MeToo y nacionales como #MiPrimerAcoso y #NoCallamosMás.
@SurkunaEc

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Recordemos los testimonios de #MiPrimerAcoso y cómo la gran mayoría narraban cómo niñas fueron agredidas por hombres adultos. 
La pedofilia está normalizada y disfrazada en nuestra sociedad y tenemos que cambiar.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.original_text
Recordemos los testimonios de #MiPrimerAcoso y cómo la gran mayoría narraban cómo niñas fueron agredidas por hombres adultos. 
La pedofilia está normalizada y disfrazada en nuestra sociedad y tenemos que cambiar.

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La sexualización de las infancias femeninas es un hecho rampante en nuestra sociedad y esto es violento porque las priva de desarrollar su sexualidad en sus propios términos y las establece desde una temprana edad como objeto de consumo sexual para hombres.

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Recordemos los testimonios de #MiPrimerAcoso y cómo la gran mayoría narraban cómo niñas fueron agredidas por hombres adultos.
La pedofilia está normalizada y disfrazada en nuestra sociedad y tenemos que cambiar.
— Isabel 🍉🇵🇸 (@Isabel_m2) January 19, 2020

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“Efectivamente el #Metoo hizo un antes y después en toda la vida pública de la farándula y social, porque logró que muchas mujeres comenzaran a levantar la voz” les dejo mi entrevista para la https://t.co/6F55r5N9L8

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Ven golpe a depredadores sexuales con caso de Sasha

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Red de Abogadas Violeta afirma que puede ser precedente para que más mujeres denuncien; delito de abuso infantil no debería de prescribir, señala; Fiscalía de CDMX busca atender caso contra Luis de Llano

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“Efectivamente el #Metoo hizo un antes y después en toda la vida pública de la farándula y social, porque logró que muchas mujeres comenzaran a levantar la voz” les dejo mi entrevista para la https://t.co/6F55r5N9L8 https://t.co/5DudrB3vK0

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“Efectivamente el #Metoo hizo un antes y después en toda la vida pública de la farándula y social, porque logró que muchas mujeres comenzaran a levantar la voz” les dejo mi entrevista para la https://t.co/6F55r5N9L8 pic.twitter.com/5DudrB3vK0
— Fátima López (@FatimaLopezFem) March 10, 2022

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Why don't women speak up? It's the question I'm asked most regarding workplace harassment by leaders, particularly entrepreneurs (including men) who are, at the very least, looking to make a difference in their organizations. These are people who care deeply about making their workplaces establishments where people of all backgrounds can feel safe and thrive, while ensuring something like harassment doesn't destroy their company's potential. They just don't know where to start.

Obviously, there isn't a simple answer. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, an estimated 75% of individuals who get harassed at work don't file a complaint. The most often cited reasons include not wanting to be seen as a victim or attention-seeker, the humiliation, the time it will likely take including follow through, fear of negative consequences like being alienated or fired and being blamed as the victim.

In the field of design and innovation, if I've learned nothing else, it's that data is extremely valuable and provides the intellectual answers to what the problem is and perhaps why it's happening - but it isn't always enough to motivate people to design a better solution. Empathy, curiosity and even anger, however, can give us a better shot at getting real change to happen.

According to a study by the University of Missouri-Columbia, 98% of all organizations have sexual harassment policies in place, but sexual harassment in the workplace remains an issue. Through our own research, we have heard disturbing incidents across industries. One woman revealed, "An officer at work cornered me, then pinned me against a wall in a stairwell and told me exactly what I could do for him to get a promotion. Then he tried kissing me." And we know that the repercussions are immense when there is a history of workplace sexual harassment, which, according to a recent study, can lead to poor sleep and an increased risk of developing high blood pressure.

But not all workplace harassment is sexual in nature. Some disturbing stories reveal a gang mentality, with groups (including HR) conspiring together to alienate others. And some have nothing to do with gender. One woman revealed her harassment was rooted in a cruel abuse of power: "A lady put duct tape over my mouth. I am visually impaired and didn't see her coming, so I couldn't block her."

These behaviors are happening all around us, and not enough is being done. But by sharing these scenarios of harassment, we can shine a light on the severity of the problem and the impact our inaction is having on an entire generation of younger women entering the workforce. When we can create an empathetic connection to their experiences and feel the disgust around this problem, it can create not just a want but a need to do something about it.

The larger question around workplace harassment is why women don't go to HR to report incidents and issues. Our research found that the answers cluster around four main themes:

1. They don't trust HR because HR doesn't work for them; they work for management and often report to the abuser.

2. They have something big to lose. They believe reporting is sure to prevent them achieving their career goals and can't afford to lose their job/income.

3. The problem is rooted in company culture. When many founders and CEOs exhibit inappropriate behavior, victims assume or are told it is normal.

4. HR is the problem. Those who do report incidents to HR are turned away or told they are overreacting, thus ensuring they won't report further incidents.
So, now what?
It can be hard to know where to begin with findings like these. In design thinking, it often begins with a "how might we ..." conversation and ideation session, which I encourage you to have in your organization.

Part of finding the right solutions is asking the right questions. While it might be advantageous to ask, "How might we hear the stories happening within our organization's walls and better understand the challenges that exist for women?" we know that women are already suffering from abuse within organizations. Finding a question that is more specific like, "How might we not just say we care through policy and documentation, but show we care through action?" can begin to facilitate real, focused change.

"What if" questions go one step further in encouraging your teams to ideate on solutions that work within your culture. Building off of the above example, ask:

* What if you paid bonuses to HR for encouraging victims to report incidents of abuse, and for sharing those reports with stakeholders?

* What if you contracted an independent study by an outside research firm to understand the struggles of your employees?

* What if you paid a former employee to do an explicit exit interview and reveal what others who have their employment at stake may be too afraid to share?

* What if you set up interviews with former and/or current employees anonymously through the use of burner phones or an untraceable hotline?

* What if you stopped using the word harassment and began asking questions around value (i.e., when did you not feel valued and protected here)?

* What if you did an HR swap (à la Wife Swap) and received a different perspective and recommendations from those with no stake in your organization?

If you're not asking these questions, please start. Encourage conversation and see what percentage of that 75% come forward with something they've been wanting to share with you. Recognize that the problem exists and that getting to the truth will require a process, and then be uncompromising in trying solutions to solve for it.

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Council Post: Workplace Harassment: Why Women Don't Speak Up

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Why don't women speak up? It's the question I'm asked most regarding workplace harassment by leaders, particularly entrepreneurs (including men) who are, at the very least, looking to make a difference in their organizations. These are people who care deeply about making their workplaces establishments where people of all backgrounds can feel safe and thrive, while ensuring something like harassment doesn't destroy their company's potential.

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Women have been speaking about shocking incidents of sexual harassment - after a BBC poll found many often still feel unsafe walking alone at night.

The new poll suggests 43% of women in the UK have experienced unwelcome touching or groping in public.

The survey - conducted by YouGov - also indicates 28% of women have experienced indecent exposure in public.

The chair of the Women and Equalities Committee said Boris Johnson must show he takes women's safety seriously.

It follows growing pressure to make public sexual harassment a crime.

Caroline Nokes, a Conservative MP who chairs the committee, told the BBC changing the law would send a "really powerful message" and could help tackle underlying causes of violent offences against women.

"It will give women the confidence to report and sends a very clear message to perpetrators that this is criminal," she said.

The survey found two thirds - 66% - of women said they did not feel safe walking alone at night, at least some of the time. That compared to just 39% of men who said they felt unsafe in the same situation.

The findings come a year after the murder of Sarah Everard, who was abducted and murdered while walking home in south London.

Ms Everard's killer, police officer Wayne Couzens, was previously linked to allegations of indecent public exposure. Hers and other high-profile cases in the past year have led to increased awareness and campaigning around women's safety and public sexual harassment.

The BBC has also spoken to women across the UK about how sexual harassment impacts their lives.

One, a woman named Sarah, was on her way to a morning exercise class in Edinburgh last year when a man followed and groped her before running off laughing and filming her reaction.

"I was incredibly shocked. I remember I felt incredibly angry as well," she told the BBC. "I also felt a real invasion of privacy, the fact he had filmed the whole incident."

What happened to Sarah that day was the worst of a long history of experiences she and her friends remember going through over the years - from being groped in nightclubs as students to being shouted at by strangers in the street.

'Completely inappropriate'

"We used to be catcalled all the time as teenagers going out. It was something we laughed off and shrugged off," she said. "But as a woman now, everyone has become a lot more aware of how dangerous those things are and how hostile it is."

"There's an absolute entitlement to touch and to talk to you in a manner that is completely inappropriate," she added.

More than half of the women surveyed for the BBC said they avoided certain areas and being out at certain times to try to keep themselves safe from possible harassment and assault.

Roxanne, 26, no longer feels confident walking alone after experiencing everything from obscene comments to unwanted touching when out in public since she was a teenager.

She now sticks to main roads when walking her dog and tries to only go out in daylight when she's by herself.

Like 30% of women surveyed in the poll for the BBC, Roxanne says she wears flat shoes as a way to feel safer. She also carries a rape alarm, criminal identification spray and tries not to wear her hair in hairstyles such as ponytails she fears might be easier for an attacker to grab.

"I don't know who's going to harm me, when they're going to harm me - so I'm cautious of everybody," she said. "And I think that's a natural and very common thing to feel with everything that's going on."

The latest Crime Survey for England and Wales estimated 2.2% of the population aged between 16-59 were victims of sexual assault in the year ending March 2020 - a slight decrease on the year before.

Public sexual harassment is not currently an offence in its own right. The term refers to unwanted sexual behaviour - from verbal comments to physical actions - which can leave victims feeling intimidated and degraded.

The Law Commission - an independent body that advises the government on legal changes - recommended in December that ministers should consider creating a specific criminal offence for it during a review into hate crime laws.

Ms Nokes believes criminalising public sexual harassment could help intervene in escalating offender journeys to ensure "today's flasher does not become tomorrow's rapist".

"I think the prime minister needs to step up and show that he does take women's safety seriously and that he's not interested in a few cosmetic measures like CCTV - but actually in legislative change with a cross-government approach," she said.

She believes current safety initiatives and advice place too much onus on women having to take precautions to try to protect themselves.

"Of course we want women to be safe and we want them to be vigilant, but this is about men attacking them when they are just going about their daily lives," she said. "Women should be safe wherever they are, whatever they're doing, however they're dressed."

Ms Nokes also supports cultural and education reforms - including with mandatory consent classes in schools, colleges and universities.

Nathaniel Horne works for a charity that runs workshops for boys and men aimed at tackling misogyny and encouraging healthier relationships.

"It's important to talk to people about this stuff early," he told the BBC about going into schools. "Because I think once people are adults, and they've been out for a while, that can be entrenched in those views and those behaviours."

The view is echoed by April-Joy Serrant, who last year was exposed to by a man performing a sex act in public while out on a run. As a mother of three sons, she says her experience has changed how she speaks with her children about relationships and content they may be exposed to.

After posting a video about her experience online, she was overwhelmed by other women and girls getting in touch with their own experiences of the "day in, day out" harassment.

"It had never crossed my mind until the incident that I experienced last year that my husband can go for a walk or for a run and it never crosses his mind," she said. "And that is freedom."

The Home Office told the BBC that tacking violence against women and girls "remains one of the top priorities of this government".

"We are committed to ensuring that existing laws on public sexual harassment are effective but we continue to look carefully at where there may be gaps and how a specific offence could address those," safeguarding minister Rachel Maclean said in a statement."

She said the government last week launched a new national communications campaign and said violence against women had now been made a priority for police forces, alongside national threats like terrorism.

Have you been affected by the issues raised in this story? Share your experiences by emailing haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk.

Please include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist. You can also get in touch in the following ways:

If you are reading this page and can't see the form you will need to visit the mobile version of the BBC website to submit your question or comment or you can email us at HaveYourSay@bbc.co.uk. Please include your name, age and location with any submission.

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Public sexual harassment: The women groped and laughed at in the street

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Women have been speaking about shocking incidents of sexual harassment - after a BBC poll found many often still feel unsafe walking alone at night. The new poll suggests 43% of women in the UK have experienced unwelcome touching or groping in public.

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A survey from UN Women UK found that 97% of 18-24-year-old women have been sexually harassed, yet 96% did not report the incidents. Here, with the help of experts, we explore the barriers that keep women quiet, and what we can do to bring them down

The UN defines sexual harassment as 'unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favours, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.' Catcalling, sexual comments, inappropriate gestures, jokes, teasing, intrusive questions, innuendos, non-consensual touching, flashing, being followed, being photographed, physical intimidation, groping, being pressured into dates, wolf-whistling - the list of examples goes on, and on.

Facing sexual harassment is the reality for the majority of women - 97% of women, in fact - according to a poll from UN Women UK that surveyed women aged 18-24. And while sexual assault can happen to people of any gender, the prevalence among women cannot be dismissed. In addition, 80% of women of all ages reported that they have experienced sexual harassment in public spaces. And yet, despite this, 96% of respondents did not report the incidents to the authorities.

In the survey, 45% said that reporting the incident would not make a difference, and it's easy to see why they may feel that way. Sexual harassment and assault is a spectrum and yet, when you consider that conviction rates for rape are far lower than other crimes - with just 5.7% of reported rape cases ending in a conviction for the perpetrator - it speaks to a culture of systemic complacency, in part responsible for the sense of despair and hopelessness that many women experience when faced with harassment and microaggression.

And, as forensic behavioural criminologist Alex Iszatt sees it, this is an attitude reinforced at cultural touchpoints throughout our lives.

"Women have been manipulated to expect some kind of harassment, and just get on with it. From cartoons to movies and TV shows, women see others like them getting catcalled, coerced into dates, and are seen as weak and in need of a love interest. When the things you see on screen happen in real life, most just shrug it off and continue on their way," she explains.

Considering the pipeline from harassment to assault, Alex notes how there is currently an academic blindspot, with little research on the topic available, and yet explains how it's vital to treat the former with severity in order to prevent the behaviour from escalating. Ultimately, if we become complacent with everyday sexism and harassment, we're not only telling women that they should accept this treatment, we're also leaving the door open for future violence.

One in three women will experience violence from men in their lifetime, something that Dr Lina Abirafeh - the executive director of the Arab Institute for Women at the Lebanese American University - calls: 'The most egregious and longest-running human rights violation today.

"As women, when something like this happens, it challenges everything around us and, most importantly it strips away our fundamental human rights," Dr Abirafeh explains. "It can take away our right to life, our right to personal security, our right to protection, and sometimes our protection under the law.

"When something happens, women are told 'don't walk at night', 'don't wear headphones', 'don't speak to strangers', 'don't wear that', 'don't look up' - the list goes on. But men aren't told 'don't rape women', 'don't abuse your power', 'don't hurt women'."

The imbalance that Dr Abirafeh highlights here is inevitably a key player in the conversation on why more women don't report sexual harassment. It puts emphasis on a woman's behaviour, teaching her that if something were to happen, that it would be her own fault.

"And once women start blaming themselves for someone else's act, they reduce their identities, and their spirits, and become less of themselves, and this leads to events going unreported, and severe mental health issues," adds Dr Abirafeh.

Diving deeper into the reasons why women don't report these cases, Dr Abirafeh explains that culture and background are also significant factors - at which point it's important to note that racialised sexual harassment creates additional challenges and that a study, published in the journal Gender, Work and Organisation, found that Black women are four times more likely to be sexually harassed at work.

"Women don't report assault or harassment for several reasons. Firstly, your culture or religion may not allow you to, as women are told it will bring shame, and further problems - some women are even subjected to further torture for even admitting they have been attacked to their family - so, why would you? Also, as women, we are told over and over to 'be good', 'be kind', 'be nice', 'be ladylike' - and being assaulted, or raped doesn't fit into these boxes, so women feel shame and guilt about reporting situations," Dr Abirafeh explains.

"Also, reporting attacks come with a lot of baggage, and can prolong trauma, and stress, and you can't guarantee a positive result. Women have to face their attacker again, and many simply cannot bring themselves to do that. There are so many issues within the system, and many women feel that they'd be set up to fail, so simply choose not to report."

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Why are 96% of women not reporting sexual harassment?

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A survey from UN Women UK found that 97% of 18-24-year-old women have been sexually harassed, yet 96% did not report the incidents. Here, with the help of experts, we explore the barriers that keep women quiet, and what we can do to bring them down

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Sexual assault and violence has been an issue throughout history and today. For centuries and decades, society looked the other way and encouraged victims to stay quiet about their experiences. However, the #MeToo movement has been on the rise over the recent years, allowing survivors to speak out to highlight the severity of the issue. This site outlines the progress the movement had on a global scale, with events of public figures and civilians voicing their experiences, to encourage conversation for awareness and prevention.

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Sexual assault and violence has been an issue throughout history and today. For centuries and decades, society looked the other way and encouraged victims to stay quiet about their experiences. However, the #MeToo movement has been on the rise over the recent years, allowing survivors to speak out to highlight the severity of the issue.

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estos movimientos son relativamente nuevos, es triste pensar en todas las mujeres que se quedaron en silencio durante tanto tiempo

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estos movimientos son relativamente nuevos, es triste pensar en todas las mujeres que se quedaron en silencio durante tanto tiempo

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The phrase #MeToo gained global attention when American actress, Alyssa Milano used it as a Twitter hashtag in response to allegations of sexual harassment by movie director Harvey Weinstein in 2017. Milano encouraged Twitter users to use #MeToo to demonstrate the global prevalence of sexual harassment. The hashtag was used twelve million times in the first twenty-four hours of her tweet by both celebrities and the general public (Mendes, Ringrose & Keller, 2018, Zacharek, Dockterman & Edwards, 2017).The origin of the term MeToo, can be traced back to 2006 when civil rights activist, Tarana Burke, founded the MeToo nonprofit organization that allowed victims to connect and heal from the trauma of sexual harassment (Harris, 2018). The combined forces of celebrity voices and a social media platform have rapidly mobilized the #MeToo movement towards a global stance against sexual harassment. Celebrities as discursive agents have the power to construct and reconstruct phenomenon in particular ways, as such, the aim of this paper is to interrogate how celebrity responses to the #MeToo movement have influenced constructions of sexual harassment in the media.

Beyond Twitter, celebrities brought global attention to the issue of sexual harassment at the 2018 Golden Globe Awards with an all-black dress code. The dress code symbolized solidarity and support towards the victims of sexual harassment prompted by the #MeToo movement. Celebrity public engagement through social media and television maintained public attention on the movement and the problem (Buente & Rathnayake, 2016), thereby exhibiting the discursive potential that celebrities have in society (Luthar & Trdina, 2015).

As a highly visible cohort of public figures, celebrities not only have the potential to discursively influence contemporary issues, they have the potential to be activists and resist silence for any given cause. In the instance of sexual harassment, silence is both a perpetuating and maintaining factor and the reticence of some victims of sexual harassment serves not only to reinforce systemic patriarchal oppression (Rodino-Colocino, 2018) it also reinforces patriarchal power, as gender and sexual violence is deeply embedded in patriarchal oppression. Some celebrities, however, have challenged this silence by bringing global attention to sexual harassment through the #MeToo movement, which has allowed women to either discreetly or openly come forward with their experiences. For example, actress Ashley Judd in a New York Times interview, openly accused Weinstein of multiple attempts of sexual harassment (Kantor &Twohey, 2017). Judd's revelation also created an opening for other women under Weinstein's employ to come forward (Zarkov& Davis, 2018). Indeed, celebrities have played a substantial role in the #MeToo movement by publicly disclosing their own personal accounts of sexual harassment on social media.

Celebrities as contemporary culture icons have been used as "brands" to bring attention to global issues such as poverty or human rights (Becker, 2013), as they have the ability to elicit extensive discussions around serious issues within the public sphere (Drake & Miah, 2010). Additionally, celebrities' large following and fan base allow them to engage and foster forms of civic movement with a wider audience with relative ease (Bennet, 2014). Moreover, they are capable of mobilizing and creating solidarity amongst fans within certain social movements (Harlow & Brenbrook, 2017).

Social media sites, such as Twitter, provide a platform for celebrities to directly share their political and social stances, as opposed to only their photographsusually depicted inthe media. Furthermore, their social media accounts enable them to personally engage with their fans (Usher, 2015). Thus, celebrity involvement in the #MeToo movement has humanized their sometimes obscure standing on social issues.

On a broader scale, the #MeToo movement gained momentum on Twitter as it provided a public platform for individuals to reveal their #MeToo narratives. Through the exchange of experiences, sexual harassment narratives were negotiated on a public platform. As agents of social intercourse, discourses not only represent particular realities, they actively (re)construct these realities. Celebrity discourses of #MeToo movement on Twitter warranted empirical investigation, not only because of the privileged positions celebrities hold, but also because they have harnessed social media platforms to disseminate their message on a rapid global scale.
Methodology
The data set that was analyzed for this research was sourced from Avclub.com. The inclusion criteria required that only tweets in English, tweets from accounts with the blue verified badge and tweets between October 15, 2017 and March 5, 2018 be included. October 15, 2017 marked the date the #MeToo began trending on Twitter, while March 5, 2018 marked a significant moment for the movement when celebrities such as Annabella Sciorra, Ashley Judd, and Salma Hayek-three of Weinstein's accusers-appealed for the movement to illicit change beyond Hollywood. Celebrity responses that were not found on Twitter, tweets that were not the initial response to the movement, non-verified Twitter accounts, and tweets that did not have the #MeToo were excluded.

The Avclub.com site was consulted to identify the celebrities who have responded to the #MeToo. Of the fifty-three celebrities identified, thirty-five met the inclusion criteria. Barring two extracts, majority of the tweets were from female celebrities. Ethical concerns for the study were circumvented because Twitter users accept the policy that their information posted on the site may be used for research purposes (Webb et al, 2017).

To understand celebrity responses to the #MeToo on Twitter, Parker's (2004) approach to discourse analysis was used. Parker's method was chosen as it allowed us to analyze how the celebrity discourses reproduced or challenged dominant beliefs and how different types of discourse maintain or disrupt the matrix of power within which sexual harassment is embedded.
Findings and Discussion
The analysis revealed three dominant discourses that constituted celebrity responses to the #MeToo movement. These were: discourses of the empowered victim, discourses of perpetrator power, and, finally, male exclusion from the #MeToo movement also featured prominently.
The Empowered Victim
Discourses of victimhood dominated the celebrity tweets. However, the victim discourse was not in the conventional sense of the victim's subjective experience of the sexual harassment, instead the discourses referred to how victims of sexual harassment resist self-blame, how victims displayed courage and how victims garnered support from others. The extracts below demonstrate these findings:

@quinncy tweeted "It's not your clothing. It's not your feminism. It's not your education. It's your assailant. #MeToo." (October 15, 2017), ( Resist self-blame).

@PattyArquette "So grateful to the brave victims like my sister @RoArquette for sparking a worldwide conversation across all industries and nations. #MeToo" (November 2, 2017), ( Victims displayed courage).

@JaimieAlexander "I've been there. I believe you. I'm here for you. I understand. Enough is enough. #MeToo" (October 16, 2017), (Victims garnered support from others).

@JensenAckles "For my wife, for my daughters, for all women...I stand with all of you. This has gotta change. #MeToo #nomore" (October 16, 2017). (Victims garnered support from others).

Historically, patriarchal ideology position women as the sole gatekeepers of their body, and transgressions on the female body are attributed to faulty female behavior (Rodino-Colocino, 2018). Therefore, women who report sexual harassment are degraded and are perceived as responsible for their perpetrator's actions (Carr, 2013). The celebrity responses that were analyzed have challenged this.The celebrity responses to women who came forward with allegations of sexual harassment were applauded, thereby empowering women instead of maintaining their powerless victim status (very often seen in the legal justice system). Additionally, celebrity discourses providing support to female victims havethreatened forms of patriarchy that have historically silenced women. It was notable that one of the celebrity respondents was Jensen Ackles, a male celebrity who has supported the #MeToo movement. Discourse of support of the movement from a man threatens hegemonic patriarchal power that has historically subjugated women.

The analysis revealed that notions of victimhood have taken on alternate forms, compared to the dominate representation of powerless victims at the mercy of their perpetrators, the legal justice system, and society at large. The majority of the tweets provided validation and support for female victims of sexual harassment. Celebrity tweets have disrupted hegemonic victim discourses by applauding victim's bravery, by outwardly showing support to victims and by dispelling notions of victim self-blame.

These discursive constructions challenge ideas of victimhood that is nestled between a well-established, what Furedi calls, a culture of victimhood that women are drawn into and a cult of human vulnerability (Baker, 2010). Ferudi (2003) has argued that these positions dissolved people of personal agency and responsibility. The (re)construction of victimhood by the laudatory tweets draw instead on evolved neoliberal and post-feminist discourses that emphasize female empowerment and assertiveness.
The Powerful Perpetrator
Following discourses ofvictimempowerment, was the power of the perpetrator discourse. This discourse emphasized the positions of power that perpetrators occupy and the concomitant abuse of that power. Further, these discourses,call perpetrators of harassment into account. Social media coverage of the #MeToo reports primarily focused on high profile male actors, directors and or producers who perpetrated sexual harassment (Hearn, 2018). The celebrityresponses themselves drew attention to the high offices that known offenders occupy and how these positions are exploited.

@tarasong "Proud of sisters coming forward 4 #MeToo but disheartened 2 think so many don't care & elected an admitted sexual assaulter 2 highest office." (October 16, 2017).

@Alyssa_Milano "At the very same time that we are asking Franken to resign from senate - we are allowing an accused child molester to run for senate. At the very same time that "Silence Breakers" is the #TimePersonOfTheYear - a self-professed pussy grabber was runner-up. #MeToo." (December 6, 2017).

Various American voters from diverse backgrounds and institutions voted these perpetrators into positions of power. However, the celebrity tweets have begun to upset the well-established patterns of hegemonic patriarchal power held by these perpetrators.

The analysis has shown that celebrities have thrown down the gauntlet and ousted men in positions of power by publicly calling their positions of power into question. There has been a well-established corpus of literature on how power dynamics play out in incidences of sexual harassment (Halper & Rios, 2019). These discourses represent a shift of focus from the victims of sexual harassment to the perpetrators themselves, particularly men who are in positions of stature. The celebrity discourse has catalyzed a course of activism that has challenged hegemonic notions of omnipotent male perpetrators in positions of power by calling them to account for their abuse of power.
Male Exclusion
One of the most salient findings of the analysis was the celebrity observation of the exclusion of males as perpetratorsof sexual harassment. The notable exclusion of not only male voices in the responses to the #MeToo movement,but also their exclusion from the problem of sexual harassment was noted in the tweets. Of the thirty-five tweets analyzed, only two were from male celebrities.

@rosemcgowan ""we talked about how many women were raped last year, not about how many men raped women. We talked about how many girls in a school district were harassed last year, not about how many boys harassed girls. We talked about how many teenage girls in the state of Vermont got pregnant last year, rather than how many men and boys impregnated teenage girls."

"So you can see how the use of the passive voice has a political effect. [it] shifts the focus off of men and boys onto girls and women. Even the term' violence against women' is problematic. It's a passive construction; there is no active agent in the sentence. It's a bad thing that happens to women, but when you look at that term' violence against women.' Nobody is doing it to them. it just happens to them...Men aren't even a part of it!" Jackson Katz" (October 15, 2017).

@Pappiness "Men, Don't say you have a mother, a sister, a daughter... Say you have a father, a brother, a son who can do better. We all can. #MeToo " (October 15, 2017).

@terrycrews "Friendship is born at the moment when one person says to another:' What? You too? I thought I was the only one.'" - C.S. Lewis #METOO" (January15, 2018).

Tarry Crews and Jensen Ackles, mentioned earlier, were the few notable male celebrities who supported the movement. It was noted that during the Golden Globes, where women stood against sexual harassment, only a few male celebrities participated in the dress code (Gongzalez, 2018). Lee (2018) suggests that men are inclined to distance themselves from the movement as their support threatens patriarchal power, and encouraging women to stand up to men may dissolve the power men possess over women. Pleasants (2011) posits that men distance themselves from feminist movements when they are perceived as perpetrators instead of allies. Even though men were not overtly categorized as perpetrators in the celebrity tweets, few male celebrities participated in the movement. It has been suggested that male celebrities may have resisted participating due to fear of being perceived as homosexual by other men (Kroeper, Sanchez & Himmelstein, 2013) or fear of losing their position of power over women (Drury & Kaiser, 2014).

Celebrity responses drew attention to how male power is retained and maintained, as male perpetrators are not identified and included in discursive constructions of blame and responsibility for sexual offenses. Historically, female victims are portrayed as responsible for their own victimization as their perpetrators are not included in the narrative. This finding concurs with North (2015) and Easteal and Holland's (2016) findings, which indicate that sexual violence is reported as individual aberration rather than a systematic problem, which further reproduces unequal power relations between men and women.

The discourse of these celebrity tweets threatens patriarchal power as it calls for the inclusion of men in reporting sexual violence, which place male perpetrators in a position that vilifies them, subsequently disrupting dominant discourses that attribute blame and responsibility of sexual violence on female victims.

The discourses used by the celebrities have called men to account and have shifted blame from victims of sexual harassment. These discourses place male culprits in position of perpetrator, which upsets patriarchal ideals that have normalized sexual aggression of men and the women as the natural object of their sexual exploitation (Hlvaka, 2014).

This discourse revealed the relative silence of men on issues of gender-based violence and sexual harassment. Historically, gender-based violence is seen as a women's issue fought by women with little focus on the men who actually perpetrate these crimes. Additionally, it has been argued that the privileged social status of men is denounced when they confront sexism as they would need to recognize their own social status is due nothing more than male privilege (Drury & Kaiser, 2014). Thus,for men, confronting sexism could be perceived as threatening to their masculine identity especially if they strongly identify with it (Burn, Aboud & Moyles, 2000).

The movement, as a social phenomenon marks a modern-day revolution for activism that can be traced back to Women's March on Versailles in 1789, and the Take Back the Night marches of the 1970's (Kingston, 2018). What differentiates the contemporary #MeToo movement is its use of two powerful forces: social media and celebrity voices. Celebrity endorsement has not only fueled the #MeToo movement towards a fully-fledged course of activism, the celebrity tweets on the hashtag has contributed to disrupting dominant discourses of victimhood, perpetrator power and male exclusion on issues of sexual harassment.

The #MeToo movement has heralded new possibilities in the fight against gender based sexual violence, and celebrity voice juxtaposed with social media has catapulted this fight into the global arena. However, while the global activism that celebrities have embodied have had discursive influence, the fight and the voices, are still only of a privileged few, which still leaves masses of women around the world without voice or representation in the face of sexual harassment.
Sumayya Ebrahim is a former master's psychology student whom aspires to be part of creating a gender inclusive world. She believes the famous words of Martin Luther King, '' Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that, hate cannot drive out hate, only love can do that.'' is both an academic and is a psychologist in practice. She is based at the University of Johannesburg, and is extensively involved in the training of professional psychologists. Her research interests are predominately based on the representations of sex, gender and the body in social media.
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Photo: New York, NY - January 6, 2020: Actress Rose McGowan speaks during press conference on 1st day of Harvey Weinstein trial accused of rape and sexual misconduct at State Criminal Court | Shutterstock
Published on March 10, 2020.

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Not Just Pretty Faces, They Have Powerful Voices Too: Celebrity Discourse and the #MeToo Movement

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The phrase #MeToo gained global attention when American actress, Alyssa Milano used it as a Twitter hashtag in response to allegations of sexual harassment by movie director Harvey Weinstein in 2017. Milano encouraged Twitter users to use #MeToo to demonstrate the global prevalence of sexual harassment.

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Derecho a una vida libre de violencia (Fotografía del 8M 2021)

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Reapropianción de espacios y resignificación de monumentos.

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Tras la violencia feminicida es evidente la urgencia de la movilización de mujeres por señalar, visibilizar y frenar la violencia.

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👇🚨 #Galeria “Volamos con dolor en el cielo porque en el cielo nos encontraremos todas" 

Vuela globo en la #CDMX para conmemorar el #8M y exigir justicia por las victimas de feminicidio en #México.

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👇🚨 #Galeria “Volamos con dolor en el cielo porque en el cielo nos encontraremos todas" 

Vuela globo en la #CDMX para conmemorar el #8M y exigir justicia por las victimas de feminicidio en #México. https://t.co/8XfyrcXDzB

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👇🚨 #Galeria “Volamos con dolor en el cielo porque en el cielo nos encontraremos todas"

Vuela globo en la #CDMX para conmemorar el #8M y exigir justicia por las victimas de feminicidio en #México. pic.twitter.com/8XfyrcXDzB
— RevistaRayas (@RevistaRayas) March 7, 2022

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👇🚨 #Galeria “Volamos con dolor en el cielo porque en el cielo nos encontraremos todas" 

Vuela globo en la #CDMX para conmemorar el #8M y exigir justicia por las victimas de feminicidio en #México. https://t.co/8XfyrcXDzB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.original_text
👇🚨 #Galeria “Volamos con dolor en el cielo porque en el cielo nos encontraremos todas" 

Vuela globo en la #CDMX para conmemorar el #8M y exigir justicia por las victimas de feminicidio en #México. https://t.co/8XfyrcXDzB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.text
👇🚨 #Galeria “Volamos con dolor en el cielo porque en el cielo nos encontraremos todas" 

Vuela globo en la #CDMX para conmemorar el #8M y exigir justicia por las victimas de feminicidio en #México.

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Es lamentable que todas tenemos una historia de Acoso (sea directa o de alguien cercana).