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The British treat Aziz, an Indian as inferior; they don't bother to address him, which he considers "inevitable."  This realistically fits with the racist views the British had when they colonized India and sets the stage for the  theme that one must embrace all aspects of the world to understand a nation.

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During any interactions between the British and Indians, the two groups would realistically stay isolated from each other. Forster uses the metaphor of a lone "island" to highlight the theme that one must overcome superficial differences to realize how all of humanity is united.

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Miss Quested, while wanting to see all of India, expresses a variation of racism, as she stereotypes all of India as Aziz's character. Forster uses this characterization to shine light on how one must understand that the world has multiple facets.

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Ronny, as a British man in a high position, is prejudiced in his assumption that all Indians fit under the stereotypes he has constructed. This shows that one cannot truly box people into certain categories; every human has a complex character.

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The Marabar caves symbolize emptiness and the alien aspects of nature, forcing the characters to consider parts of themselves they have hidden from. This develops a theme that one must not ignore the darker parts of oneself.

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The sky symbolizes the unseen complexity of India; just when the characters think they have seen all of India and only see beauty, they are exposed to the uglier parts of India, which is a "disappointment." This illustrates a theme that one must accept both the beautiful and ugly facets of the world.

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Adela's unseen assaulter, which may be a product of her panicked imagination and claustrophobia, sets up tension for the conflict. This shows how the British, when confronted with uglier aspects of India, are unable to comprehend this ugliness.

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Mrs. Moore and Mr. Fielding's awkwardness at "being drawn together by an Indian" shows the inner shame they feel at being close friends with an Indian; they both are suspicious of each other because they don't understand why they would trust an Indian so closely. This shows how one cannot maintain a true friendship without accepting differences.

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The strangeness of the morning sets a foreboding mood. Aziz's sudden arrest shows how quickly an Indian can be undermined and punished for simply being friendly, demonstrating how racism constantly brings down those who try to bridge gaps.

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Aziz is unable to enjoy his victory completely, since he knows that he is just a "wounded animal"—a simile that Forster uses to show the implied inferiority of Aziz compared to the British. This shows how colonial racism has trampled upon the rights of the colonized.

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The earth and sky represent how the expansive rule of the British has become corrosive; thus, the Indians are rightfully angry and trying to rebel, demonstrating that a little spark is all it takes for rebellion to start.

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Aziz no longer desires to win the approval of the British, illustrating that he is a dynamic character. This shows that one can only be pushed so far before finally standing up for oneself.

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Forster uses the metaphors of potatoes and machines to show how the British expect the Indians to act: unfeeling, cold, only meaningful when able to be used. This illustrates how the British desired to control the Indians in all aspects of their lives, disregarding their humanity.

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Forster utilizes the juxtaposition of "mystery" and "muddle," and "hundred" and "one" to demonstrate the complexity of life, and thus, India itself. Adela and Fielding's realization also serves to demonstrate that one cannot accurately judge an object without knowing all aspects of it.

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The juxtaposition between "intimate" and the awkwardness of their conversation, highlighting a person vs person conflict, serves to show the divide between the British and Indians. One cannot maintain a friendship without accepting differences and resolving differences.

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The British only wish to see the beautiful parts of India; they are not truly sympathetic to Indians, showing how one must seek to understand a place from one's heart, not for superficial reasons.

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The repetition of "mosque, caves" shows the cycle of friendship between the British and Indians. However, Aziz's subconscious desire to befriend Mrs. Moore's son shows how one cannot simply give up on resolving differences, which requires a lot of effort and patience.

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Aziz and Fielding's bitter, melancholic realization highlights how the British and Indians can never truly be friends at this time. The end of this friendship shows how one must first overcome one's prejudices to have a strong friendship.

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Forster uses the metaphors of "memento" and "trophy" to show how Aziz is simply a sad memory to Fielding—a reminder of what he accomplished and what he failed to do. This is realistic, because the British often treated Indians as useful machines they could throw away, showing how one must realize the humanity of others to have friendships with others.

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The personification of the horses, earth, and sky all illustrate how nature itself protests the friendship of the British and Indians, as they have not fully resolved their differences. This shows how one must address differences in behavior and culture and treat one's friends as equal to maintain a friendship.