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The exact opposite of what you would expect to happen. 

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The exact opposite of what you would expect to happen. 

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A comparison between 2 unlike things using like or as. 

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A comparison between 2 unlike things using like or as. 

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My brother and I fight like cats and dogs. 

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My brother and I fight like cats and dogs. 

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During the hurricane, she stated, "Wow. Lovely weather we're having!" 

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During the hurricane, she stated, "Wow. Lovely weather we're having!" 

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Figurative Language is the use of words in a creative and expressive way that helps the writer convey layers of meaning. 

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Figurative Language is the use of words in a creative and expressive way that helps the writer convey layers of meaning. 

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Simile: Clap along if you feel like a room without a roof…

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Protagonist: the leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text. 

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Protagonist: the leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text. 

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How an author introduces and describes a character. 

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How an author introduces and describes a character. 

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Alliteration is the repetition of identical initial consonant sounds in successive or closely associated syllables within a group of words, even those spelled differently. Alliteration is used to link words for effect.

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Alliteration is the repetition of identical initial consonant sounds in successive or closely associated syllables within a group of words, even those spelled differently. Alliteration is used to link words for effect.

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The author can use dialogue between characters, the narrator's descriptions, and the character's actions to help you determine the "personality" of a character. 

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The author can use dialogue between characters, the narrator's descriptions, and the character's actions to help you determine the "personality" of a character. 

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A unit of action, often a subdivision of an act. 

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A unit of action, often a subdivision of an act. 

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Instructions in a play for technical aspects of the production like lighting, sound, costume, scenery or props and most importantly, the movement of actors onstage. 

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Instructions in a play for technical aspects of the production like lighting, sound, costume, scenery or props and most importantly, the movement of actors onstage. 

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An act is a major division of a theatre work, including a play, film, opera, or musical theatre, consisting of one or more scenes.

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An act is a major division of a theatre work, including a play, film, opera, or musical theatre, consisting of one or more scenes.

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Wile E. Coyote is characterized as cunning, but also as clumsy by the cartoonists. 

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Wile E. Coyote is characterized as cunning, but also as clumsy by the cartoonists. 

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Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers 

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Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers 

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... is the atmosphere of a story, or a reader's emotional response to a text. 

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... is the atmosphere of a story, or a reader's emotional response to a text. 

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The mood of the love poems were romantic and sentimental. 

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The mood of the love poems were romantic and sentimental. 

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to give a non-human thing the qualities of a person. (The ability to think, do, speak, as a person). 

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to give a non-human thing the qualities of a person. (The ability to think, do, speak, as a person). 

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The life lesson or message to be learned after reading a work of fiction. 

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The life lesson or message to be learned after reading a work of fiction. 

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The writer's use of figurative language to help you engage with the details of a story or poem in a way that it activates your five senses. 

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The writer's use of figurative language to help you engage with the details of a story or poem in a way that it activates your five senses. 

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The sharp edge of the index card made a slight cut in my finger-- leading me on an immediate search for a band aid to stop the stinging.

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The car labored along grinding and clanking furiously.

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One bite of the sour lemon caused my lips to pucker.

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The warm, sweet smell of sweet potato pie filled the air.

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The tiny brown spider inched his way across the limb of the apple tree.

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A comparison of 2 unlike things without using like or as. 

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A comparison of 2 unlike things without using like or as. 

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All the world's a stage.

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You are my sunshine.

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the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.

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the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.

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Think of names, colors, numbers in stories and poems that represent larger ideas.

Four leaf clovers represent good luck.

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Foreshadowing is a literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story.

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Foreshadowing is a literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story.

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Antagonist: a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary.

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Antagonist: a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary.

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Ellipses: the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues.

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Ellipses: the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues.

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Hyphen: the sign -, used to join words to indicate that they have a combined meaning or that they are linked in the grammar of a sentence (as in pick-me-up, rock-forming).

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Hyphen: the sign -, used to join words to indicate that they have a combined meaning or that they are linked in the grammar of a sentence (as in pick-me-up, rock-forming).

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En dash: a short dash (–) used in punctuation, in particular between figures to show a range (for example, 1939–45). This "dash" is the width of a capital letter N. 

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En dash: a short dash (–) used in punctuation, in particular between figures to show a range (for example, 1939–45). This "dash" is the width of a capital letter N. 

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Dashes: How to Use Them in Sentences | Grammarly

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A dash is a little horizontal line that floats in the middle of a line of text (not at the bottom; that's an underscore). It's longer than a hyphen and is commonly used to indicate a range or a pause. Dashes are used to separate groups of words, not to separate parts of words like a hyphen does. (Learn more about the difference between a dash and a hyphen here). There are three kinds of dashes: the em dash, the en dash, and the double hyphen.

The most common types of dashes are the en dash (-) and the em dash (-). A good way to remember the difference between these two dashes is to visualize the en dash as the width of the letter N and the em dash as the width of the letter M. These dashes not only differ in length, however, they also serve different functions within a sentence.

What are em dashes?

Em dashes save the day when other punctuation would be awkward. For instance, a single em dash can replace a pair of parentheses around material at the end of a sentence, or a pair of em dashes can replace a pair of commas around a clause that contains other commas, to make the sentence easier to understand.

Colons enable a writer to introduce a clause that amplifies whatever came before the colon. They are more formal than em dashes. However, em dashes are more emphatic than colons. When you want to generate strong emotion in your writing or create a more casual tone, use em dashes. Compare these sentences:

Writers and transcriptionists often replace unknown or intentionally omitted letters with em dashes. In these cases, em dashes appear two or three in a row.

What are en dashes?

Recall that en dashes are slightly narrower in width than em dashes. En dashes may look similar to em dashes, but they function in a much different way.

En dash indicating spans or ranges

The en dash is often used to indicate a span of time or a range of numbers. In this context, the dash should be interpreted as meaning either "to" or "through." Consider the examples below:

En dash indicating a connection

The en dash may also be used to indicate a connection between two words. You can use an en dash in a complex compound adjective when one or both of its elements are already hyphenated compounds, although it's also acceptable to use hyphens in these kinds of constructions-just be consistent.

When one element of a complex compound adjective is a proper noun made up of two or more words, however, the proper noun is left open and connected to the rest of the phrase with an en dash:

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A dash is a little horizontal line that floats in the middle of a line of text (not at the bottom; that's an underscore). It's...

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Em dash: The em dash is an incredibly versatile punctuation mark that can be used instead of parentheses, commas, colons, or quotation marks in a sentence. The em dash (—) sets off a word or clause and adds emphasis. Or, it can signal an interruption.  This dash is the width of a capital letter M. 

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Em dash: The em dash is an incredibly versatile punctuation mark that can be used instead of parentheses, commas, colons, or quotation marks in a sentence. The em dash (—) sets off a word or clause and adds emphasis. Or, it can signal an interruption.  This dash is the width of a capital letter M. 

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...is the reason why an author wrote a particular piece. Usually, the purpose is to persuade, inform, entertain, or a combination of these things. As a reader, understanding the author's purpose helps you evaluate bias and more thoroughly understand the content.

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...is the reason why an author wrote a particular piece. Usually, the purpose is to persuade, inform, entertain, or a combination of these things. As a reader, understanding the author's purpose helps you evaluate bias and more thoroughly understand the content.

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... the perspective of the character telling the story. 

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... the perspective of the character telling the story. 

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Narrative writing can be fictional (based on the author's imagination) or nonfiction (based on true events). Narrative writing can be a short story, a poem, a novel or an essay.

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... is how the author feels toward the subject he or she is writing about. 

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... is how the author feels toward the subject he or she is writing about. 

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... is the process of reaching  a conclusion based on specific evidence. 

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... is the process of reaching  a conclusion based on specific evidence. 

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...are hints that an author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word within a book. 

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...are hints that an author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word within a book. 

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... is conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book, play, or movie.

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... is conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book, play, or movie.

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The main idea of an entire story. (Not the moral of the story.) 

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The main idea of an entire story. (Not the moral of the story.) 

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That suggestion will only serve as a band-aid for the problem. We need long term change.  

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That suggestion will only serve as a band-aid for the problem. We need long term change.  

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Point of view (POV) is what the character or narrator telling the story can see (his or her perspective). The author chooses “who” is to tell the story by determining the point of view. Depending on who the narrator is, they will be standing at one point and seeing the action. This viewpoint will give the narrator a partial or whole view of events as they happen. Many stories have the protagonist telling the story, while in others, the narrator may be another character or an outside viewer, a narrator who is not in the story at all.

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Point of view (POV) is what the character or narrator telling the story can see (his or her perspective). The author chooses “who” is to tell the story by determining the point of view. Depending on who the narrator is, they will be standing at one point and seeing the action. This viewpoint will give the narrator a partial or whole view of events as they happen. Many stories have the protagonist telling the story, while in others, the narrator may be another character or an outside viewer, a narrator who is not in the story at all.

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Eagles represent freedom.

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An author will use quotation marks within their novel to show that a character is speaking. A comic book artist will use "bubbles" to signal dialogue, speech, or thoughts revealed to the reader. 

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An author will use quotation marks within their novel to show that a character is speaking. A comic book artist will use "bubbles" to signal dialogue, speech, or thoughts revealed to the reader. 

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Narratives have plot, setting, character, conflict, and theme.

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Narratives have plot, setting, character, conflict, and theme.

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Example #1: The animal rights activist had a critical tone in her article about the unfair treatment of orangutans.  😠

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Example #1: The animal rights activist had a critical tone in her article about the unfair treatment of orangutans.  😠

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The central idea of the story of the Three Little Pigs: One pig was smarter and more industrious than the other two by building a house out of bricks, thus preventing the Big Bad Wolf from blowing the house down.

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Example #1: The author's purpose for publishing a cookbook of Sichuan recipes is to entertain the reader and to inform them on how to recreate those recipes at home.  

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Example #1: The author's purpose for publishing a cookbook of Sichuan recipes is to entertain the reader and to inform them on how to recreate those recipes at home.  

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Theme: A quiet, private life is better than living a busy, public life.

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The mood of the ghost stories around the campfire were terrifying and anxiety-inducing. 

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The mood of the ghost stories around the campfire were terrifying and anxiety-inducing. 

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The location and time period in which a story is taking place. 

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The location and time period in which a story is taking place. 

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Use WIN to help you focus your central idea:  

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Use WIN to help you focus your central idea:  

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Who or what the story is about.
Important / Key info
Number of words are limited

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Example: I find Lulu's manner to be brusque-- any time I ask her a question, she answers in one or two words and continues to look at her computer screen. 

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Example: I find Lulu's manner to be brusque-- any time I ask her a question, she answers in one or two words and continues to look at her computer screen. 

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Definition of brusque: abrupt or offhand in speech or manner.

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I can infer that my dog ate the cake because his fur is covered in vanilla icing and my cake has been reduced to a small pile of crumbs. 

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I can infer that my dog ate the cake because his fur is covered in vanilla icing and my cake has been reduced to a small pile of crumbs. 

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Example #2: The child had a hopeful tone in their letter to Santa Claus. 👧🏻

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Example #2: The child had a hopeful tone in their letter to Santa Claus. 👧🏻

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Example #2: The youtuber posted a video about making your own dollhouse furniture. Their purpose was to persuade others to try themselves! 

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Example #2: The youtuber posted a video about making your own dollhouse furniture. Their purpose was to persuade others to try themselves! 

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In the sixth grade novel, Hatchet, the pilot clutches his chest in pain-- foreshadowing an oncoming heart attack. This leads to the plane crashing and Brian having to survive alone in the Canadian wilderness. 

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In the sixth grade novel, Hatchet, the pilot clutches his chest in pain-- foreshadowing an oncoming heart attack. This leads to the plane crashing and Brian having to survive alone in the Canadian wilderness. 

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Example #3: My grandma had a stern and serious tone in her voice after my brother and I threw water balloons in the house. 🤨

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Example #3: My grandma had a stern and serious tone in her voice after my brother and I threw water balloons in the house. 🤨

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Sesame Street: Conflict! (video)

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Many fairy tales reveal the setting in the opening sentence... 

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Many fairy tales reveal the setting in the opening sentence... 

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Once upon a time, in a faraway land...