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1590, the man Acosta wrote on how Indians were descendants of the biblical first man, Adam. This caused Acosta to believe that they were from the Old World, leading him to think that they had walk to America. Hundred years later scientists proved that this is wrong. Source: Mann, Before Columbus, Chapter 6, page 54

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230 million years ago the Delta of the Mississippi was formed, dinosaurs disappeared and the Earth turned colder bringing us into the Ice Ages. Glaciers formed a bridge called Beringia, which connected Russia and Alaska the first human beings to enter North America. These new people spread through America and came to Arkansas and we call these people American Indians. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 5, page 110

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The first crops of Arkansas were squash and weedlike grains. Some of the names of these crops were goosefoot, marsh elder, and sumpweed. Due to the Natives forming crops, they had to keep people there to protect and cultivate the crops since a secure food supply meant that the tribal government had to have more power. More power allowed easier protection of the crops from other Native groups.
Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 5, page 113

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1541 The Crossing of the Mississippi River

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1541 The Crossing of the Mississippi River

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June 28, 1541, De Soto crossed the Mississippi River and made it to Arkansas, but he had troubles on the way. As De Soto ordered his men to make the rafts to cross the river, a group of unfriendly Indians came from the other bank. The Indians then proceeded to shower the Spaniards with arrows which frightened the Spaniards. Luckily, de Soto's men finished the rafts and made it to Arkansas. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 6, page 126

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The Indians of Coliqua were Indians who have never heard of Christians. The Christians came and the Indians were terrified so they fled their city. Some even jumped into the river but the Christians still captured them. De Soto made the Indians bring him gifts at his command. It is sad to think that someone that would call themselves a Christian would do something as horrible as this but back then it was seen as normal.
Source: A Gentleman of Elvas, Spanish Encounter with Arkansas Natives

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In Autiamque, Juan Ortiz died. Juan was an interpreter for his governor who was De Soto. Soto did not exactly care for the guy but was mostly sad that he might get lost in the new areas he explored because he didn't have his interpreter. It was sad and disappointing that he thought like that. This showed how some of the leaders treated people back then and explains why most became slave owners and pushed people from their lands.
Source: A Gentleman of Elvas, Spanish Encounter with Arkansas Natives,

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It was May 21, 1542, de Soto had passed away from a fever. The Spaniards were afraid of what the Indians might do to them now that their "chief" was dead. Do to this fear, de Soto's men carried his body back to the Mississippi and secretly slipped de Soto's coffin into the river. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 6, page 129

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Once again more people are voyaging down the Mississippi River. This time it is Father Jacques Marquette, a Roman Catholic priest and Louis Joliet, a fur trapper and trader. Both of them came from Canada with two different goals in mind. Jacques wanted to convert the Native Indians to Christian faith while Louis was interested in new ways to trade. One goal they did have in common was to find gold or a water route through North America to the Indies. On their journey they met the Illinois Indians whom had given the Frenchmen a long-stemmed pipe made of red stone, called a calumet. Source: Hopper, An American History, Chapter 6, page 130

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Nine years after the 1673 Frenchmen, La Salle headed down the famous Mississippi River. Though in this story the Indians faced a bargain which was Le Salle telling the Quapaw's that he claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley in the name of the king of France, King Louis XIV. This newly claimed land was called Louisiana. Now part of the bargain for taking the land Le Salle promised the Indians protection from their enemy tribes. To complete the bargain Le Salle placed a flag pole in the ground. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 6, page 132

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The Southwest Trail was an old Indian path that ran from Sainte Genevieve in south east Missouri, through central Arkansas and onto Texas. It was actually a path through the forest. In 1803, after the Arkansas territory became part of the United States, the Southwest Trail was the first "road" to be chosen by the national government for improvement. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 7, page 154

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At the same time as Lewis and Clark there was another expedition that happened that not many know of, I am one of those people. The 1804-1805 expedition was lead by William Dunbar of Mississippi; a farmer, scientist, and diplomat. And George Hunter, a medical doctor. The expedition was led up Ouachita River. They found that both Indians and Europeans truly lived off the land. They also found that many travelers came to the hot springs for medicinal properties. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 7, page 152

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Fortescue Cuming was a traveler in 1808, he reported that the Anglo-American settlements in the Arkansas region only raised enough for consumption. Cuming made a comment on how even the French hunters agriculture was not as great as the European settlements. Cuming saw the place as poor because they never looked for anything more than what they have.
Source: DuVal, The End of the Native Ground?, Chapter 8, page 228

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Starting in 1815 after the war of 1812, Americans had a national pride and a prosperous economy. Americans grew courage to go further. They decided to expand their land further to the west. Citizens who were veterans were granted a million acres to the west from the government. Plus, the government was nice enough to grant land to the people who lost land from the earthquake.
Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 8, page 164.

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July 4, 1819 President James Monroe name James Miller the first governor of the Arkansas Territory. Miller was a general in the U.S. Army and a hero of the War of 1812. Miller didn't leave for Arkansas till October of 1819.
Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 8, page 168

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In 1820 the Missouri Compromise was formed and it split the 24 states into an equal parts. Half of them were slave states and the other half was free states. This compromise basically helped the slave states since it was an equal vote in the senate so the slave states wouldn't be harmed.
Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 9, page 182

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Immigration became easier after the steamboat which allowed more settlers to come to Arkansas. Surprisingly, increase of settlers caused the slave percentages decline. The slave percentage went from 14 to 11 percent. But by 1830 it rose to 15 percent due to cotton growth increasing in Arkansas. Cotton bought slaves so with the increase of cotton plantations the increase of slaves.
Source: DuVal, The End of the Native Ground?, Chapter 8, page 228

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In 1825 the Osages were forced to leave in stages. In 1828 it was the Cherokees turn to leave. In 1830s the government finally decided to force out all five civilized tribes. This was the start of the Trail of Tears were the Indians were forced to travel to Oklahoma. Throughout the whole event the Indians were guided by the U.S. Army. Personally, this kind of seems like what happened during the Holocaust where the Jews were forced to walk to another camp under the guidance of the Nazi.
Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 8, page 175

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In 1836, the road from Memphis to Little Rock Arkansas was completed. This allowed better transportation of goods for Arkansas during this time instead of using steamboats. After the completion of this road there was more traveling through Arkansas and to Memphis increasing the economy and the amount of people staying in Arkansas.
Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 194.

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In 1840, Arkansas farmers raised enough corn to feed everyone in the state for a year according to Hopper. During this year Arkansas had more cattle and hogs per person that any southern state. Also, most families would raise small crops like cotton or tobacco to use as a money crop to sell.
Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, Chapter 9, page 188

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Martin Jackson was a slave during this period who talked about how he was forced to be a slave at the age of 5 to a 2 year old white boy. He had to serve the kid and take care of the child. He probably felt degraded to be taking orders from a kid who is younger than him.

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In 1860, there was a huge debate over slavery and some other issues and Arkansas was divided in their decision as the election approached. The northern states wanted to abolish slavery and it caused some southerners to talk about leaving the Union if the North won the election. Most knew that if the North won there would most likely be a conflict or war to break out. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 212.

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In 1862, the Battle of Pea Ridge began on the main road to Missouri. It was a battle against the Confederacy and the Union. It was a fierce battle but in the end the Confederacy lost the battle and the Union took the win. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 220.

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In 1864, the Union decided to form a campaign called the The Red River Campaign. The campaign was formed to try and take Shreveport which is in Louisiana. This place was the center of the cotton trade and headquarters of the confederacy. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 224.

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As most know, the death of President Lincoln was in 1865 by John Wilkes Booth who shot Lincoln in the head at Ford’s Theatre. In the evening of April 14th, 1865, Lincoln was shot in the head and in the early morning on the 15th Lincoln died. Booth was tracked down but wasn’t caught till early morning, April 26, 1865. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 238-239.

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In 1867, Congress was pressing for several Reconstruction acts that would rule for the new state governments in the South. Under one of the Reconstruction plans the officers of the U.S. Army would register the voter in each of the Confederate states. It would also make all adult black males be able to vote. Plus, white males could only vote if they took the iron-clad oath. Not many males in Arkansas passed this oath. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 240-241.

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In 1871, the legislature authorized the board of trustees to find a location for a new school which was soon to be named as ArkansasIndustrial University and then to University of Arkansas in 1899. They wanted it to be in Little Rock but was turned down and then Batesville and Independence counties offered $69,000 but was turned down again. This was due to Fayetteville offering more money and had every requirement that the committee was looking for. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 261.

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The Brooks-Baxter War happened in 1874 caused by a conflict between supporters of Gov. Elisha Baxter and those of Joseph Brooks. Brooks claimed to be the rightful governor and claimed that there was voting fraud. About two hundred people were killed and in the end a Congressional committee ruled in favor of Baxter. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 244.

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In 1874, a woman's right to own property was honored in her own name. Even though this happened life was still hard in rural areas and in this setting the poorly paid schoolteacher was probably the only woman for miles around with any money of her own. In Arkansas growing cities offered new freedom and greater opportunities for wealth to many women. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 260.

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In 1877 Jim Crow law began and set forth to affect segregation. In Arkansas the Jim Crow laws slowed the progress of Reconstruction and made it difficult for blacks to integrate into society. The Jim Crow laws made situations like this difficult in many southern states. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 267.

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The Progressive Movement started in 1897 and was one of the first great reform movements. During this time protection for workers and consumers were strengthened. One of the most important and known events during this time was the fact that women had gained the right to vote. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 278-279.

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In 1903, car owners formed the Arkansas Good Roads Association which promoted the building of more roads in Arkansas. In 1913, roads were being built and more people were getting vehicles to drive on these newly formed roads. Of course building these roads was expensive so in 1916 the Federal Road Act was formed to pay half of the cost to these roads. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 289.

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The 18th Amendment was passed 1919 which banned the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. This amendment was somewhat part of the Progressive Movement. This amendment was later on ratified due to its failure to work. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 283.

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Elaine Riot: Moses Jackson & the Repressed

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Elaine Riot: Moses Jackson & the Repressed

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Moses Jackson was a former sharecropper and he explained how a lot of sharecroppers like him were cheated during this time. They worked a whole year but gave you nothing and most would be stuck in debt. Moses Jackson’s story and many others are what led up to a group of black people gathering together on October 30th, to talk about their repression and what to do about it. They organized the Progressive farmers and Household Union. Two white men showed up and started firing but one white man was killed and then a race war started. Source: The Elaine Riot: Tragedy and Triumph Part 1

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Scipio A. Jones is little known today but his legacy remains as one of the first black lawyers to challenge southern legal and justice and win. No tribute has been given to him and it was in the african-american newspaper for almost 80 years. Jones went to Helena and took charge of the case when Helena was seething with hate and the least indiscretion meant death. Source: The Elaine Riot: Tragedy and Triumph Part 2.

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The Flood of 1927 was caused by the flooding of the Mississippi River and wreaked havoc on Arkansas. Water from the snows in Canada that melted flowed in the rivers in the U.S. which caused the Mississippi River to overflow. The flood washed away many homes in Arkansas and destroyed thousands of acres in Arkansas. It is an event that would be known as one of the worst floods in Arkansas History. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 324-325.

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Black Tuesday was October 29th of 1929 and was the day the stock exchanged collapsed. This was a day that would essentially be the start of the Great Depression. Southern states like Arkansas would have never expected something like this to happen. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 330.

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The New Deal was formed in 1933 which ended up having an impact on agriculture. It tried to help farmers try to save their land that was affected by the Great Depression. Arkansas and other southern states tried to reduce the cotton crop in the early 1930s but had no success and the New Deal tried to help out. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 338-339.

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In 1939, the war began in Europe as German forces came into Poland. This in turn caused Britain and France to declare war against Germany and Italy. Even though the war started at this time there wasn’t any big fighting until the spring of 1940. Hitler used a tactical force called Blitzkrieg which quickly crushed European defenses in WW2. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 350.

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December 7th, 1941 Japanese planes bombed a harbor in Hawaii and the event was known as the Bombing of Pearl Harbor. This in turn pushed the United States to enter WW2. Germany and Italy are the ones to declare war on the United States bringing them into the war. Later, the U.S. took revenge on Japan and bombed them. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 350-351.

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Time of Fear tells us the story of how the Japanese Americans were targeted and segregated after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The government saw all of them as traitors and rounded them up to remove them from the coast. It was sad how we put the blame on them just because their homeland caused problems. Half of these Japanese Americans were born here in the United States but were still segregated and some of them just went on with the excuse that this is war and that they are Japanese. They wanted to show that they are indeed American even if they originated from Japan. Source: Time of Fear by PBS Home Video

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During WW2 women had their spot in the spotlight. Due to men being in the war women had to step up and provide for their children and others by working in factories and other jobs that at the time were being held by men. This was another step in a movement to show that women were just as important as men and deserve the same rights as men. They held their jobs down and provided for their families just like men did before the war. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 357-358.

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The General Assembly did support McMath's highway program. Arkansas was known throughout the nation for its bad roads. One car maker touted its cars as having “passed the Arkansas mud test.” In 1949, the state borrowed money through a bond issue to pay for repairs and new highways. Because of low tax collections and state money needed for other programs, Arkansas's teacher pay and spending per pupil were at the bottom of the country's scales, as in the past. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 371-372.

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From 1950 to 1954, a phenomenon took place in the U.S. Senate and across the country. It was based on the suspicions that many U.S. citizens, particularly in politics and the entertainment industry, were communists. Republican senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin initiated accusations and government investigations that became known as "McCarthyism." Many lost their jobs, and reputations were ruined. In the end, only a few people were actually convicted of espionage. Source: Hopper, An Arkansas History, page 373.