# data[].attributes.body
Lottie and Georgia
Placemaking is the multi-faceted approach to the design, planning and management of public spaces. This process is by both public players and private players, such as the government, local communities, and planners and architects. Overall, I think that the government are the most important player.

The Government is the most important player when it comes to placemaking. It is a public player, one that has power over community laws and helps to fuel economic growth through funding of national projects. In Birmingham the Government have funded a flagship development, the creation of the HS2 transport link between Birmingham and London which was a huge £20 billion investment. Whilst many players like TNCs and local communities will be involved in the construction process, the Government were the driving player that funded the project, showing they have the greatest economic influence. This project will stimulate employment growth and further socio-economic growth in the city, achieving something that a smaller player, like a local community, couldn't.The construction of the transport line could also boost FDI into the country due to a greater amount of employment opportunities, again boosting economic development to the country and allowing for more involvement in international business activities. However, you could argue that TNCs, a private player, have a greater role in placemaking as they supply the employment opportunities by settling in cities and construct the projects that the Government fund and permit. Governments are also keen to encourage inward investment by TNCs, showing their significance. But the Government are the player that allow these large construction projects to take place and fund them, TNCs just do not have the same amount of economic influence as a national Government in an AC like England do. In LIDCs and EDCs, TNCs may have a greater role in placemaking as the Governments are keen to attract them to grow the country’s economy and provide employment, however this is not the case in every country.

Other players, such as planners and architects are integral to the placemaking process, but as they cannot function without government permission and funding, they are a less important player. Although planners do have some say in what happens, the main role of these groups is to follow government instructions in order to create meaningful and authentic places. Well-planned places can lead to the multiplier effect- meaning the economy of an area can be boosted via planning and architecture. An example of this would be the creation of the 24 hour city in London. Planners designed night bus routes, which have doubled since 1999, and the number of passengers have tripled. Increased night-time infrastructure has also lead to the nightlife economy increasing- as night shifts and ability to stay out later means that more people are using late night amenities such as the 50+ 24 hour McDonalds, as well as late night gyms and hairdressers. Creation of nightlife and the boost of the economy will make the place more attractive to further government investment, therefore providing amenities and opportunities that would make the area meaningful to those who live there. Overall, planners and architects play a big role in placemaking however their contributions are mainly made possible via government contributions- so they are not the most important player.

Local communities are also another player that impact placemaking. They are a local organisation that influence the making of a new place from the local residents' point of view. Southwell Flood Forum was established to help the local community defend and prepare themselves against flooding. They train volunteers, create emergency planning and contribute to the funding of flood defence. Whilst this group helps the local area they don't have any real economic influence that would impact the location. They also rely on local governments for help in the making of their emergency plan, showing how they aren't the most significant since they rely on government help and permission.

Governments are economically the most powerful player (except perhaps TNCs) and they also have a wide array of local involvement, as each area of a nation is represented by both local and national governments- and even to some extent on a transnational scale via EU representatives. The power of governments in placemaking can easily be seen through its flagship developments of parts of the country (such as HS2 linking Birmingham- an area previously left behind in terms of development- to London- the capital city). On the other hand, players such as TNCs with massive economic power can influence placemaking via creation of jobs, factories, infrastructure etc, and planners and architects influence placemaking in its design, however neither have

# data[].attributes.body
Harry Amy H and Izzy
Intro
Placemaking is a multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces. It is people orientated, so takes into account how people use the space and how they feel whilst doing so. There are many qualities a place must have; a few of them being that it must be accessible, feel safe and look aesthetically pleasing. As well as this, there needs to be many reasons to visit a place. Placemaking is the process of bringing these qualities into a space, making it enjoyable for everyone to use. Players are different groups of people that are affected by or are involved with the decision making process. They are essential in placemaking and each player has a different role. All players are important, however a noticeable pattern in placemaking is that those players with higher financial status, have the most influence on placemaking.

Government
Governments are a vital player in placemaking due to the financial and power based influence that they have. Governments are responsible for factors such as planning permission and financial backing. An example of where local governments have been important in placemaking is in Christchurch, NZ after the 2011 earthquakes. After the earthquakes, the government first focused on getting basic services running, and the community began doing things for themselves. The local government then joined the efforts to rebuild the city as an enabler, working on a community level basis. The council changed certain planning rules, enabling placemaking activities to go ahead without needing to spend time getting planning and resource permission.  (not finished)

Community group
One of the players involved that is involved in place making, is community groups. The community groups can get quite involved. But the community groups do not have as much power as the government or architects because they are small and local but they still have a decent amount of power because out of all the players in the placemaking process it will have the most effect over their life and it will  affect them the most in the future. An example of this is the urban expansion of Newcourt in east Exeter. The community decided that they needed more housing since the area was getting increasingly more crowded and so therefore 3700 more houses were built. A community group helped raise money and help provide the jobs and overall influence the placemaking.

Architects
Architects are highly influential in placemaking. Certain properties a place must have in order to be successful are highly influenced by the design and structure of the place. For example, it must be easily accessible for everyone. An accessible place is more likely to be successful as more people can use it. Making sure a place is accessible shows that the players involved are considerate and inclusive, meaning it is more appealing to a lot of people, even those who do not have disabilities. In order for a place to be accessible it needs to be designed and structured in such a way that it is wheelchair friendly amongst other things. Because architects are so heavily involved in this process, they are a very important player.

Another reason architects are potentially more influential in placemaking than the governments is that they are responsible for making the place aesthetically pleasing. Changing the way a place looks can alter people's perceptions of it. If a place looks nice, it is perceived as a safe, positive place and therefore is more appealing. However, if a place doesn't look nice e.g. is dirty, blocky or very monotonous, it can make the people using it feel anxious or unhappy whilst being there, making it less appealing. The more people a place appeals to, the more successful it is likely to be. Therefore, architects are highly important in making a place appeal t those who will be using it and so are highly essential players.

Conclusion
Overall, we disagree that the government is the most important player in placemaking, due to the fact that different players influence different aspects of placemaking. For example, the architects affect the physical aspects, the community groups know what is best for the community and it will affect their life the most, and the government will give financial support and planning permission. All of these separate aspects are equally important, meaning it is almost impossible to single one out as the most important. it does depend on the project size however, as

not finished

# data[].attributes.body
Dan, Laila and Liam
Placemaking is a multi-faced approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces. It is important to many players such as the government as they have a key say is the place making process.
Placemaking for government is all about economic opportunities. For example the local government in Birmingham is playing a vital role in promoting change. It aims to attract inward investment to bring about the construction for the National exhibition Center and the expansion of Birmingham international airport. Both developments influence the attraction of significant amounts of money making it a key player of placemaking

TNC’S are also an important player in placemaking. These private players influence economic change by stimulating economic growth. An example of a TNC is Shell, this big corporation has one of its main interests in the oil rigs in Saudi Arabia. This influences placemaking as these businesses can control production and invest into certain places. However, one of the problems with these TNC’s is that their primary aim is to generate money for their own profit, therefore not profiting the countries that they are working with. This is due to them being footloose companies, allowing them to generate more profit for themselves. As they hold a lot of power over these places, they can proceed with these unethical workings. In summary this shows us that TNC’s have a large influence of places, especially ones less advanced, which means that they can exploit these countries making it unfair.

To conclude, I agree with the statement made. This is because they have the power to bring about change within a place.  This is seen in Birmingham, a prime example of the regeneration of a place after the fall in industry. On the one hand, this public player not only works with communities, but it also has the money to support placemaking. However, on the other hand TNC’s are large corporations where their businesses are the main support for their economy. Nevertheless, my view stays the same, as governments can influence the planning of a place.

# data[].attributes.body
Aimee A, Maria and Ethan W
Placemaking is a multi-faceted approach to the design, planning and management of a public space. This is supported by both public and private players, players are people/business’ interested in placemaking/investing in placemaking. public players are organizations or groups that manage plcaes and people to drive economic change. private players are individual buisness' that support economic change and benefit from it.

I agree that governments are the most important player in the process of placemaking, this is because they are the source of economic drive because they have the most money to spend, for example the EU, a transnational government that give grants to countries to develop infrastructure and re-build cities for example the support to re-urbanise Birmingham which resulted in the Birmingham Airport with direct flights to India, attracting foreign direct investment, coming across as a world-wide city, and the Birmingham Library. This meant that players became more interested in Birmingham which causes the multiplier effect in economic growth.  NOT FINISHED

On the other hand charities are also very important.....
for example the power of 10+ which is a concept project for public spaces developed to evaluate and facilitate place-making at multiple city scales. they want locals to help the most in design to help facilitate the needs of the public (not finished)

NOT COMPLETE

# data[].attributes.body
Milan Ella Ethan SH Jack
Placemaking is a multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and management of public place with the intention of creating public spaces that promotes people’s health, happiness and wellbeing. There are many different types of players, players are people who are interested in a area and contribute towards it, for example: the government, community groups and planners and architects. The government is important but there are other significant players at different scales whether that be locally, internationally, or nationally. I plan to discuss the relative significance between 3 important players towards placemaking.

The Government has a significant role to play in the process of place making. One of the key roles in the process is the attracting of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Foreign Direct Investment is the investment of one country in another. It’s important for there to be FDI so governments are able to make good modern and environmentally friendly places that can not only attract tourism but also bring in TNCs to help boost the economy. Having good investments in Place Making allows for elements such as adding green spaces and getting resources that are ethically and locally sourced. The Government getting foreign direct investment also attracts businesses that might want to be known for supporting the use of eco friendly resources in the making of places. All of this helps drive the economy and allow for more places to be made and invested in. Another example of how Government can impact place making is by creating large infrastructure projects. An example is the High speed rail (HS2) which is a national government flag ship development. This transport system that links Birmingham and London which are the two of the biggest cities in the UK. The government would want this to be successful because they want it to bring further socio-economic change to Birmingham and stimulate job growth. Also because it is only 50 minutes away from London via HS2 also could hopefully attract new investments to the city, which will further grow the countries economy.

Despite this, there is also an argument for community groups being an influential player. While not as important as planners and architects, we can see the impact they have is partially significant. Community driven, grass roots, tactical urbanisation can help benefit communities and local areas. For example, they can help increase social cohesion through individual pressure groups, such as schools and churches. These can help connect the local people not only to each other, but also to the local area, promoting a strong sense of identity. Often, local groups are consulted before major changes happen and can be involved in the planning, design, management and funding of certain infrastructure. For example, Southwell’s Flood Forum helps support the work on Southwell’s Flood Mitigation Plan. Specifically, they determine, test and implement engineered mitigation methods to reduce flood risks. Some of their recent work includes releasing a single ‘The Rain Came Down’, a downloadable song (to help fundraise) and also helping create a road closure scheme (with 19 road closure points) that is one of the most advanced road closure schemes in Europe. They can also provide key communication links between authorities; Southwell’s Flood Forum works in partnership with Newark and Sherwood District Council, Nottinghamshire County Council and the Environmental Agency. Community groups drive urban acupuncture, which uses small scale intervention at a local level to transform larger urban areas. This bottom-up intervention promotes strong, community-centric driven development, key for keeping people at the heart of placemaking.

One player are Planers. Architects are a key in the place making process because they oversee the initial design of the building/structure. For example, Charles Léon Stephen Sauvestre, the architect behind the Eiffel Tower in Paris made such an iconic structure that its presence is felt around the world influencing other buildings. The influence over how an architect designs their piece is an important one as everyone will see it and if they conclude that it has a great design; they may come back which in turn keeps money flowing into the local area. But a problem may be that even though a building is new, and fancy will not get out as it is for the people and social media to help people come visit the place. Another player such as a planner also has an impact as they set down the foundations of how and where the place should be built. Without them we would not be able to build anything as they gather all the resources for the build such as builders. Builders do may not have influence over people as they do not participate in joining it, but they do add to it through there work manging the site.

In conclusion, I partially agree that the government is the most important player in terms of placemaking however I believe that planners and architects are the most influential player, this is because in the long term the design the individual appearance the public spaces that will affect the appearance of the neighbourhood for a long time. However, on the other hand people might strongly agree that the government is the most important due to the fact that without them providing money, the planners and architects would be able to afford to build what they have designed.

# data[].attributes.body
Oscar Jess Finn
We partially agree to this statement as governments do hold a significant role in placemaking. Place making is a multi-faced approach to planning, design and management of public spaces. It capitalizes on local communities as it has the people at the heart of its scheme with the intention of creating public spaces that promote peoples wellbeing, health and happiness. In place making, there are many players who influence the economic change on an area. These players (stakeholder's) may be public or private, but some players have more of a considerable influence on a place as they contribute a higher economic value. An example of a private player would be Mc Donald's as their aim is to generate money to make a profit on their investment while a public player, such as the national government, tries to stimulate economic growth, sustain, and contribute to existing employment and improve the environment.

GOV
The government have a massive impact on the place making of larger areas such as Birmingham since they have a large, strong economy. In order to create a difference in these big cities, the government must attract foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI is the investment from one into another (TNC’s into Governments) that involves the setting up of operations and asset acquisition. This means that these large corporations need to get something out of their investment in order for this to be a ‘win win win’ scheme for government economy, TNC’s and the general public. For example, currently the UK government is building a railway called HS2 which will connect London and Birmingham and the commute time will be just 20 minutes. If this works, the TNC’s will see a rise in profit, governments will see a boost in economy due to more people travelling between the two cities for business and the general public will find travel more convenient which will improve social cohesion between the two cities in particular. It will also allow the people living in rural areas who live near HS2 to have an easy way of making their way to a major city. In the short term this will be very costly especially due to the fact that the railway passes over homes meaning the government must relocate people. However, in the long term, this will benefit all the players involved due to the economic benefits. Although this project does rely on FDI, the government is the most important since they are the ones that have come up with the idea which attract the investment, they drive most of the investment themselves and they have the power to relocate people.

However, another important factor in placemaking is planning and architecture which stem from the government as they are responsible for these factors along with other players such as construction companies and emergency services. Planners and architectures make places as the create a design that pleases people, works well and is cared for by its community by reflecting the history and culture of a place and influence peoples lives and boost wellbeing. “An effective planning system and good special plan are essential to achieve high quality places and good design” – CABE 2009, showing that the governmental role of planning is highly significant in place making. An example of this would be London becoming a 24hour city. The governmental role in this is very significant as they have identified the reasons for change and its problems through planning. They have taken on board local community feed back, emergency services such as the police force and transport links into consideration as this 24-hour city will cause changes to the life, perspective and management of the city in the long term. Therefore, the government do play a key role in the planning and architecture of a place but do not work alone as other players are needed in a significant change like this; the reinventing of a place.

Another player could be Local Government. These are key to place making processes because they voice what the local people need and make an impact and a change. An example for a local scale could be Southwell flood forum. This group aims to reduce flood risk around Southwell and bring people together through planning to determine, test and implement engineered mitigation measures to reduce flood risk with the help of the local government as these have the power to help implement and change. Some of the recent work that the Southwell Flood forum has done could be the creating of song “the rain came down”. They did this to help fundraise money and whilst doing this they also made a road closure scheme with the event “Dry run” that happened in 2017. Although small groups like this helps, they need to support of the local government to ensure that events and other plans can go through.

In conclusion, the government do play the most significant because they often have the most economic power if the place is well developed. Also the government are a multilayered organization which means that their influence spread across all communities. On the other hand, the government would not be able to do everything by themselves since they need input from many players like planners and architects to make the area sustainable and efficient both economically and environmentally. Nevertheless, the government have the overriding say in what goes ahead and what doesn’t.

# data[].attributes.headline
‘Governments are the most important players in the placemaking process.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? [16]​

# data[].attributes.subject
‘Governments are the most important players in the placemaking process.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? [16]​