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Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States have been presented in various forms by the mass media in the American culture. Stereotypical representations of Arabs are often manifested in a society's media, literature, theater and other creative expressions. These representations, which have been historically and predominantly negative, have adverse repercussions for Arab Americans and Muslims in daily interactions and in current events. In American textbooks, which theoretically should be less-creative expressions, similar negative and inaccurate stereotypes are also found for Arabs and Muslims.

Rudolph Valentino's roles in The Sheik (1921) and The Son of the Sheik (1926) set the stage for the exploration and negative portrayal of Arabs in Hollywood films.[citation needed ] Both The Sheik and The Son of the Sheik represented Arab characters as thieves, charlatans, murderers, and brutes.

Other foreign movies of the 1920s share a common theme of power-hungry, brutal Arabs ultimately defeated by westerners:[citation needed ]

Simon singles out A Son of the Sahara ( 1924) as "the strongest subconscious attack on the Arab culture of all the Arab movies of the 1920s."

The same themes prevailed into the 1970s and beyond:[citation needed ]

Billionaires, bombers, and belly dancers

A report titled "100 Years of Anti-Arab and Anti-Muslim stereotyping" by Mazin B. Qumsiyeh, director of media relations for the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, specifies what some in the Arab American community call "the three B syndrome": "Arabs in TV and movies are portrayed as either bombers, belly dancers, or billionaires" in reference to Arab men being portrayed as terrorist or as wealthy oilmen and Arab women being portrayed as sex objects. Also the report mentioned that even cartoons have been insulting to Arab and Muslims and how the people who live in the US and interact with its community are the most affected by these stereotypes because they will be treated differently at many points. The report also explains that these stereotypes don't only cause psychological harm (culture, insult) but also helps feed into actions that are physically harmful by dehumanizing a group first before attacking it. According to Mazin B. Qumsiyeh:

Thomas Edison made a short film in 1897 for his patented Kinetoscope in which "Arab" women with enticing clothes dance to seduce a male audience. The short clip was called Fatima Dances (Belly dancer stereotype). The trend has shifted over the years and was dominated by the "billionaires" for a short while especially during the oil crises in the seventies. However, in the last 30 years, the predominant stereotype by far has been the "Arab bombers."

In a piece in the Los Angeles Times published July 28, 1997, Laila Lalami offers a 12-step guide to making a successful Arab-bashing movie, including such items as "the villains must all have beards", "they must all wear ", "they must all have names like Ali, Abdul or Mustapha" and "have them threaten to blow something up."

After the September 11th terrorist attacks, Arab-American actors have found themselves even more likely to be type-cast as a terrorist.

Jack Shaheen, Professor Emeritus of Mass Communications at Southern Illinois University, documented these trends in his book The TV Arab ( ISBN 0-87972-309-2), which identifies more than 21 major movies released over ten years which show the U.S. military killing Arabs with Arabs depicted as being terrorists or enemies of the United States. These include:

In Reel Bad Arabs ( ISBN 1-84437-019-4), Shaheen writes that "television's image of the Arab is omnipresent [and] is becoming a part of American folklore." He also writes that Arabs have "consistently appeared in American popular culture as billionaires, bombers, and belly dancers."

Arab Muslims are fanatics who believe in a different god, who don't value human life as much as we do, they are intent on destroying us (the west) with their oil or with their terrorism; the men seek to abduct and brutally seduce our women; they are without family and reside in a primitive place (the desert) and behave like primitive beings. The women are subservient - resembling black crows - or we see them portrayed as mute, somewhat exotic harem maidens.

The movies which Shaheen identifies as the five worst in terms of negative portrayal of Arabs in modern films are:

The problem of these stereotypes is the main focus of the semi-autobiographical film Driving to Zigzigland, where the actor/taxi driver Bashar Daas finds himself being invariably typecast as an Arab Muslim extremist in US film auditions.

Airport racial profiling after the 9/11 Attacks

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in which 15 of the 19 hijackers were of Saudi Arabian origin and all were of Muslim faith, Arabs and Muslims complained of increased scrutiny and racial profiling at airports. In a poll conducted by the Boston Globe, 71 percent of Blacks and 57 percent of Whites believed that "Arabs and Arab-Americans should undergo special, more intensive security checks before boarding airplanes." Some Muslims and Arabs have complained of being held without explanation and subjected to hours of questioning and arrest without cause. Such cases have led to lawsuits being filed by the American Civil Liberties Union. Fox News radio host Mike Gallagher suggested that airports have a "Muslims Only" line in the wake of the 9/11 attacks stating "It's time to have a Muslims check-point line in America's airports and have Muslims be scrutinized. You better believe it, it's time." In Queens, New York, Muslims and Arabs have complained that the NYPD is unfairly targeting Muslim communities in raids tied to the alleged Zazi terror plot.

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Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States

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Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States have been presented in various forms by the mass media in the American culture. Stereotypical representations of Arabs are often manifested in a society's media, literature, theater and other creative expressions.

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How Islamist militant groups are gaining strength in Africa

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BBc on bombings2014

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The Islamist group Boko Haram has been accused of killing at least 27 people in attacks on two villages in north-east Nigeria, close to where hundreds of schoolgirls were seized.

Gunmen killed 10 people in the village of Shawa and a further 17 in Alagarno, police and witnesses said.

The area is near Chibok, where the schoolgirls were abducted last month.

On Tuesday 118 people died in a double bombing in the central city of Jos, also blamed on Boko Haram.

The abductions of more than 200 girls caused international outrage and prompted foreign powers, including the US, to send military advisers to assist Nigeria's army.

In another development on Wednesday, US President Barack Obama said 80 military personnel had been deployed to neighbouring Chad to help search for the missing girls.

"These personnel will support the operation of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft for missions over northern Nigeria and the surrounding area," Mr Obama said in a letter to Congress.

Many parts of restive north-east Nigeria are no-go zones for the military and insurgents operate freely there, correspondents say.

The big question is where is Nigeria heading? The ferocity, frequency and geographical spread of the attacks is alarming. The military continues to fail to protect civilians in the north-east despite endless promises from the government that additional help is being sent there.

Boko Haram has in the past said it wanted to create an Islamic state. The current bombing campaign is indiscriminate, killing Christians and Muslims. Following most of the devastating attacks in the remote north-east this year, the government has been silent.

These days the president and government officials take less time to condemn, but there is no real sign that the military has the capacity to turn the tide against this brutal campaign of violence. That is terrifying.

The attack on Shawa happened on Monday and that on Alagarno on Tuesday, but were only reported on Wednesday.

Witnesses in Shawa said the gunmen had been on motorcycles. Villagers in Alagarno said the suspected Boko Haram fighters had arrived at night, forcing many residents to flee into the bush.

The militants left the village some four hours later with stolen food and vehicles. One survivor told the BBC that every building had been torched.

In Jos, the search for bodies has been continuing in the rubble left by the twin bombings.

The attacks targeted a crowded market and a hospital, and the second blast went off 30 minutes after the first - killing rescue workers who had rushed to the scene.

"People were using wheelbarrows to move bodies and limbs," eyewitness Janzen Weyi told the BBC.

There has been widespread international condemnation.

US state department spokeswoman Jen Psaki said the bombing, and other recent attacks blamed on Boko Haram, were "unconscionable, terrorist acts".

UK Foreign Secretary William Hague called the attack in Jos a "cowardly, inhumane crime".

Nigeria's President Goodluck Jonathan said those who carried out the attacks were "cruel and evil".

The president announced increased measures to tackle the militants, including a multinational force around Lake Chad which comprises a battalion each from Chad, Niger, Cameroon and Nigeria.

Nigeria's government has been accused of not doing enough to tackle the Islamist extremists - criticism that has grown since the abduction of the schoolgirls.

Earlier this month, the Nigerian senate unanimously approved a six-month extension of a state of emergency in Adamawa, Borno and Yobe states.

Boko Haram is fighting to overthrow the government and create an Islamic state. More than 1,000 people have been killed in attacks linked to the group this year alone.

Nigeria under attack

20 May: Twin bomb attacks killed at least 118 people in the central city of Jos

18 May: Suicide blast on a busy street in northern city of Kano kills four, including a 12-year-old girl

5 May: Boko Haram militants slaughter more than 300 residents in the town of Gamboru Ngala

2 May: Car bomb claims at least 19 lives in the Nigerian capital, Abuja

14 April: Twin bomb attack claimed by Boko Haram kills more than 70 at an Abuja bus station; the same day, the group abducts more than 200 schoolgirls from the remote northern town of Chibok

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Nigeria violence: 'Boko Haram' kill 27 in village attacks

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The Islamist group Boko Haram has been accused of killing at least 27 people in attacks on two villages in north-east Nigeria, close to where hundreds of schoolgirls were seized. Gunmen killed 10 people in the village of Shawa and a further 17 in Alagarno, police and witnesses said.

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https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep12178.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A221224ef12100d5393b7b3c785f516dc

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BBc on boko haram

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency

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https://www.aljazeera.com/program/inside-story/2020/12/16/how-should-boko-haram-be-dealt-with

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xat2T31waGM

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The Seriousness of what Boko Haram does.

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The Seriousness of what Boko Haram does.

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Boko Haram Is Deadlier Than ISIS. Why Don't We Care?

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https://time.com/5922085/boko-haram-nigeria-students-abducted/#:~:text=In%20the%20audio%20message%20about,state%20police%20spokesman%20Gambo%20Isah.

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Document about riliguis laws in nigeria according to refugees____source

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How Does Boko Haram recruit/ brainwash its members?

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How Does Boko Haram recruit/ brainwash its members?

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How Does Boko Haram Recruit Its Soldiers?

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What Happens to people kidnapped by Boko Haram?

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What Happens to people kidnapped by Boko Haram?

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What Happens to the Women Kidnapped by Boko Haram?

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Why Is Boko Haram Kidnapping School Girls?

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Why Is Boko Haram Kidnapping School Girls?

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What Is Boko Haram And Why Are They Kidnapping Nigerian Girls?