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A common problem with lenses which occurs when colors are incorrectly refracted (bent) by the lens, resulting in a mismatch at the focal point where the colors do not combine as they should.

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Posterization of an image entails the conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another.

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If the image data is processed in some way during sampling or reconstruction, the reconstructed image will differ from the original image, and an alias is seen. An example of spatial aliasing is the moiré pattern observed in a poorly pixelized image of a brick wall.

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JPEG artifact sare caused by compression when an image is saved in the . jpg format. Each time an image is saved in this format it is compressed and “non-essential” data is discarded. The result of compression is that an image can suffer from blockiness, mosquito noise (around edges) and color degradation.

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Two common types of distortion. In barrel distortion (left), magnification decreases with distance from the centre of the image; in pincushion distortion (right), magnification increases with distance.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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A full-frame DSLR is a digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) with a 35 mm image sensor format (36 mm × 24 mm).

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a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of light waves into signals, small bursts of current that convey the information. The waves can be light or other electromagnetic radiation.

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the ratio of the sensor size to 35mm / full-frame. You take the provided crop factor number, multiply it with the focal length of the lens and you get the equivalent focal length relative to 35mm film / full-frame.

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Kilobyte- a unit of memory or data equal to 1,024 (210) bytes
Megabyte- a unit of information equal to 2²⁰ bytes or, loosely, one million bytes.
Gigabyte- a unit of information equal to one billion (10⁹) or, strictly, 2³⁰ bytes.
Terabyte- a unit of information equal to one million million (10¹²) or, strictly, 2⁴⁰ bytes.

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an early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collage.

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a style or technique (as in music, literature, or design) that is characterized by extreme spareness and simplicity.

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art based on modern popular culture and the mass media, especially as a critical or ironic comment on traditional fine art values.

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new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts, or the people introducing them.

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Surrealism Photography, otherwise quite believable scenes and situations are transformed into waking dreams or fantastical, hallucinatory scenarios by the photographer's creative vision.

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Appropriation is the intentional borrowing, copying, and alteration of existing images and objects.

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the repeated exposure of a photographic plate or film to light, often producing ghost images.

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a painting, photograph or drawing of an arrangement of objects, typically including fruit and flowers and objects contrasting with these in texture, such as bowls and glassware.

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Commercial photography involves the taking of photographs for commercial uses (product shots, head-shots, etc). These photographs are often used for the promotional marketing of a business including website placement, product previews, and business card/marketing material images.

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Aerial photography is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other flying object.

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In photography, a histogram is a graph showing the distribution of light in an image. Most cameras are capable of displaying a histogram for each image stored on the camera's memory card. Some cameras even allow you to see a live histogram before you take the shot.

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Anti-art is a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general.Anti-artworks may reject conventional artistic standards altogether, or focus criticism only on certain aspects of art, such as the art market and high art.

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Assemblage is art that is made by assembling disparate elements – often everyday objects – scavenged by the artist or bought specially.

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A neutral density (ND) filter is a type of grey filter that easily attaches to a camera lens, to control how much light enters the camera's sensor. Since a neutral density filter is neutral, it doesn't have any impact on image colour, contrast or sharpness

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Cross processing is the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

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The honeycomb grid is a tight structure of a similar shape to the honeycomb made by honey bees. It's affixed to the front of a studio strobe. Or it can be fixed to an off-camera flash. The light shines through the grid and creates a tight beam of light.

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A beauty dish is a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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In photography, a snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape.

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A soft box is a type of photographic lighting device, one of a number of photographic soft light devices. All the various soft light types create even and diffused light by transmitting light through some scattering material, or by reflecting light off a second surface to diffuse the light.

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A monolight is a self-contained light source in which the flash head contains the lamp, modeling light, cooling fan and power supply, as opposed to component systems featuring separate heads and power packs, which are commonly referred to as generators, power packs or pack-and-head-systems.

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Catch light or catchlight is a light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image. The technique is effective in both still and motion picture photography; helping to draw attention towards the subject's eyes, which may otherwise get lost among other elements in the scene.

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Curves overview. In the Curves adjustment, you adjust points throughout an image's tonal range. Initially, the image's tonality is represented as a straight diagonal line on a graph. When adjusting an RGB image, the upper-right area of the graph represents the highlights and the lower-left area represents the shadows.

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Levels is a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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A ring flash is a circular photographic electronic flash that fits around a camera lens. Unlike point light sources, a ring flash provides even illumination with few shadows visible in the resulting photographs because the origin of the light is very close to the optical axis of the lens.

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Tilt–shift photography is the use of camera movements that change the orientation or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras.

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Straight out of camera. Images as shot out of camera; implied is no post processing, slang in photography groups.

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a collodion positive in the UK, is a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process. Like a print on paper, it is viewed by reflected light.

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sometimes known as an image transfer, is a technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper.

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an image produced from a photographic negative transferred to a metal plate and etched in.

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Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints. The process uses two chemicals: ferric ammonium citrate and potassium ferricyanide.

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The chlorophyll process is an organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process. However, instead of printing on the crushed extract of fruit or plant matter, the prints are bleached by sunlight directly onto the surface of leaves using a positive.

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Split lighting involves “splitting” the face into two proportional halves, with one side being in the shadow and the other side being in the light.

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Rembrandt lighting is a studio portrait-lighting technique where a small inverted triangle of light is visible under the subject's eye.

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Loop lighting is an essential lighting technique for portrait photographers. ... This lighting pattern will create a shadow that loops down and around the side of the nose, and on the neck and under the chin. These shadows subtly help define the subject's bone structure.

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Butterfly lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the key light is placed above and directly centered with a subject's face. This creates a shadow under the nose that resembles a butterfly.

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Broad lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly. This is the 'broad' side of the face - from camera position it is wider than the 'short' side of the face, the side that is turned away from the camera.

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Short lighting is a classic portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from the side of their face that is farthest from the camera.

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A tintype, also known as a melainotype or ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion.

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A static shot in film is a shot that is devoid of camera movement. Also known as a locked-off shot, or an immobile shot. The frame can be filled with the movement of vehicles, characters, props, weather, etc, but the frame itself does not move in a static shot.

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The visual weight in an image is defined as the visual force that appears due to the contrast of light among the visual elements that compound it. The visual weight is a visual force which prevails in the image balance.

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Rendering or image synthesis is the process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model by means of a computer program.

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Space evoked from the relief-perspective when the entities that belong to the picture plane don't undergo reductions or enlargements

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Vortograph, the first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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Scanography, more commonly referred to as scanner photography, is the process of capturing digitized images of objects for the purpose of creating printable art using a flatbed "photo" scanner with a CCD array capturing device.

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A photographic typology is a single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency. This consistency is usually found within the subjects, environment, photographic process, and presentation or direction of the subject.

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New topographics was a term coined by William Jenkins in 1975 to describe a group of American photographers whose pictures had a similar banal aesthetic, in that they were formal, mostly black and white prints of the urban landscape. Bernd Becher and Hilla Becher.

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Solargraphy is the art of long exposure photography that captures of the image of the sun moving across the sky.

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When talking about photography the term 'kelvin' refers to the unit of measurement of color temperature. Every source of light emits light at a specific color temperature which can be measured in degrees kelvin or 'K'

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An ICC profile, according to the International Color Consortium (ICC), is a set of data that characterizes a color input, color space, or output device. In other words, every device that displays color can be assigned a set "profile." These profiles define the color (gamut) that the device can display.

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Subtractive lighting simply involves the blocking of unwanted natural light to create a natural three-dimensional quality to the lighting of people outside. The tools used to block unwanted light are called gobos or flags.

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Lighting ratio in photography refers to the comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas). The higher the lighting ratio, the higher the contrast of the image; the lower the ratio, the lower the contrast.

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Flat light is defined as lighting that produces minimal contrast in the scene, which means there is no, or very little, contrast between the highlights and shadows.

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Chimping is a colloquial term used in digital photography to describe the habit of checking every photo on the camera display immediately after capture.

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The term 'nifty fifty' is a photography colloquialism for a cheap 50mm prime lens, usually with a maximum aperture of f/1.8 or faster. Lenses in this range are fast, lightweight and extremely versatile for street and portrait photography.

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Tog/Photog: Shortened terms for photographer.

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Digital Lasagna: A term used for people who use many Photoshop layers without naming them.

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photograph without much contrast (either color, or luminance contrast). A lack of contrast could be caused by any number of factors.

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They're those little balls of dust that gather on the floor after having not swept or dusted for a long time.

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In digital photography and digital video, clipping is a result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented.

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Tethered shooting is a photography technique that has been practiced by many professional photographers for years. In short, tethering allows you to connect your camera to a computer or tablet and almost instantly view your digital images on the device within seconds after it is captured.

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A fill light is responsible for exposing the details of a subject that fall in the shadows of the key light. It is the secondary light in the traditional 3 point lighting setup. The fill light is typically positioned opposite of the key light to literally fill in the shadows that the key light creates

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The key light is the first and usually most important light that a photographer, cinematographer, lighting cameraman, or other scene composer will use in a lighting setup.

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Infrared photography refers to a special type of photography using films or sensors that have infrared light sensitivity. By using infrared light in a photograph one can add special effects, like false colors, to photographs.

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: a photograph made by combining several distinct photographs either made one over another on the same plate or made on one print from a number of negatives.

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According to wikipedia, the definition of lifestyle photography is “a style of portrait/people photography which aims to capture and document real-life events, situations, or milestones in an artistic manner and the art of the everyday”.

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Urban Exploration Photography (urbanex for short) is the art of finding old and abandoned buildings and locations, exploring them, and taking photos as you go. It's exciting, potentially dangerous, legally ambiguous, and a lot of fun.

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Astrophotography, also known as astronomical imaging, is photography of astronomical objects, celestial events, and areas of the night sky. ... Specialized and ever-larger optical telescopes were constructed as essentially big cameras to record images on photographic plates.

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In photography and optics, a neutral-density filter, or ND filter, is a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition.

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A CPL filter – which stands for circular polarizer/linear – is a glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces. Although there are various types available on the market, the most popular is the circular model, partly as it can fit easily onto the end of virtually any camera lens.

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Chromatic aberration is a phenomenon in which light rays passing through a lens focus at different points, depending on their wavelength.

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A mirrorless camera is a type of camera that works without a reflex mirror. Light passes through the lens directly to the digital sensor, which then displays your image on the camera's LCD screen, allowing you to adjust settings and preview your image before its shot.

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Technically originating in the art of papermaking, in photography, the watermark is a superimposed image, logo, or text placed over a photograph—usually as a method of identifying the image's creator.