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Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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Beck Institute is the leading international source for training, therapy, and resources in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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Psychoanalytic Center of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 381 likes. Psychoanalytic Center of Philadelphia (PCOP) promotes the study and practice of psychoanalysis in addition to providing...

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Ratts, M.J., & Pedersen, P. B. (2014).  Counseling for multiculturalism and social justice (4th Edition).  Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W.  (2014).  Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: Systems, strategies, and skills (4th Edition).  Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

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"Social justice counseling acknowledges that human development issues need to be understood within the context of living in an oppressive environment" (Ratts & Pederson, 2014, p. x).  This approach is distinctive from all other models as it maintains that counseling involves both individual and systems work (Ratts & Pederson, 2014, p. x).

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This approach reflects the integration of the first, second, and third force treatment approaches (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 3).  It is characterized by a comprehensive and holistic effort to understand people as fully as possible in the context of their culture (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 3, Ratts & Pederson, 2014, p. x). Multi-cultural practice is central to all approaches and serves to strengthen not weaken these perspectives (Ratts & Pederson, 2014, p. x).

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This approach emphasizes  the importance of emotions and sensations and of people taking charge of and finding meaning in their own lives (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 2).  This approach emerged primarily as a result of the work by Carl Rogers in the 1960s (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 2). Other important theorists include: Fritz (and Laura) Perls (Gestalt therapy) and Viktor Frankl (Existential analysis)(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014).

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Second Force: Behavioral and Cognitive Theories and Interventions

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Second Force: Behavioral and Cognitive Theories and Interventions

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These approaches emphasize the influence of thoughts and actions on emotions (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 2). These approaches evolved throughout the 20th century.   Important theorists include: B. F. Skinner (operant conditioning and radical behaviorism), Albert Ellis (rational emotional behavior therapy), Aaron Beck (cognitive therapy), William Glasser (reality therapy and choice theory), and Donald Meichenbaum (CBT and trauma work) (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 2).

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Led by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century this approach views past experiences as the source of people's present emotional difficulties and mental disorders (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 2). Psychotherapy emphasizes the importance of exploring the unconscious and long-term treatment (analysis) (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 2). This approach was novel as people became more enlightened about mental health issues and the advent of deinstitutionalization.