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- In terms of of lies and truth, there is a close relationship between socio-cultural practices and moral judgement.
- Social and cultural norms has an impact on children's developing moral judgement which is modified by their age and experience in a particular culture.
- Chinese children rate truth telling in prosocial situations less positively and lie telling in the same situation less negatively than Canadian children.
- Both Chinese and Canadian children show a similar sense of moral evaluation of lies and truth when it comes to antisocial behaviours.
- Emphasis on self-effacement and modesty in Chinese culture increasingly exerts an impact on Chinese children's moral judgement.
- Moral development is a highly contextualised process which is affected by the culture and/or social environment in which an individual socializes.

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Participants were read four scenarios accompanied by illustrations, two prosocial, two antisocial.  Each participant was tested individually.  Participants were first instructed about the meaning of the words and the symbols for rating the deeds and verbal statements on a 7-point rating chart. These were: very, very good (3 red stars), very good (2 red stars), good (1 red star), neither good not naughty (blue circle), naughty (1 black cross), very naughty (2 black crosses), very, very naughty (3 black crosses).  Participants were then read either the four social or four physical stories. The story’s ‘deed’ section was read first and then they would indicate their rating either verbally, non-verbally or both on the rating chart.  After, the second story was read and results were taken as the child's response to the characters verbal statement. The meaning of each symbol was repeated every time a question was asked.  To control for order effects, for each condition, two orders of the four stories were first determined using a randomisation table. About half of the participants in each condition were read the stories in one predetermined order, and the other half were read them in the other order.

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This experiment included 120 Chinese children as well as 108 Canadian children. The Chinese children were recruited from elementary schools in Hangzhou which is a medium-sized city in the Zhejiang Province; the Canadian children were also recruited from elementary schools, they came a smaller city called Fredericton in New Brunswick

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Method: Cross-Cultural/Cross-Sectional

The experiment conducted the test on groups of participants. Their responses were then compared. The fact that children were of different ages in the different groups meant that it was also a cross-sectional design.

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The aim of the experiment was to carry out a proper experiment on the cross-cultural differences in children's understanding and moral evaluations of lying.It was also to compare Chinese and Canadian children's responses in stories that involved lying and truth-telling and prosocial/anticsocial situations.

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Previously, Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg had proposed their own models of moral development. Kohlberg proposed a stage-age relation whilst Piaget's work proposed the use of scenarios or dilemmas in interviews with children at different ages was important to understand how the children reason. After Piaget had carried out her experiments, she concluded that children under the age of 11 would base their judgement on to lie or not to lie on two main factors - how much the lie differentiated from the truth and how likely it was to get punished.