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Focused on the complexity and the irrationality of the human mind. The postwar moods of pessimism, relativism, and alienation influenced writers during this time. Some adopted the stream of consciousness technique, where ideas and emotions from different time periods emerge randomly. Some wrote in a more anti-utopian tone, predicting a future of doom.

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"Given the choice between the experience of pain and nothing, I would choose pain."

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This painting is categorized under the Dadaism movement. This painting clearly signifies Dadaism's irreverence with traditional art. It didn't focus on crafting something aesthetically pleasing, but instead challenging an idea. This also shows the Dadaism trait of the artist having little manipulation on the artwork.

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This architectural style combined geometric shapes, rich colors, and the luxurious feel of the 1920's.

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Post-Impressionist, Rousseau, created many jungle scene paintings, although he never saw a jungle in real life. He used his own imagination and artistic style to create.

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For the first time in history, shopping became an experience for the average person. Companies began heavily advertising by making their products seem exotic and necessary. Shopping centers also become an entertainment venue; couples could come and spend time admiring clothes, appliances, and cars.

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Movies become extremely popular during the interwar period across the world. Middle-class families flocked to theaters to see them, and they offered the average person escape from their mundane life. The largest movie 'factories' opened in New York and Los Angeles, and the US began to draw in foreign talent from Europe. Charlie Chaplin was the most iconic actor during this time period, and his comedies mixed political messages with slap-stick comedy.

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Baseball became incredibly popular during the interwar period. Babe Ruth was one of the most prolific players and lived a lavish lifestyle. He was the first man to hit 60 home runs in 1927.

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"The ego is not master in its own house"- Sigmund Freud

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"The ego is not master in its own house"- Sigmund Freud

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Freud was one of the first to challenge the notion that humans were rational, calculating thinkers. Freud's structural model outlined three distinct minds: the id (base drives), the ego (reality), and the superego (societal values and morals). The ego works tirelessly to control the id, which wants instant gratification and pleasure. The ego is weaker than the id and must work to control some of the id's more extreme desires. The superego opposes the id, forcing the person to conform to societal norms. The ego must balance these competing personalities. It is not a master in its own home, as thought before. Human behavior is not the result of rational thought but is instead a fragile compromise between the three minds.

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“As is well known, the priests are the most evil enemies—but why? Because they are the most impotent. It is because of their impotence that in them hatred grows to monstrous and uncanny proportions, to the most spiritual and poisonous kind of hatred."- Frederich Nietzsche  

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“As is well known, the priests are the most evil enemies—but why? Because they are the most impotent. It is because of their impotence that in them hatred grows to monstrous and uncanny proportions, to the most spiritual and poisonous kind of hatred."- Frederich Nietzsche  

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Nietzsche was never a fan of Christianity. In his Genealogy of Morals , he outlines the idea of "Master-Slave Morality". 'Master' morality is concerned with the consequences of actions. It values classical virtues such as strength and pride. Slave morality develops in opposition to master morality and is concerned about the intentions of actions. Slave morality values actions on a scale of good to evil. Slave morality depicts masters as being evil and cruel, and slave morality itself is an inversion of master morality. Nietzche ties Christain values such as humility and charity as being examples of slave morality. Nietzche believes that Christianity is the institutional manifestation of slave morality.

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“There is no reality except in action. Man is nothing else than his plan; he exists only to the extent that he fulfills himself; he is therefore nothing else than the ensemble of his acts, nothing else than his life.” -Jean-Paul Sartre

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“There is no reality except in action. Man is nothing else than his plan; he exists only to the extent that he fulfills himself; he is therefore nothing else than the ensemble of his acts, nothing else than his life.” -Jean-Paul Sartre

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Sartre believed that 'existence precedes essence'; humans are born without a specific purpose (essence) and must spend their lives trying to find it.There is no human nature, and we must define ourselves through our actions. Because of this, Sartre believed that we must have ultimate responsibility for all our actions.

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The Barcelona Pavilion was designed by Ludwig Mies van dar Rohe in 1929. This building is famous for its use of luxurious building materials such as marble and onyx; it is iconic for its minimalism and served as inspiration for countless other works. It was intended to stand for less than one year and was demolished in 1930. It was reconstructed in 1986.
Image source: Fundacio mies van der rohe barcelona

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This is a more expressionist piece of the Post-Impressionism art era. Like Van Gogh, Munch used his own emotion to create his art rather than the observed world. Also like Van Gogh, this painting was drawn strictly from Munch's memory.

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“History, Stephen said, is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake.”

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“What does the brain matter compared with the heart?”

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A Sunday on La Grande Jatte (1884) Georges Seurat

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A Sunday on La Grande Jatte (1884) Georges Seurat

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This painting represents Post-Impressionism and Pointilism, a style of painting in which small, distinct dots of pure colour are applied in patterns to form an image. This painting also depicts the leisure activities of the Parisian bourgeoisie.

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The Bauhaus was designed to be a new type of design school; it was intended to combine art and architecture into a new architectural style. This concept of united art was called 'Gesamtkunstwerk'.

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This is a more expressionist piece of Post-Impressionism art. Van Gogh rejects the traditional way of depicting art through the observed world and instead uses his memories and emotion to convey his art. He described in a letter to his brother how artists need to be not just "composers," but also "interpreters."

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Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) Picasso

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Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) Picasso

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Picasso leaned towards Cubism, a second sect of Post-Impressionism. This style consists of geometric figures and sharp edges. This still represents Post-Impressionism since the artist is painting something from his own perception, not what the objects actually look like.

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Thesis: Following the Great War, the European mind was burdened by uncertainty, hopelessness, and despair. It sought to remedy these feelings through intellectual and cultural development.

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Thesis: Following the Great War, the European mind was burdened by uncertainty, hopelessness, and despair. It sought to remedy these feelings through intellectual and cultural development.