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Non-opioid analgesics work by inhibiting an enzyme known as cyclooxygenase (COX). COX is a catalyst for the conversion of a fatty acid contained in cell walls—arachidonic acid—to substances known as prostaglandins.

Prostaglandins serve a number of protective functions in the body, but they can also produce pain, inflammation and fever. They cause pain and inflammation after cell injury by a number of mechanisms, primarily at the site of the injury in the peripheral nervous system, that is, nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, but also in the central nervous system. They elevate body temperature by affecting the heat regulating center of a region of the brain known as the hypothalamus.

By blocking COX and, therefore, the subsequent production of prostaglandins in the central and peripheral nervous systems, non-opioid analgesics reduce both fever and inflammation. Acetaminophen, however, differs from the other non-opioids in that it does not block COX in the peripheral nervous system to an appreciable extent. It appears to reduce pain primarily in the central nervous system by more than one mechanism, possibly in part by inhibiting a form of COX known as COX-3.

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http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/features/medical-marijuana-uses

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BMJ Best Practice for paracetamol overdose

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BMJ Best Practice for paracetamol overdose

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http://bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/monograph/337/treatment/step-by-step.html

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http://www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk/resources/education-training/sail/courses/confidentiality-young-people.pdf

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The Metabolism of Acetaminophen (paracetmol)

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The Metabolism of Acetaminophen (paracetmol)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfdnY7BOYEY

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Differences between benign and malignant lumps in the breast tissue

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Differences between benign and malignant lumps in the breast tissue

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http://blog.dana-farber.org/insight/2015/10/what-does-a-breast-cancer-lump-feel-like/

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If there's one thing you can count on as a teen, it's acne. More than 85% of teenagers have this common skin problem, which is marked by clogged pores (whiteheads, blackheads), painful pimples, and, sometimes, hard, deep lumps on the face, neck, shoulders, chest, back, and upper arms.

If your mom and dad had acne, chances are good that you will, too. But there are many ways to prevent (and treat) acne today to keep the condition minimal, prevent scarring, and leave your skin glowing.

Acne affects people of all skin tones, but it can be particularly challenging for people with darker skin. One pimple or breakout in dark skin can result in long-lasting dark marks, scars, or keloids (scar tissue that grows beyond the original scar). Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation ( PIH) can develop from the skin's release of melanin, which can be triggered by acne or harsh acne products. PIH is more likely to occur in darker skin and can last longer than the acne itself.

Before starting any treatment, it is important to differentiate between acne and other conditions that may look similar, such as ingrown hairs. Treating acne should be done gently to prevent further irritation and dryness, which can worsen dark spots and scarring. Topical retinoids and benzoyl peroxide can help clear pores and reduce inflammation.

Acne can appear as one of the following:

Whiteheads: White dots that are pores impacted with oil and skin covered by skin layers.

Blackheads: Black bumps that are impacted pores in which material pushes out through the follicles.

Papules, pustules, or nodules: More serious lesions appearing red and swollen due to inflammation or infection of the tissue around the clogged follicles, which are often painful and feel hard.

Cysts: Deep, pus-filled pimples.

To understand acne, you need to know how your skin works. The pores in your skin contain oil glands. When you hit puberty, there's an increase in sex hormones called androgens. The excess hormones cause your oil glands to become overactive, enlarge, and produce too much oil, or sebum. When there's too much sebum, the pores or hair follicles become blocked with skin cells. The increase in oil also results in an overgrowth of bacteria called Cutibacterium acnes.

If blocked pores become infected or inflamed, a pimple -- a raised red spot with a white center -- forms. If the pore clogs, closes, and then bulges, you have a whitehead. A blackhead occurs when the pore clogs, stays open, and the top has a blackish appearance due to oxidation or exposure to air. (This has nothing to do with skin being "dirty").

When bacteria grow in the blocked pore, a pustule may appear, meaning the pimple becomes red and inflamed. Cysts form when the blockage and inflammation deep inside pores produce large, painful lumps beneath the skin's surface.

Hormonal changes related to birth control pills, menstrual periods, and pregnancy can trigger acne. Other external acne triggers include heavy face creams and cosmetics, hair dyes, and greasy hair ointment -- all of which can increase blockage of pores.

Clothing that rubs your skin may also worsen acne, especially on the back and chest. So can heavy sweating during exercise, and hot, humid climates. Stress is known to trigger increased oil production, which is why many teens have a new crop of pimples on the first day of school or just before that big date.

While the symptoms of acne vary in severity, you'll notice these signs on areas of your body with the most oil glands (the face, neck, chest, back, shoulders, and upper arms):

Clogged pores (pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads)

Papules (raised lesions)

Pustules (raised lesions with pus)

Cysts (nodules filled with pus or fluid)

The least severe type of acne lesion is the whitehead or blackhead. This type is also the most easily treated. With more extensive acne, you may need prescription medications to ease inflammation, bacterial infection, redness, and pus.

The first line of defense against acne is a skin care routine. That routine could include:

Cleanse: Wash your face with a gentle cleanser in the morning and evening to remove dirt, oil, and makeup. Look for products that are labeled as non-comedogenic, which are formulated not to clog pores. Benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid are both helpful ingredients as well; benzoyl peroxide is good for oily skin but could irritate more sensitive skin. If you have more sensitive skin, look for salicylic acid.

Treat: Apply a treatment product, such as a serum or spot treatment, to target specific skin concerns.

Moisturize: Finish by applying a moisturizer to hydrate your skin and lock in the other products.

Sun protection: Apply a broad-spectrum SPF during the day to protect your skin from UV damage.

Exfoliate: Once or twice a week, gently exfoliate your skin to remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.

Mask: Once or twice a week, use a face mask to provide extra nourishment and hydration to your skin.

If the acne hasn't improved after 3 months, it's time to visit a dermatologist. The first thing they'll likely try is topical prescriptions.

Topical prescriptions

Clindamycin is a topical antibiotic that decreases the bacteria that cause acne.

Benzoyl peroxide manages the bacteria and reduces inflammation.

Adapalene (Differin) or tretinoin (Retin-A), which are retinoids, clear clogged pores.

While benzoyl peroxide and adapalene can be obtained without a prescription, stronger versions of these products can only be obtained through a doctor's prescription. On the other hand, topical antibiotics and tretinoin are only available with a prescription from a doctor.

Prescription medications

If topical treatments don't do the trick, a dermatologist will likely try prescription medications next. Here are some common medications:

Birth control pills: For people assigned female at birth, high levels of the male hormone androgen can cause acne, unwanted facial hair, and other issues. Taking a low dose of estrogen and progesterone may help alleviate these symptoms. Birth control pills contain those hormones.

Oral antibiotics: Oral antibiotics can kill bacteria and reduce swelling. However, this treatment can carry risks over long periods of time.

Isotretinoin: Isotretinoin is a type of oral retinoid that can shrink oil glands. This medication also comes with health risks, so it is typically only prescribed as a last resort after other treatments have failed.

Testosterone is a hormone that plays a key role in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, including increased muscle mass and body hair. When trans and nonbinary teens take testosterone as part of their gender affirmation process, it can also result in an increase in sebum.

Studies have that acne is a common side effect of testosterone therapy in teens who are transgender or nonbinary. In some cases, the severity of acne can be significant and can impact self-esteem and overall well-being. While testosterone therapy may contribute to the development of acne, other factors such as genetics, diet, and skin care habits can also play a role.

Teens can work with a doctor to develop an acne treatment plan that takes into account their gender identity and overall health. This may include a combination of topical and oral medications, as well as lifestyle changes and skin care routines. In some cases, it may also be necessary to adjust the testosterone therapy regimen to minimize the severity of acne.

Acne is a common and treatable condition. Support from friends, family, and health care providers can play a critical role in helping teens feel confident and comfortable in their skin.

Here are some tips that may help control acne.

Don't over-wash or use harsh scrubs. Acne is not caused by dirt. Two gentle washings a day is enough. Too much cleaning can leave skin irritated and dry, triggering glands to produce more oil, increasing the likelihood of pimples.

Use oil-free or noncomedogenic products (those that won't clog pores) on your face.

Don't squeeze or pick blemishes. Popping pimples can drive acne bacteria deeper into the skin. Picking can lead to more inflammation and permanent scarring.

Don't let acne define who you are. Do what you can to improve your skin, working with a dermatologist, if necessary, and keep doing the things you enjoy.

Whether you have a few pimples or more serious acne, talk to your doctor about treatments. Treating acne early is the key to avoiding permanent scarring.

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Does your teen have acne? Get answers from WebMD about treating this common skin problem.

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Late/absent puberty investigation and treatment options

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Late/absent puberty investigation and treatment options

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http://www.gponline.com/paediatric-medicine-investigating-delayed-puberty/article/949760

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http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lumps-swellings/Pages/Introduction.aspx

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https://thetruthaboutcancer.com/benign-malignant-tumors-difference/

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http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/
mouse party game

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Female counterpart to Q6

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Q6

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Changes in Puberty