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Popular Sovereignty: the Ludlow Amendment

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Popular Sovereignty: the Ludlow Amendment

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The proposed amendment was to have a national referendum to go to war and those who voted "yes" would have to fight in the war, unless the United States was attacked first. It was first introduced in 1914, and was very popular by the 1930s, with 75% national approval rate in 1935, but by the time Congress voted on it in January of 1938, the approval rate was down to 68% and it was defeated in Congress by a vote of 209 to 188. This amendment's failure kept stability because it would have caused a drastic and dangerous change in the amount popular sovereignty of the United States.

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Many people did not want the bill of rights because they were scared that rights would be limited to just the ones listed, so the founding fathers included the 9th amendment. It states "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people," meaning that if a right is not specifically listed in the bill of rights, that doesn't mean that citizens don't have it. It has provided stability by protecting all of the rights that citizens have and making sure the government is aware of those rights.

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The tenth amendment was included in the Bill of Rights to satisfy the anti-federalists, who were against having to strong of a central government. The amendment keeps our government stable by giving the states the ability to create their own laws under the Constitution.

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Checks and Balances/Separation of Powers: United States v. Nixon

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Checks and Balances/Separation of Powers: United States v. Nixon

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In 1972, five men were found breaking into the Democratic National Convention with cameras and bugging equiptment. These men were soon discovered to be tied to the Committee to Re-Elect the President. The men were arrested for burglary, and so were E. Howard Hunt, Jr., a former Nixon aide, and G. Gordon Liddy, a lawyer for the Committee to Re-elect the President. One of the men wrote a letter talking about being payed for their silence and therefore committing perjury. In 1973, a Senate select committee began an investigation, and they realized that some top members of the Nixon Administration were also tied to the burglary and other illegal actions. They also discovered a taping system that Nixon installed to record his discussions. Nixon refused to release the tapes, claiming they were protected under executive privilege. He eventually released some of the tapes, but sections had been erased. Finally, the United States Supreme Court compelled Nixon to release all of the tapes in their entirety. From the tapes, it was uncovered that he attempted to cover up the burglary and soon after he resigned to avoid impeachment. This shows how checks and balances keeps stability because the Supreme Court required Nixon to release the tapes and kept our government secure.

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In 1817, a branch of the Second National Bank opened in Baltimore, Maryland.When Maryland tried to tax the bank, the manager, James McCulloch, refused to pay it because he thought that the state didn't have the right to tax the federal government. In 1819, the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland may not tax the bank without violating the Constitution. This shows dynamism because it changed how much power to tax the states have.

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Checks and Balances/Separation of Powers: Override of President Obama's Veto

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Checks and Balances/Separation of Powers: Override of President Obama's Veto

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Many families of 9/11 victims want to sue Saudi Arabia for their association with al-Qaeda, but were unable to do so because it was illegal. In order for the families to be able to sue, Congress had to pass a bill allowing them to do so. Although it did passed in Congress with strong bipartisan support, President Obama vetoed it to avoid causing more conflicts with the Saudi Arabian government. Congress then overrode the veto with the Senate voting 297 to 1 and the House voting 348 to 76. This shows how the executive branch can check on the legislative branch and the legislative branch can check on the executive branch, and how the branches  have their own separate jobs.

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During the Vietnam war, 18 through 25 year old men were being drafted, but the legal voting age was 21. This was a problem because the men under 21 were being forced to fight in the war without representation. Protesters’ phrases usually consisted of something similar to “old enough to die, old enough to vote.” The amendment shows dynamism because it lowered the voting age and protected the right to representation.

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The only president that served more than two terms was Franklin Roosevelt, who was elected for four terms but died a year after the fourth term began. After his death, people began to realize the dangers of having a president serve for more than two terms, so the 22nd amendment was passed by Congress in 1947 and ratified by the states in 1951. This shows dynamism because an amendment was created to limit the number of terms a president can have and help prevent our country from a dictator.

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This side  will discuss how the constitution allows the government to be stable by keeping it from changing to quickly.

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This side will discuss how the constitution allows the government to be dynamic by giving it the ability to change.