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Etinosa, Valentina, Antonio, Marlon

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Industrial Age vs. Agriculture / New South vs. Old South by SK, May, Ingrid, Miracle, Claire 

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Industrial Age vs. Agriculture / New South vs. Old South by SK, May, Ingrid, Miracle, Claire 

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Post WWII: Elizabeth, Parie, Josh, Jared, Nate

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Post WWII: Elizabeth, Parie, Josh, Jared, Nate

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Film Industry Controversy & Expectations

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Film Industry Controversy & Expectations

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When "A Streetcar Named Desire" was released in 1951, widespread controversy characterized its entrance into the box office. Vulgar and decadent scenes were perceived as taboo by many viewers at the time, and the movie seemingly basked in immoral content. Even when stripped of controversial scenes, the movie faced backlash.

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Tennesee Williams & Elia Kazan Background Information

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Tennesee Williams & Elia Kazan Background Information

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 What is the atmosphere in the French Quarter? 

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 What is the atmosphere in the French Quarter? 

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How did gender roles and expectations change during and after WWII

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How did gender roles and expectations change during and after WWII

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Women who remained in the workplace were usually demoted. But after their selfless efforts during World War II, men could no longer claim superiority over women. Women had enjoyed and even thrived on a taste of financial and personal freedom.

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Tennessee Williams’ Early life was the core influence in his writing of A Streetcar Named Desire, and there are very specific parallels between his life and the film. Elia Kazan had a unique film style that was very different for the time period. Williams grew up in an abusive household. His father treated him with disdain because he saw him as 'effeminate'. This would often show itself in violent fits of rage. The relationship shown in Streetcar is similar to that of his own parents - a relationship between a violent man and a broken woman. His writing was likely an attempt to communicate what it was like to grow up in such a household. Most of Kazan's films focused on issues that held a special importance to him. Most of his films showed issues from a brutally realistic point of view that left nothing out. He studied the ¨method¨ style of acting which dealt with using your own experiences and emotions to showcase on the stage. This ultimately had an impact on his way of acting/ directing.

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Film Industry Controversy & Expectations

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Film Industry Controversy & Expectations

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The film "A Streetcar Named Desire" was considered to be immoral, decadent, vulgar, and sinful by its critics. It tackles sensitive topics such as 🤬, mental illness, domestic violence, manipulation and many other subjects that caused the movie to be majorly cut post-production.

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The French Quarter has traded hands several times and the influence from each ruling country was added onto this 420-acre area. The French, Spanish, and Americans have all owned and influenced this area. The people here also share this influence with the French and Spanish cultures mixed and help create Creole.  One famous aspect of the french quarter is Burbon street, an infamous party, and quintessentially "New Orleans" place. 

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The French Quarter has traded hands several times and the influence from each ruling country was added onto this 420-acre area. The French, Spanish, and Americans have all owned and influenced this area. The people here also share this influence with the French and Spanish cultures mixed and help create Creole.  One famous aspect of the french quarter is Burbon street, an infamous party, and quintessentially "New Orleans" place. 

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World War II and Post War (1940–1949) - The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom | Exhibitions - Library of Congress

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The fight against fascism during World War II brought into focus the contradictions between America’s ideals of democracy and its treatment of racial minorities. With the onset of the Cold War, segregation and inequality within the U.S. were brought into focus on the world stage, prompting federal a…

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How did industry and technology push out agriculture after WWII? 

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How did industry and technology push out agriculture after WWII? 

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Cooper Shaw, Samariah Upchurch, Liam Smith

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Williams grew up in an abusive household. His father treated him with disdain because of he saw him as 'effeminate'. This would often show itself in violent fits of rage. The relationship shown in Streetcar is similar to that of his own parents - a relationship between a violent man and a broken woman.

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Elia Kazan studied the ¨method¨ style of acting which dealt with using your own experiences and emotions to showcase on the stage. This ultimately had an impact on his way of acting/ directing.

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 How did a fear of standing out...conformity,cold war, etc. red scare?

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 How did a fear of standing out...conformity,cold war, etc. red scare?

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After WWII, and during the beginning of the Cold War, there were increasing tensions against the Soviet Union. Because of this animosity, people were hostile to communism and began a witch-hunt like event to seek out potential communists. People lived in fear of being accused of promoting communism and being imprisoned

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What is the importance/ significance of the streetcar in New Orleans?  

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What is the importance/ significance of the streetcar in New Orleans?  

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- What is the atmosphere in the French Quarter?

-->The general aura of the french quarter is one of cultural prowess with the rise of popular media forms such as jazz, and  economic development that filled the riverside with vendors and docks alike. However, the stark contrast between the beauty of the city and the shady underlying values paint a clouded picture of the french quarter. The obvious class divide in New Orleans was made ever so apparent in the French quarter. Trade sloops and tugboats of the working class rode right next to enormous river boats that the rich used to gamble.

The spirit and atmosphere of the french quarter was embodied in bourbon street, where the bars and clubs overflow into the street and the smell of spilled liquor fills the same area. All of the french quarter can be described as a cultural mixing ground but everything comes together to fill up the gross thirteen blocks that is Bourbon Street.

- What is the importance/ significance of the streetcar in New Orleans?

→ Streetcars were an essential mode of transportation for the citizens of New Orleans during the beginning of the 19 century (1835)  and became the first available passenger transportation on railways. The streetcar allows the people to have shorter trips to get around town. It takes five minutes for another streetcar to get to the station after one has left. They also start early in the morning and finish late at night. It is also one of the cheapest forms of transportation, a fare is about 1.25 per trip.

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What is the importance/ significance of the streetcar in New Orleans?

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What is the importance/ significance of the streetcar in New Orleans?

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Most people use streetcars to get around the town, the fare is $1.25 (one way) and $.25 added to obtain a transfer.

Street cars are also known as trollies.

The streetcar in New Orleans was the first available passenger transportation on railways.

Allows passengers to have a shorter trip to socialize or work.

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Setting - New Orleans by: Liam, Stefan, Nicole, and Montserrat 

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Setting - New Orleans by: Liam, Stefan, Nicole, and Montserrat 

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How were advertisements from the 1940s and 1950s targeted towards men and women?

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How were advertisements from the 1940s and 1950s targeted towards men and women?

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The post world war two era was a change in society for steps in equality for all types of people, especially women. After the war, women wouldn't just go back into their homes due to these new lifestyle changes. Ad's started becoming towards men and women, but they were sexist towards females. The differences were clear and subjecting women to sexual preferences and viewing of lesser objectives.

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McCarthyism was the campaign against alleged communists started by Senator Joseph McCarthy.

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1. The Presidency

2. Historical Moments

3. The Age of Eisenhower

McCarthyism and the Red Scare

In the end, President Eisenhower had no choice but to fight back against Senator Joseph McCarthy-and he did

Senator Joseph McCarthy

In the early 1950s, American leaders repeatedly told the public that they should be fearful of subversive Communist influence in their lives. Communists could be lurking anywhere, using their positions as school teachers, college professors, labor organizers, artists, or journalists to aid the program of world Communist domination. This paranoia about the internal Communist threat-what we call the Red Scare-reached a fever pitch between 1950 and 1954, when Senator Joe McCarthy of Wisconsin, a right-wing Republican, launched a series of highly publicized probes into alleged Communist penetration of the State Department, the White House, the Treasury, and even the US Army. During Eisenhower's first two years in office, McCarthy's shrieking denunciations and fear-mongering created a climate of fear and suspicion across the country. No one dared tangle with McCarthy for fear of being labeled disloyal.

Any man who has been named by a either a senator or a committee or a congressman as dangerous to the welfare of this nation, his name should be submitted to the various intelligence units, and they should conduct a complete check upon him. It's not too much to ask.
Senator Joseph McCarthy, 1953

It has long been a subject of debate among historians: Why didn't Eisenhower do more to confront McCarthy? Journalists, intellectuals, and even many of Eisenhower's friends and close advisers agonized over what they saw as Ike's timid approach to McCarthyism. Despite his popularity and his enormous political capital, they believed, Ike refused to engage directly with McCarthy. By avoiding the Red-hunting senator, some have argued, Eisenhower allowed McCarthyism to continue unchecked.

In this letter to his brother Milton, Eisenhower explains, "As for McCarthy. Only a short-sighted or completely inexperienced individual would urge the use of the office of the presidency to give an opponent the publicity he so avidly desires."

By contrast, later scholars working from the documentary record perceived a design in Eisenhower's strategy with McCarthy. Ike adopted an "indirect approach." Instead of going right at McCarthy, Eisenhower worked behind the scenes to undercut and stymie the senator and his attacks. The political scientist Fred Greenstein, for example, argued that Eisenhower's handling of McCarthy provides evidence of a "hidden hand" approach to government. In this interpretation, Ike rode above the fray of politics while secretly pulling levers and using White House influence to obstruct McCarthy and his allies.

President read my text with great irritation, slammed it back at me and said he would not refer to McCarthy personally-'I will not get in the gutter with that guy.'
C. D. Jackson, Eisenhower speechwriter, 1953

Late in his first presidential campaign, Eisenhower excised a defense of General George C. Marshall from a speech he gave in McCarthy's home state of Wisconsin. He addressed the issue more abstractly, stating, "The right to question a man's judgment carries with it no automatic right to question his honor."

Looking at all the evidence, the clearest conclusion is that Eisenhower did not want to confront Joe McCarthy at all. And during 1953, he tried to avoid the whole issue, hoping the Senate would silence the explosive senator. McCarthy was a Republican, after all, and many fellow senators supported him. Ike needed to keep his party unified to pass bills in other areas; battling McCarthy would only stir up a civil war inside the GOP.

Furthermore, Eisenhower did not want to appear "soft" on the problem of internal subversion. There had, after all, been real spies who penetrated into the State Department, notably Alger Hiss.

Alger Hiss

And Communist agents had stolen classified secrets from the wartime Manhattan Project that built the atomic bomb. When Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were condemned to die in the electric chair as punishment for their theft of atomic secrets, Eisenhower did not for a moment consider granting them clemency. On June 19, 1953, they were both put to death.

Eisenhower in 1953 improvised in dealing with McCarthy, at first trying to ignore him, then trying to outdo him in the Red-hunting business. Then he tried to seduce him with promises of new legislation to destroy Communism in America. None of these tactics worked.
'The Age of Eisenhower,' chapter 6

The first two paragraphs of the March 13, 1954 New York Times story on McCarthy, Cohn, and David Schine

But at the start of 1954, the picture changed. Joe McCarthy turned his investigatory resources on the US Army and on members of the administration itself. Eisenhower had no choice but to fight back. The first move the White House made was to try to discredit the men around McCarthy, notably the lawyer Roy Cohn, who was leading the investigation, and Cohn's assistant David Schine, who had recently been drafted into the Army.

The Army compiled a damaging dossier of dirt on Cohn, showing that he used threats and intimidation to demand that Schine be given plum assignments and easy duty. The White House leaked this dossier to the press and Congress. McCarthy and Cohn now stood accused of abuse of power.

A 2003 report from NBC News reviewed newly released documents related to the McCarthy hearings

Ike went one step further. In order to close down McCarthy's reckless use of subpoenas to compel witnesses to testify before his committee, Eisenhower invoked executive privilege.

In this May 17, 1954 memo to the Secretary of Defense, Eisenhower ordered, "You will instruct employees of your Department that in all of their appearances before the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Operations regarding the inquiry now before it, they are not to testify to any such conversations or communications or to produce any such documents or reproductions. This principle must be maintained regardless of who would be benefitted by such disclosures."

In May 1954, Ike simply said that administration officials and all executive branch employees would ignore any call from McCarthy to testify. Eisenhower explained his action, declaring that "it is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the executive branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters," without those conversations being subject to Congressional scrutiny.

It was a bold and daring move, and it worked. McCarthy, his credibility in tatters and now starved of witnesses, hit a brick wall-and his fellow senators turned against him. In early December 1954, the Senate passed a motion of condemnation, in a vote of 67 to 22. McCarthy was ruined-and within three years he was dead from alcohol abuse. The era of McCarthyism was over. Ike had helped bring it to a bitter end.

Senate Resolution 301 censured McCarthy for conduct that "tends to bring the Senate into disrepute"

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McCarthyism and the Red Scare | Miller Center

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The paranoia about the internal Communist threat-what we call the Red Scare-reached a fever pitch between 1950 and 1954, when Senator Joe McCarthy of Wisconsin, a right-wing Republican, launched a series of highly publicized probes. Journalists, intellectuals, and even many of Eisenhower's friends and close advisers agonized over what they saw as Ike's timid approach to McCarthyism.

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A Streetcar Named Desire movie review (1993) | Roger Ebert

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Marlon Brando didn’t win the Academy Award in 1951 for his acting in “A Streetcar Named Desire.” The Oscar went to Humphrey Bogart, for “The African Queen.” But you could make a good case that no performance had more influence on modern film acting styles than Brando’s work as Stanley Kowalski, Tenn…

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How did the American economy change after WWII? 

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How did the American economy change after WWII? 

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The economy boomed after the Second World War. Industries like the automobile, real estate, and the food industry helped the economy as soldiers, servicemen, and women that worked in factories, returned home after the war and needed other places to work with homes to live in. Many workers by the 50s had white collar jobs, providing many services and increasing money for businesses and the economy. Unemployment rates dropped to 2% in the 1950s, thanks to the creation of many jobs post-WWII. Americans thought that when people came back from the war, factories wouldn't be able to make the transition to produce peacetime resources. This was in fact untrue as many people coming back from the war found jobs and were able to transition into peacetime jobs. They also had money to spend coming back from the war as they all had jobs allowing money to be spent and the economy to grow.

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Lousiana was originally purchased by the French, making for some romantic European architecture furthered by Spanish rule. the quarter was coined Vieux Carre, which translates to the old square. as the spot became a tourist destination, the economy and infrastructure started to flourish from the newfound income. the french quarter was built right next to the Mississippi river, so waterborne industries such as fishing and canal-based trade. as the economy boomed, so did the artistic side of New Orleans with the emergence of blues jazz and other artistic movements

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This advertisement illustrates how women were portrayed by society, we can see that while the man is outside having fun with his daughter, the woman "shouldn't leave the kitchen" because that is "a woman's place". This is a restaurant advertisement implying how women should be cooking for their husband, but if you're "single" you should go to Hardee's and have something sloppy and hastily prepared, referring to women and how they serve their husband. The advertisement subtitle is also trying to attract men because men are more likely agree with that statement.

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Culturally and Socially, the term "old south" is used to describe rural, agricultural-based, slavery reliant, and society in the antebellum south before the Civil War 1861-1865.  (Think Gone With the Wind).

The states considered the old south were; Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, and Flordia.

Despite the brutality of slavery and the dominance of cotton, there was lots of cultural innovation that formed during the old south/ antebellum era.

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-The birth rate spiked when troops returned, creating a "baby boom" that continued into the late 1950's
-After the war, many Native Americans moved off of reservations and into cities, which also contributed to the rise of Native American activism and the push for civiil rights
-The Service Readjustment Act of 1944 was created. It was created to provide WWII veterans funds for college and housing, low mortgage rates and healthcare
-The return of troops also contributed to the Red Scare- post WWII hysteria based around the fear of Communism infecting the United States

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Post WWII: When the troops came back related to jobs...

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Post WWII: When the troops came back related to jobs...

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During the war, many men left to join the war effort and fight for our country. As a result, the country had to begin to do nontraditional things including: employing women and the Bracero program. The Bracero program was an agreement between the American and Mexican agreement allowing Mexicans to come and work temporarily in America. However, when the men came back from war, these people had been working for too long to give up their jobs. As a result, there was a lot of social tension that sparked from these issues. When the US Government tried to end the agreement, the Mexicans continued to come into America illegally, but the Border Control did not do anything to impede the movement.

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Most of Kazan's films focused on issues that held a special importance to him. Most of his films showed issues from a brutally realistic point of view that left nothing out.

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There are many differences between the Old South and the New South. The Old South was called the Cotton Kingdom because of its agriculturally based economy which produced lots of cotton and it was very reliant on slaves. The New South was a diverse economy with lots more manufacturing. In order to rebuild, the economy of the New South realized that it needed to industrialize and diversify.

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-topics of nymphomaniacs and pedophilia                                                   -assault and abuse showed                     -suicide                                                          -homosexuality                                                  -people were made to feel sympathy for a bad person                                              -promiscuous woman

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-topics of nymphomaniacs and pedophilia                                                   -assault and abuse showed                     -suicide                                                          -homosexuality                                                  -people were made to feel sympathy for a bad person                                              -promiscuous woman

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What is the difference between the old south and the new south?

The new south was more of a diverse economy with more factories and more industrial than an agricultural-based economy. After WWII, there was a female presence in the workforce, especially with the bell bomber plant. The Jim crow laws were slowly lifted; an example would be little rock nine. The Old South was known as the cotton kingdom based on its agricultural-based economy.  The old south was highly reliant on slaves to do the agricultural work. The old south was also known as the antebellum south. After WWII, the new south realized that they needed to industrialize and add diversity to rebuild the economy.

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During and after WWII women gained more freedom from the lack of men at home, but gender expectations didn't change because they were still seen as lesser than males. Women who remained in the workplace were usually demoted. But after their selfless efforts during World War II, men could no longer claim superiority over women. Advertisements during the 1940’s and 1950’s were using women to gain mens favors for their products and services. Ad's started becoming towards men and women, but they were sexist towards females. The differences were clear and subjecting women to sexual preferences and viewing of lesser objectives.

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After WWII, there was an immense change in the American atmosphere due to the return of the troops which caused disparity in the workforce. Since the young men had been off fighting in war for so long, their jobs were taken by women and Mexican immigrants through the Bracero program. The program allowed Mexicans to temporarily travel to the US to work. However, when the men came back from war, they realized that there were no jobs for them, which caused immense social tension. The US attempted to end the Bracero agreement, but Mexican immigrants continued to stay in the US due to the lack of intervention from Border Control. The return of the troops caused a baby boom which forced many Native Americans out of reservations and into cities. Also following WWII, the American economy boomed because of the return of the troops. There were more people in the workforce, and more money circulating through the national economy. Businesses were growing and unemployment rates dropped to 2%. The return of the troops contributed to the red-scare hysteria that was taking place after WWII. Because of the growing threat of the Soviet Union, the entirety of America became hostile to the spread of communism. Joseph McCarthy, a US senator began a campaign against alleged communists; this witch hunt against suspected communists became known as McCarthyism. People lived in fear of being accused of spreading communism because of their differences, and began to conform to the crowd.

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During WWII, farm help was hard and expensive to get as many were serving and others went to the cities to help with war production in factories.Therefore, farmers relied on machinery to grow more food and with less labor, for example, a tractor which was cheaper and more reliable. Although there were safety concerns, they developed a new range of farms needing technology.

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Industry in the New South after WW2:Tenant farming and sharecropping took place of slavery and plantation system in the south . White landlords entered into contracts with impoverished farm laborers to work their lands.

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Prior to A Streetcar Named Desire entering the box office, acting was drastically different. Marlon Brando's performance was seen as having lacked restraint and modesty. While previous actors sometimes portrayed violent emotions, they rarely displayed their emotions in raw nakedness.

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A lot of Kazan´s films had men that looked similar to one another as his lead role. 

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A lot of Kazan´s films had men that looked similar to one another as his lead role. 