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The English language originated in 449 AD, with the arrival on the British Islands of Germanic tribes — the Saxons, the Angles, and the Jutes.

Prior to this arrival, the inhabitants of the British Isles are believed to have spoken ancient Celtic, a language whose contemporary variations still exist in places around Britain (Welsh being the most obvious example).

Englisc, the language spoken by the Angle tribe, started to spread across the south of Britain.

It is around this time, c. 700-1000 AD, that Old English’s most important epic was written: Beowulf.

Although Englisc had expanded in Britain, it was only spoken by the lower classes.

So, a newer French-influenced version of the language took over as the language of the court, administration, and culture.

By around 1430, official documents once written in French started to appear in English. The English language was emerging around its London dialect, known as the Chancery Standard.

This uniform language came to be accepted throughout England, with the first translation of the bible appearing in 1535 and marking the beginning of Modern English.

As James I came to the throne in 1603 the English standard began to influence what was both spoken and written in the UK, including Middle Scots in Scotland.

Early Modern English is also known as Shakespearean English, thanks to it being the tongue of the country’s most important writer.

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Prosody can be reflected as various features of the utterance forms made by the speaker. It is to analyse suprasegmentals— tone, stress, rhythm, intonation, and the speaker’s emotional state to create a certain effect to the speech (SuperSummary, 2012).

For example, questions frequently go up in pitch near the end of the sentence, while statements or commands do not.

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Lexical variation refers to the different words and phrases we use to refer to the same objects and concepts. Lexical variation in language exists due to the difference of region, gender, ethnicity, cultures as well as social classes.

For instance, a "book" is a written or printed work consisting of pages glued or sewn together along one side and bound in covers. In Malay, the same thing is called "buku" and it is "aklat" or "libro" in Tagalog.

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Grammar and syntactic variation explains how the sentence structures and constructions of different languages can differ from each other.

According to ourdialects.uk, the sentence "I've not got it," seems to be considered perfectly acceptable for most UK regions, particularly in the North, where 94% of speakers chose the two highest evaluations. It is somewhat less favourable in the South, as well as in Northern Ireland; the top two ratings were only selected by 71% and 63% of speakers, respectively, in these regions.

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Phonemic variation is an alternative pronunciation of a word that doesn't affect the initial meaning as some allophones and phonemes are replaceable and can be exchanged (Nordquist, 2020).

For example, the word data is pronounced as /ˈdætə/ or /ˈdeɪtə/.

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In this video, we compiled the chosen sentences from Liam Gallagher's interview video.

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Here is the video of our North American speaker, Danny, reading the sentences.

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The English language arrived in Australia a little more than 200 years ago and since that time it has been levelled, sculpted and adapted to give Australians a specific dialect.

"When you trace the story of Australian English from 1788 to the present day, you find yourself actually tracing the story of the whole nation," Richards told 702 ABC Sydney's Dominic Knight.

In 1788, a British Penal colony was established in Sydney, consisting of mainly prisoners and prison officers with their families who originated from Middlesex, Warwickshire and eastern Ireland.

The British Penal colony were the first people who used the English language in Australia but later there was extended settlement of free settlers in areas like Tasmania, Victoria, South and Western Australia.

The early inhabitants created words in order to adapt to their new environment and fill the need for communication in those special convict system conditions.

Through the creation of new words, a new dialect was created mostly through contact and this dialect spread and changed throughout the country.

As more settlements happened, borrowings of words began to happen from other indigenous languages.

A more stable form of Australian English came with the second generation of native born settlers, which incorporated mixing, leveling, unmarking and reallocation.

Population movements from the early military colony days to the stock industry, gold rushes and onwards undoubtedly had an impact on the variations in accent across the country.

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By the 19th century, the British Empire was going through an era of significant change, which had a great impact on the language.

The Industrial Revolution made the English vocabulary vaster, introducing words to describe new technologies.

A larger vocabulary was introduced, rather than new grammar or spelling rules, allowing Late Modern English to differ only slightly from Early Modern English.

There are over 300 languages spoken in London alone, the creation of a new dialect — called Multicultural London English

Some of the British accents:

1. Geordie - As the oldest English dialect still spoken, Geordie normally refers to both the people and dialect of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne in Northeast England.

2. Cockney - Commonly spoken in East London.

3. Multicultural London English (MLE) - This London-based accent, known as a sociolect, is a dialect specific to a particular social class and predominantly heard among young people.

4. Scottish English - Scots roll their Rs regularly and collapse their words so that they sound like they have been cut off in the middle.

5. West Country (Southwest British) - The West Country accent can be heard in the South of England, just about fifty miles west of London and extending to the Welsh border.

6. Midlands English - The most famous is Brummie English, spoken by people in the midland’s city of Birmingham.

7. Welsh English - The accent is heavily influenced by the Welsh language.

8. Estuary English (Southeast British) - Typically heard around Southeast England, Estuary English is commonly spoken by people who live along the river Thames and its estuary.

9. Yorkshire - Known as ‘God’s Own County’, it’s big county resulted in lots of people speaking with a variation of the Yorkshire dialect.

10. Northern Irish - The variety of English spoken in most of the Irish province of Ulster and throughout Northern Ireland.

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1. I’m thinking, I will just get an Uber Eats, you get all your drinks and you get all your food, and they come, and they don’t have straws.

/ju/ & /jɒ/ - The long vowels of you /juː/ and your /jɔː/ have become short vowels /ju/ & /jɒ/ as the speaker speaks faster to emphasise on the next part of the speech.

/kɒm/ - The pronunciation of come /kʌm/ in this sentence becomes /kɒm/ as the speaker speaks with a heavy Macunian accent. So, certain words are pronounced differently than the usual pronunciation.

2. Straws, don’t talk to me about straws, mate.

/mɪ/ /baʊt/ - long vowel in /miː/ is shortened and [ə] in about /əˈbaʊt/ is omitted. The speaker, like any other native English speakers will link the last vowel of the first word and the first consonant of the second word to create a natural flow of a new word, in this case, the word me-bout /mɪ/ /baʊt/.

3. You are sitting there, “How am I gonna get a milkshake down my neck without a straw?”.

/jɒ/ - The speaker is also contracting you/juː/ and are/ɑː/ into you’re /jɒ/ to shorten and easier for him to stress on the next speech.

4. There’s another, pot noodles right? Years ago, they used to be a bit thicker, the material. So now you pour hot water in, you can’t hold the thing, cause it’s like too hot, do you know what I mean?

/mətiːrɪjəl/ - The normal way of saying the word material is /məˈtɪərɪəl/. However, the speaker is stressing on the /tiː/ with a long vowel as British English tends to stress the second syllable of the word.

/pʊə/ - Although the word pour is often pronounced as /pɔː/, the speaker’s heavy Mancunian accent made him pronounced it as /pʊə/ with no long vowel as he speaks fast.

/ˈwɔːər/ - British English often omits the [t] that is located in the middle of a word. So, the speaker pronounced the word as /ˈwɔːər/.

5. Coffees, you know when they give it to you really hot, they nuke it, you go, “Yeah, I want this drink now not in twenty years time”.

/ˈriːlɪ/ - The speaker is stressing on the first syllable of the word with a long vowel of [iː].

/ˈtwɛnˈi/ - British English often omits the [t] that is located in the middle of a word. So, [t] in twenty/ˈtwɛnti/ is omitted and becomes /ˈtwɛnˈi/ when the speaker spoke.

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About Manchester:

Manchester's recorded history started with a settlement associated with the Roman fort Mamucium, established in c. 79 CE

Manchester began to expand rapidly during the 19th century as more people came to the city for work from Scotland, Ireland and other areas during the Industrial Revolution.

By 1835, Manchester was the greatest industrial city on earth.

Maintaining a status of a metropolitan borough and a city.

Manchester's 2021 population is now estimated at over 530,000.

5th largest city in the United Kingdom

3rd largest economy in the United Kingdom

3rd most visited city in the country by foreigners after London and Edinburgh

Encompasses a large number of historical and enthralling sights like Hilton Tower, Heaton Park, One Angel Square, and Lancaster House.

Language:

English-speaker: 83.4%

Others (Urdu, Chinese, Polish, Arabic): 16.6%

Race and Ethnic:

White: 66.7%

Mixed race: 4.7%

Asian: 17.1%

Black: 8.6%

Others: 3.1%

Religion:

Christian: 48.7%

Muslim: 15.8%

Atheism: 25.4%

Others: 10.1%

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This video explains more about Manchester's history.

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A video clip of Simon, our Australian speaker, reading the sentences.

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Manchester, United Kingdom (British Isles)

Florida, United States (North America)

Perth, Australia

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Demographics of Florida, USA

Facts about Florida:

Florida was the 27th state to be admitted to the Union in 1845.

Florida is considered a favourite travel destination in the United States and of the world. It posted a record-breaking 87.3 million visitors in 2011.

Over 11,000 miles of rivers, streams and waterways are located within the state.

Florida's 1,350 miles of coastline is the 2nd longest in the US, coming in after Alaska.

Florida is the United States' largest producer of citrus fruit. Over 60% of the oranges in the US is grown in Florida.

Florida has over 1,250 golf courses -- more than any other state in the US.

Saint Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied city and port, which was established by a European settlement in the country.

Crane Point Hammock was once the site of an Indian village.

Language:

70.58% of Florida residents speak only English, while

29.42% speak other languages.

21.81% of the population speak Spanish.

Race:

White: 75.12%

Black or African American: 16.07%

Other race: 2.99%

Two or more races: 2.74%

Asian: 2.73%

Native American: 0.28%

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander: 0.06%

Gender & Age

Female: 51.10%

Male: 48.90%

Median age: 42 years old

Religion:

Christian: 70%

Judaism: 3%

Other religions: 3%

Unaffiliated: 24%

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Let's learn more about Florida history in this video.

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Facts about Perth:

Perth's estimated current population is 2,067,333.

Perth is the capital of Western Australia.

Perth is one of the fastest growing cities in Australia.

Perth is home to 4 of the 5 most advantaged suburbs in the country.

Perth is said to be the sunniest capital city in the world with an average of 8 hours of sunshine per day all year round.

Western Australia is home to a handful of lakes that are naturally pink. The Hutt Lagoon, nestled in between Port Gregory and Kalbarri is arguably one of Western Australia’s world-famous landmarks.

Gender & Age:

Male: 49.6% / 963,536

Female: 50.4% / 980,326

Median Age: 36 years old

Race:

Australians: 59.6%

English: 9.5%

New Zealanders: 3.1%

South Africans: 1.8%

Indians: 1.6%

Malays: 1.4%

Religions:

Christians:  52.2%

Atheism: 30.1%

Islam: 2.6%

Buddhists: 2.4%

Hinduism: 1.9%

Others: 1.7%

Not stated/ Unclear: 9.1%

Languages:

English: 46.6%

Others (Mandarin,Spanish, Indonesia, etc.): 38.7%

Not stated: 14.7%

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1. Ʌm 'θɪŋkɪŋ, aɪ wɪl ʤʌst gɛt ən ubər its, ju gɛdɔl jʊər drɪŋks ænd ju gɛdɔl jʊər fud, ænd ðeɪ kʌm, ænd ðeɪ dɒn hæv strɔ:z.

2. strɔz, dɒn tɔk tu mi əˈbaʊt strɔz, me:ɪt.

3. jʊr ˈsɪdɪŋ ðɛr, “haʊ æm aɪ 'gɑnə gɛt ə ˈmɪlkˌʃeɪk daʊn ma nɛk wɪˈθaʊt ə strɔ?”.

4. ðɛrz əˈnʌðər, pɑt ˈnudəlz raɪt? jɪrz əˈgoʊ, ðeɪ juzd tu bi ˈθɪkər, ðə məˈtɪriəl. soʊ naʊ ju pɔr hɑt ˈwɔdər ɪn, ju kænt hoʊld ðə θɪŋ, kɑz ɪts laɪk tu hɑt, du ju no wʌt aɪ min?

5. ˈkɔfiz, ju noʊ wɛn ðeɪ gɪv ɪt tu ju ˈrɪli hɑt, ðeɪ nuk ɪt, ju goʊ, “jæ, aɪ wɑnt ðɪs drɪŋk naʊ nɑt ɪn ˈtwɛni jɪrz taɪm”.

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1. Name: Danny

2. Age: 53 years old

3. Gender: Male

4. Nationality: Irish, Italian, Welsh

5. Ethnicity: Caucasian

6. Place of Birth: Massachusetts, USA

7. Grew Up At: Hudson, Florida, USA

8. Residence: Bradenton, Florida, USA

9. Marital status: Married

10. Current status: Working

11. First language: English (Florida accent)

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1. aɪm ˈθɪŋkɪŋ, aɪ wɪl ʤʌst gɛt ən uːbə(r) iːts, ju gɛt ɔːl jɒ drɪŋks ænd ju gɛt ɔːl jɒ fuːd, ænd ðeɪ kɒm, ænd ðeɪ dəʊnt hæv strɔːz.

2. strɔːz, dəʊnt tɔːk tu mɪ baʊt strɔːz, meɪt.

3. jɒ ˈsɪtɪŋ ðeə, “haʊ æm aɪ ˈgɒnə gɛt ə ˈmɪlkʃeɪk daʊn maɪ nɛk wɪˈðaʊt ə strɔː?”.

4. ðez əˈnʌðə, pɒt ˈnuːdəlz raɪt? jɜːz əˈgəʊ, ðeɪ juːzd tu bɪ ə bɪt ˈθɪkə, ðə mətiːrɪjəl. sɒ naʊ ju pʊə hɒt ˈwɔːər ɪn, ju kʌnt həʊld ðə θɪŋ, kɒz ɪts laɪk tuː hɒt, ju nəʊ wɒt aɪ miːn?

5. ˈkɒfiːz, ju nəʊ wɛn ðeɪ gɪvɪt tu ju ˈriːlɪ hɒt, ðeɪ njuːk ɪt, ju gəʊ, “jeə, aɪ wɒnt ðɪs drɪŋk naʊ nɒt ɪn ˈtwɛnˈi jɜːz taɪm”.

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1. e, aɪm ˈθɪŋkɪŋ, aɪl ʤʌst gɛt ən uːbər iːts, juː gɛt ɔːl jɔː drɪŋks ænd juː gɛt ɔːl jɔː fu:d, ænd ðeɪ kʌm, ænd ðeɪ dəʊnt hæv strɔːz.

2. strɔːz, dəʊnt tɔːk tuː miː əˈbaʊt strɔːz, meɪt.

3. jɔ: ˈsɪdɪŋ ðeəʳ, “haʊ æm aɪ ˈgɒnə gɛt ə ˈmɪlkʃeɪk daʊn maɪ nɛk wɪˈðaʊt ə strɔː?”.

4. ðeəz əˈnʌðə, pɒt ˈnuːdəl z raɪt? jɪəz əˈgəʊ, ðeɪ juːzd tuː biː ə bɪt ˈθɪkə, ðə məˈtɪərɪəl. səʊ naʊ wen juː pɔː hɒt ˈwɔːtər ɪn, juː kɑːnt həʊld ðə θɪŋ, kɔːz ɪts laɪk tuː hɒt, duː juː nəʊ wɒt aɪ miːn?

5. ˈkɒfiz, juː nəʊ wɛn ðeɪ gɪv ɪt tuː juː ˈrɪəli hɒt, ðeɪ njuːk ɪt, ænd juː goʊ, “jeə, aɪ wɒnt ðɪs drɪŋk naʊ nɒt ɪn tweəni: jɪəz taɪm”.

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1. Name : Simon Bryant

2. Age : 22 years old

3. Gender : Male

4. Nationality : Australian

5. Ethnicity : Australian/Malaysian

6. Place of Birth : Darwin (Northern Territory)

7. Grew Up At : Perth (Western Australia)

8. Currently Staying At : Perth (Western Australia)

9. Marital Status : Single

10. Current Status : Working full-time

11. First language : English (General Australian accent)

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1. Name : William John Paul Gallagher (Liam Gallagher)

2. Age : 49 years old

3. Gender : Male

4. Nationality : English

5. Ethnicity : White British, Irish

6. Place of Birth : Longsight, Manchester, United Kingdom

7. Grew Up At : Burnage, Manchester, United Kingdom

8. Residence : Highgate, North London

9. Marital status : Divorced twice and is currently engaged to Debbie Gwyther

10. Current status : Singer-songwriter

11. First language : English (Mancunian accent)

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This video shows the history of the English language, accents and dialects in United Kingdom.

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Accents and Dialects: A history of the English language

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1. I’m thinking, I will just get an Uber Eats, you get all your drinks and you get all your food, and they come, and they don’t have straws.

/gɛdɔl/ - the speakers omitted the consonant /t/ in his speech and replace them with the consonant /d/ and combined with the vowel /ɔ/ to pronounce the words.

/fud/- the speakers shorten the long vowel /u:/ in food to the short vowel /u/.

2. Straws, don’t talk to me about straws, mate.

/dɒn/ - the speakers changed the diphthong /oʊ/ short vowel of /ɒ/ while pronouncing the word to make the switch to another word easier and smooth.

/me:ɪt/ - Due to his Floridian accent, the diphthong /eɪ/ changes to long vowel /e: ɪ/ in the word mate as in American English, some vowels tend to be stretched to emphasize the importance of the word.

3. You are sitting there, “How am I gonna get a milkshake down my neck without a straw?”.

/jʊr/ - the speaker shortens you /jʊ/ are /ɑːr/ phrase you’re /jʊr/ to make it easier for the speaker to move on to the next word.

/ˈsɪdɪŋ/ - the consonant /t/ in /ˈsɪtɪŋ/ is changed to consonant /d/ in /sɪdɪŋ/ as a mean of conveniences for the speaker.

/ðɛr/ - the speaker stressed the rhotic /r/ in the consonant /r/ as according to his American accent

/ma/ - instead of pronouncing the diphthongs /aɪ/, the speaker omitted them and replaced them with a short vowel /a/.

4. There’s another, pot noodles right? Years ago, they used to be a bit thicker, the material. So now you pour hot water in, you can’t hold the thing, cause it’s like too hot, do you know what I mean?

/jɪrz/, /ˈθɪkər/ & /pɔr/ - The speaker does not drop the rhotic /r/ in the word “years”, “thicker” and “pour” and he pronounces every word clearly. According to Wood (2020), North American English maintained the /r/ sound and the vast majority of American English remains rhotic to this day.

/hɑt/ - the speaker does not pronounce hot as /hɒt/ but he changed the vowel /ɒ/ to vowel /a/, so it sounds like he is saying "'hat" instead of hot.

/ˈwɔdər/ - Instead of pronouncing the /t/ in the water, the speaker replaced it with the consonant /d/.  It is called a Flap T where the tongue just bounces up against the roof of the mouth that produces the /r/ or /d/ sound (Rachel's English, 2015).

/kænt/ -  The speaker pronounced the word by using the diphthong /æ/ with the consonant /t/ where it is stressed a bit, in the end, to differentiate between the word “can”.

/kɑz/ - The speaker replaced the long vowel of /ɔː/ in the word to /a/ to make it easier for him to switch to the other words in the sentence.

/no/ - The speaker does not use the diphthong of  /əʊ/ for the word “know”, instead he simply replaced it with a vowel  /o/.

/wʌt aɪ/ - Instead of separating the phrase, he combined it as one word by integrating the consonant /t/ and the diphthong /aɪ/ altogether. He combined the last consonant of the first word and the first vowel of the second word in order to ensure a smoother flow of the new word.

5. Coffees, you know when they give it to you really hot, they nuke it, you go, “Yeah, I want this drink now not in twenty years time”.

/ˈtwɛni/ - American English often omits the consonant /t/ in some of their words and the speaker omitted the consonant /t/ and replaced it with the consonant /n/.

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1.  Straws, don’t talk to me about straws, mate. (disappointment)

The speaker is saying the first word, /strɔːz/ with long stress and falling intonation  before he finished the rest of the sentence monotonously to let the listener know that he is feeling disappointed.

2. There’s another, pot noodles right? (tag question)

In this sentence, the speaker is asking for an agreement, where he is using a falling tone at the end of the sentence, indicating that the listener should be agreeing with him.

3. “Yeah, I want this drink now not in 20 years time” (sarcasm)

The sarcasm intonation made by the speaker showed that he was dominating the conversation and wanting the other party to understand what he really meant by the sarcasm.

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1. I’m thinking, I will just get an Uber Eats, you get all your drinks and you get all your food, and they come, and they don’t have straws. (Puzzled)

The speaker started his speech with a monotonous tone before proceeding to put on long stress at the end of the word “straws” with a slightly higher tone to insinuate his puzzle of the absence of straws in his UberEats delivery.

2. Straws, don’t talk to me about straws, mate. (Disgust and Disappointment)

The speaker mainly used his reading voice which is a monotonous tone in the video while stressing the pitching of some words. However, the speaker used an assertive tone, though it is not uttered in an aggressive manner by putting short stress at the beginning of the word ‘straws and putting a long stretch at the end of the word “mate”  to show his disgust and disappointment of the situation.

3. You are sitting there, “How am I gonna get a milkshake down my neck without a straw?”. (Confused)

The stressing of the word “how”, specifically on the consonant /h/ can be heard in the video as it is to indicate the confusion he felt about the situation. The slight high pitch tone can also be detected when he pronounced the word “straws?” at the end of the sentence.

4. There’s another, pot noodles right?  Years ago, they used to be a bit thicker, the material. So now you pour hot water in, you can’t hold the thing, cause it’s like too hot, do you know what I mean? (Tag Question)

The speaker uses the tag question “right?” and “do you know what I mean?” to entice the audience to agree to his speech and in the video, he rolls the /r/ in the “right?” asking for confirmation to his point. He also heightened the pitch tone at the end of the sentence in which he mentions the phrase “do you know what I mean?” to emphasize his point.

5. Coffees, you know when they give it to you really hot, they nuke it, you go, “Yeah, I want this drink now not in twenty years time”. (Exclaiming & Sarcasm)

In this part, he exclaimed that the coffee is indeed hot, hence the intonation he used has more of a declaring tone in it. Although he used the exclamation intonation, his tone is casual and a bit monotonous. However, his tone changed into a slightly stretched with a higher pitch when he has been sarcastic in the last sentence, especially at the word “time” as he stressed the vowel /aɪ/ to stipulate his annoyance.

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1. Straws, don’t talk to me about straws, mate.

mate /meɪt/ - The speaker is using ‘mate’ to refer to another speaker in a friendly manner. 'Mate' is used commonly in the United Kingdom and Australia as a slang term to refer to a friend. This is why this speaker is using 'mate' in his speech.

2. There’s another, pot noodles right? Years ago, they used to be a bit thicker, the material. So now you pour hot water in, you can’t hold the thing, cause it’s like too hot, do you know what I mean?

pot noodles/pɒt/ /ˈnuːdəlz/ - Pot noodle(s) is a slang commonly used by British speakers. Pot Noodle is a brand of well-known instant noodles in the United Kingdom, so they are used in using the brand name as a replacement of the usual name, instant noodles. Hence, as a British speaker, he is using this slang in his speech.

3. Coffees, you know when they give it to you really hot, they nuke it, you go, “Yeah, I want this drink now not in 20 years time”.

nuke/njuːk/ - The speaker is using this word which is a slang for heating something in the microwave oven. For non-native speakers, they may not know the meaning because it is not a common slang used by the non-natives for heating up food or drinks.

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1. There’s another, pot noodles right? Years ago, they used to be a bit thicker, the material. So now you pour hot water in, you can’t hold the thing, cause it’s like too hot, do you know what I mean?

/pɑt/ /ˈnudəlz/: US English does not use "pot noodles" in their vocabulary, instead it is known as instant noodles by Americans. Thus, the speaker is not accustomed to the word "pot noodles".  Pot Noodles is a brand of instant noodles that is well-known in England. Thus, it is uncommon for Americans to use this lexical variation as they are not accustomed to the product. In America, they only called it instant noodles or cup noodles.

2. Straws, don’t talk to me about straws, mate.

/me:ɪt/: According to RealLife English (2014), the word "mate" is common for British and Australians as they used the word to refer to friends. However, it is uncommon for Americans to use the word "mate" as it is connotated into various sexual senses, such as [ "A partner in marriage; a husband or wife. Later usually: a person regarded as a suitable marital partner." ] (Liberman, 2011). Thus, it is unusual for the American speakers to add "mate" in their vocabulary unless it is an indication of sexual connotation.

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Grammar & Syntactic Variation of British Speaker

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Grammar & Syntactic Variation of British Speaker

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1. do you know what I mean?

/duː/ /juː/ - The speaker is casually speaking and wanting to emphasis his statement before, which is why the word do is naturally omitted and you/juː/ is pronounced with a short vowel /ju/ due to the speed of the speech.

2.  Years ago, they used to be a bit thicker, the material.

‘...used to be a bit thicker‘ is describing the material which is a subject. The speaker inverse the sentence and said the subject at the end. This is influenced by the flow of the speech where the speaker wanted to stress on the description before pointing out the subject.

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1. Straws, don’t talk to me about straws, mate.

The word "mate" is very common in Australian English. This is influenced by the British English. Mate and friend have the same meaning in Australia. It is also a very male-oriented word.

2. There’s another, pot noodles, right? Years ago, they used to be a bit thicker, the material. So now when you pour hot water in, you can’t hold the thing, cause it’s like too hot, do you know what I mean?

"Pot noodles" is a British slang for instant noodles that originated from the instant noodles company named "Pot Noodles". However, it is more commonly referred to as instant noodles or instant ramen in Australia.

3. Coffees, you know when they give it to you really hot, they nuke it, you go, “Yeah, I want this drink now not in twenty years time”.

To nuke is to heat something in the microwave. Australian English is familiar with this word as it is often used by the British people.

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Phonemic Variation of Australian Speaker

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Phonemic Variation of Australian Speaker

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1. Eh, I’m thinking, I'll just get an Uber Eats, you get all your drinks and you get all your food, and they come, and they don’t have straws.

/uːbɜ:ʳ/  - Although the Australian accent is non-rhotic, sometimes native speakers will pronounce the /r/ sound at the end of the word when linking two words closely but only if the next word contains a vowel sound at the start. For instance, Uber eats.

/ɔːl/ - Instead of pronouncing with the consonant /ɒ/, the speaker used /ɔː/ and the lips become more "O"-shaped. The vowel is produced with considerably stronger lip rounding and higher tongue position.

/strɔːz/ - The vowel 'a' in 'straws' is pronounced with the long open-mid back rounded vowel, /ɔ/, and the 's' sound is pronounced with a voiced alveolar fricative , /z/. This is because word initial /sj/ and /zj/ have merged with /s/ and /z/ respectively.

2. Straws, don’t talk to me about straws, mate.

/tɔːk/ - Australian English pronounce this with the long open-mid back rounded vowel, /ɔ/, instead of /ɒ/.  The lips become "O"-shaped when pronouncing this.

3. You're sitting there, “How am I gonna get a milkshake down my neck without a straw?”.

/jɔ:/ - Australian English use the open mid-round vowel, /ɔ:/, and omit the vowel sound /u:/ completely. The speaker also omitted the /ɑ:r/ sound as it makes it easier to move on to the next word.

/ˈsɪdɪŋ/ - Consonant /t/ undergo voicing and flapping to the alveolar tap after the stressed syllable and before unstressed vowels. Therefore, Australian speakers will change the sound to /d/. This is a quality that Australian English shares most notably with North American English.

/ðeəʳ/ - There is a slight /r/ sound but it is not as noticeable compared to American speakers. This is due to the fact that the vowel /e/ comes after the consonant /r/.

4. There’s another, pot noodles, right? Years ago, they used to be a bit thicker, the material. So now when you pour hot water in, you can’t hold the thing, cause it’s like too hot, do you know what I mean?

/ðeəʳz/ /əˈnʌðə/ - The consonant /r/ is slightly pronounced as it is ensued by the vowel /e/. The 's' sound is pronounced with a voiced alveolar fricative , /z/. Besides that, the 'er' sound is being replaced with the schwa /ə/. The lips become slightly rounded when pronouncing this.

/jɪəz/ /juːzd/  - The speaker pronounced with a schwa, /ə/. The 's' sounds are replaced with the voiced alveolar fricative /z/.

/ˈθɪkə/ - The speaker used a schwa and omitted the consonant /r/ as the language itself is non-rhotic.

/pɔː/ - Australian English use the open mid-round vowel, /ɔ:/, and omit the vowel sound /u:/ completely in 'pour'. This is due to the influence from British English.

/ˈwɔːdər/ - The speaker used the open mid-round vowel, /ɔː/, instead of /ɑ:/. The consonant /t/ undergo voicing and flapping to the alveolar tap after the stressed syllable and before unstressed vowels. Therefore, the speaker changed the sound to /d/. The consonant /r/ is also pronounced because the next word starts with the vowel /i/.

5. Coffees, you know when they give it to you really hot, they nuke it, you go, “Yeah, I want this drink now not in twenty years time”.

/ˈkɒfiz/ - It is common for Australian English speakers to change the 's' sound to a voiced alveolar fricative, /z/.

/goʊ/ - The speaker stresses the pronunciation of the vowel sound /oʊ/ as it is a prominent phonological characteristic in Australian English.

/tweəni:/ - As the language is heavily influenced by American English, the consonant /t/ sound is omitted. It is replaced by the consonant /n/ especially in fast speeches.

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Prosodic Variation of Australian Speaker

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Prosodic Variation of Australian Speaker

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1. "Straws, don’t talk to me about straws, mate". (Dissapointed)

The speaker stresses and dragged the word 'straws' to show emphasis on the topic being talked about. This is able to catch the listeners' attention. The intonation used is peaking or rise-fall as the speaker sounds disappointed.

2. "You're sitting there, “How am I gonna get a milkshake down my neck without a straw?”. (Confused & Frustrated)

The intonation used is dipping or fall-rise. The speaker starts with a normal intonation then slightly rising them when he asked the question. The word and phrase such as 'you're' and 'down my neck' were stressed by the speaker. This is indicated by the increased loudness and it is to point out his frustrations as well.

3. "There’s another, pot noodles, right?" and "do you know what I mean?"(Tag question)

The speaker stresses the topic which is 'pot noodles' by increasing the loudness. Furthermore, the falling intonation of the speaker indicates that he is asking for agreement from the listeners.

4. “Yeah, I want this drink now not in 20 years time” (Sarcasm)

The speaker dragged the word 'yeah' followed by the stressing of the word 'now'. This is done to show that the speaker is being sarcastic and hoping the listeners could understand him.

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Grammar & Syntactic Variation of American Speaker

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Grammar & Syntactic Variation of American Speaker

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Since all of our speakers are uttering the same sentences, the differences in grammar and syntactic variety of American speakers cannot be precisely determined as the sentences are taken from British English. However, in the video, the speaker has made a grammar and syntactic adjustment to the sentence which can be explained below:

They used to be thicker
/ðeɪ/ /juzd/ /tu/ /bi/ /ˈθɪkər/

The original sentence is "They used to be a bit thicker..", and the speaker omitted the article "a" in the sentence. It is not grammatically wrong to omit the article "a" in the sentence as it may sound redundant. According to Toppr (2018), this kind of article omission is normally done before abstract nouns, certain uncountable nouns, and proper nouns in some cases.  In this case, "a bit" can be considered an uncountable noun as we have zero notion of how much "a bit" represent for. Therefore, we can conclude that the speaker omitted the article to make it simpler for him to move to other sentences without having to emphasize his point excessively

Meanwhile, as for the syntactic variation, the speaker's attempt in omitting the article may evoke a semantic difference due to the omission of the article. The original sentence emphasizes the word "a bit" to show the differences in terms of the thickness of the pot, but when the speaker omits the article "a" in the sentence, it would make the sentence sounds ambiguous to the audience. All in all, syntactic differences in variation may cause the meaning of the sentence to change.

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Some more explanation on American English grammar.

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Some read up on the American English syntactic variety.

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Grammar & Syntactic Variation of Australian Speaker

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Grammar & Syntactic Variation of Australian Speaker

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1. I'll just get an Uber Eats.

The speaker used a short form of the phrase 'I will' and this might be due to the age differences among the other speakers. Younger people tend to use more vernacular form hence, Simon chose to use the short form.

2. Straws, don't talk to me about straws, mate.

The word "mate" is very common in the Australian English. It is a very male-oriented word and has the same definition as "friend".

3. Years ago, they used to be a bit thicker, the material.

The syntactic variation of Australian English has more similarities towards the American English. Thus, if the speaker were to speak not according to the script, there would not be the use of inversion.

4. they nuke it

Australian English uses a lot of British vocabularies and "nuke" is also used the same way in the language.

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Take a look at this video to further discover Perth!

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Where Did The Australian Accent Come From?

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According to Encyclopedia.com (2013), in 1497, John Cabot explored the coast of what became the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

No effort was made to establish a colony for nearly another century, when Humphrey Gilbert claimed the island of Newfoundland (1583) and Walter Raleigh attempted his ill-fated settlement at Roanoke, Virginia (1584).

Colonization of the Carolinas began in 1663. The Dutch settled Manhattan Island in 1624, but were brought under English rule in 1664.

European settlement of Pennsylvania, partly by the Dutch and Swedes, preceded the English chartering of a Quaker colony there in 1681 under William Penn.

Since the colonies were of mixed origin from the beginning due to its settlers coming from different places, the British dialects ceased to exist and a combination of other language features took over the colony.

It resulted in levelling divergent features and random survival of features from different sources.

The result was the more uniform speech in the colonies than in the motherland. The barrier of the Atlantic diverged the American from British usage almost immediately.

The colonists adapted old uses to new purposes and borrowed from other groups, especially the Amerindians, Dutch, and French.

Although still depending on England for authority and a standard, the colonies were forced to develop their own resources.

The War of Independence (1775–1783) brought the Colonial Period to a close. Several of the Founding Fathers of the new republic recognized that political independence would require cultural independence as well.

Noah Webster is most closely associated with linguistic nationalism in promoting what he called Federal English, but others contributed to it.

The Civil War disrupted and by the time US influence had already spread in the Pacific and a lot of language development that assimilated with immigrants from Europe and Spaniards in Florida had been made.

The Spanish-American War ended in 1898 and the US and its English became internationally significant.

Variation in American English is far less than any other country’s language, but with a mix of different varieties in the US, American English has its own distinct variations.

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 The history of American English has been unpacked with so much detail in this article.  

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The people's history of American English

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American English has been evolving ever since North America itself was founded. Through its various twists and turns and unexpected evolutions, English has become the language we now know and love. Here's an in-depth look at the language's every iteration, from the year 1600 up through the present day.

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The History of English - American English (8/10)

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The need for freedom and possessing their own identity has fueled the changes in American English. According to Martin (2019), "independence, it was felt by many, was a cultural as well as political matter that could never be complete without Americans taking pride in their own language." With that, the new history of the English language has been born with a similar yet different in American English. The USA is a big country with so many cultures that there are such vast varieties of English accents in the country.

Some of the accents that exist in the USA:

Maine Accent

New England English

Pacific Northwest English

California English

Midwestern American English

Southern American English

Hawaii English And Pidgin

New Orleans And Cajun English

East Coast City Dialects (Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and New York City)

High Tider (North Carolina Coast)

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Let's watch these people show off their states' accents!

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50 People Show Us Their States' Accents | Culturally Speaking | Condé Nast Traveler

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Different variations of the Australian accent

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Different variations of the Australian accent

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Unlike the  early-settled countries like the UK and USA, the Australian accent is made up of just three different variations: broad, general, and cultivated. These variations are not as easy to pick up on as, say, the cockney, geordie, and southern accents of England, but the subtleties are there. The different variations are due to class rather than geography. The reason why the differences aren’t as strong is likely down to the fact that Australia has yet to be shaped by thousands of years of history.

The three variations:

1. Broad - Broad Australian English is the archetypal and most recognisable variety. It is familiar to English speakers around the world because of its use in identifying Australian characters in non-Australian films and television programs. The broad accent is associated with a strong, nasal voice, and is often considered a ‘working class’ accent. A perfect example of the broad accent is the late Steve Irwin, an Australian zookeeper, conservationist, television personality, wildlife expert and environmentalist. The broader an Australian accent incorporates more diphthong in words such as ‘kite’, ‘ride’, and ‘nice’ and are being pronounced as ‘koite’, ‘roide’ and ‘noice’. In words like ‘loud’ and ‘out’, the ‘o’ sound is more like an ‘e’ as heard in the word ‘dress’.

2. General -  The stereotypical variety of Australian English. It is an accent that is spoken by most Australians. The general accent is not as nasal as the broad accent, yet still not as demure as the cultivated accent. Hugh Jackman is an example of someone who speaks with a general Australian accent.

3. Cultivated - A prestige variety somewhat closer to the British Received Pronunciation. This variations sounds more British such as the actress, Cate Blanchett. A cultivated accent can be the result of strong influences either from family, environment, or time spent abroad.

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Here is a video that can help you understand the different Australian accents!

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The 3 Australian Accents: General, Cultivated & Broad | Australian Pronunciation

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United Kingdom

United States

Australia

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United Kingdom

Recording from the speaker

IPA Transcription

Speaker's Background

United States

Recording from the speaker

IPA Transcription

Speaker's Background

Australia

Recording from the speaker

IPA Transcription

Speaker's Background

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Phonemic Variation

Prosodic Variation

Lexical Variation

Grammar & syntactic Variation

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Nor Ain Nasuha Binti Alias

Azlin Nadira Binti Shahrizal