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The Atriplex cinerea, more commonly known as the greysalt bush, coast salt bush or barilla is a heavily branched, leafy shrub which can grow up ro 1.8m high and 2.5m wide. The plant is native to Australia where it thrives in the coastal environment. Being a Halophyte, it is highly tolerant of salt and is commonly found closest to the ocean, in very harsh conditions. The soils on which the plant grows in are very poor in nutrients and can be very alkaline making it hard for survival. Because of the plants adaptation abilities including epidermal bladder cells, vascular tissue in it’s interior and Photosynthesis, it is able to survive.

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A halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant in soil or waters of high salinity.
These plants adapted to saline soils in coastal habitats and areas where they contain significant amounts of salt and where water moves up in soil and evaporates leaving dissolved ions at the surface (Na+, Cl-) (these plants have similar H2O conservation adaptations as xerophytes)
Where most plants are threatened by soil salinization halophytes posses extremely efficient salt tolerant mechanisms (only 1% of plants thrive in high salinity)
They can survive and complete their life cycles at or exceeding, salt concentrations of seawater.(500 mM)
The high potassium concentrations are maintained in the cytoplasm to prevent osmosis into high sodium/chloride areas
The halophyte is a protector of coastal habitats and to maintain ecological stability. They act as sand dune binders and can prevent erosion to a great extent and seawater incursion into freshwater habitats.
Salt has beneficial effects on halophyte reproductive growth such increased flower numbers and pollen vitality, and high seed yield.
Seeds that are exposed and harvested in higher saline conc' they showed high tolerance to salt due to increased osmolyte accumulation and more optimal hormonal composition.
High sodium/chloride concentrations are maintained in the vaccules of cells as no metabolism occurs there.

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The Barbary Fig Cactus (Opuntia Ficus-Indica)

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The Barbary fig cactus is a xerophyte hat is most commonly found in arid or semi-arid conditions. Its adaptations are necessary due to the harsh environments that the plant is exposed to in its habitat. The cactus has bright coloured pads on the top of the plant in order for protection. The plant has the ability to store water in its pads for water conservation, since the habitat is so dry. In addition, the roots of the plant are shallow in the ground and cover a greater surface area at a higher level in the ground to collect as much rainfall as possible, this again is due to the mainly dry conditions of the environment. Lastly the plant's leaves are modified into spines which aids in reducing water loss.

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Oleander - Scientific Name - Nerium oleander

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Oleander is a shrub or small tree cultivated worldwide in temperate and subtropical areas as an ornamental and landscaping plant. It has no determined place of origin as it is so widely cultivated, but it is thought to have originated from the Mediterranean Basin. The adaptations of the Nerium oleander plant have allowed it to survive in very dry climates. There are two main adaptations in this plant to help it survive in the arid climates it does. To survive in an arid environment, oleander has to limit transpiration through its leaves. The upper leaf surface, which is more exposed to the heat of the sun, has a thick, waxy coating. In addition to the thick cuticle of the plant, it has multiple epidermises to prevent water loss. There is an increased amount of plant fibres in the leaves which allow the leaf to maintain its shape even when its other cells are plasmolyzed in dry spouts. Instead of having stomata on the top of the leaf, the epidermis on the bottom of the leaf recesses and leaves a pit where the stomata are located. This adaptation is called a stomatal crypt. The stomata being on the underside of the leaf limits exposure to sunlight, which in turn limits transpiration in the plant.

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Zygophyllum xanthoxylum is a perennial and deciduous succulent shrub part of the family Zygophyllaceae. It is found in the dry and arid, northwest China, where the annual precipitation is inbetween 50mm-200mm, and ground temperatures can reach 70ºC. Under these conditions most rainfall evaporates quickly. Because of this  Z. xanthoxylum accumulates large amounts of Na⁺ ions from the soils where it grows. This helps with drought resistance, as the increased amount of Na+ ions  reduce the osmotic potential of leaves; enhancing the uptake of water during droughts. Z. Xanthoxylum's roots tend to be shallow, within the top 100cm of the soil profile (mostly at depths of 20-40cm).

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2018.01678/full

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Spartina alterniflora (smooth cord grass)

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The smooth cordgrass is found in the salt marshes, beaches and even found on tidal flats. It is commonly found on the Atlantic coast found in places such as Florida and Nova scotia. The grass can grow up to 7ft tall. In the summer it is a green colour and in the winter it turns a yellow/ light brown colour. Plants do not usually survive in salt marshes, tides and drastic changes in temperature and salinity but the smooth cordgrass has adapted to survive in these harsh conditions. They secrete salt from their leaves so they can deal with the high salt concentrations often found in these bodies of water. The cordgrass has an extensive root system that holds the soil that forms the marsh. The roots holding the soil together prevent erosion and acts as a natural tidal surge buffer.

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Red mangrove scientific name - Rhizophora mangle
it is found in estuarine ecosystems throughout the tropics. They grow on aerial crop roots which is what gives them its arch. above water level. Their submerged roots provide a  habitat to fish and crustaceans and during storms they can act as a buffer to reduce wave action and prevent erosion. To save water from increase in salinity, they can change root structure at the root, leaf and stand levels in response to salinity to exclude the salt for xylem stream. They can filter out as much as 90% of the salt water as it enters their roots and concentrate the salt in older leaves and bark so when the drop or shed they take the salt with them. Mangroves can also store fresh water in thick succulent leaves and its waxy coating on the leaves can seal the water in and minimize evaporation. There are also small hairs on the leaves that deflect wind and sunlight which also reduces water loss through the tiny openings where gases enter and exit during photosynthesis.Some mangroves grow pencil-like roots that stick up out of the dense, wet ground like snorkels. These breathing tubes, called pneumatophores, allow mangroves to cope with daily flooding by the tides.
sources:
https://www.amnh.org/explore/videos/biodiversity/mangroves-the-roots-of-the-sea/what-is-a-mangrove
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4332601/
https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Plants-and-Fungi/Red-Mangrove