# data[].attributes.body
1938 - Gaines v Canada

- Decides that states which provided graduate school/university to white students had to provide in-state education to blacks as well.
- Relevant to Colgate Darden, who was the chairman of the Prince Edward Free School Association

# data[].attributes.body
June 5 1950: Sweatt v. Painter
- Supreme Court ruled that in states where public graduate and professional schools existed for white students but not for black students, black students must be admitted to the all-white institutions, and that the equal protection clause required Sweatt's admission to the University of Texas School of Law
- influential for Brown v. Board

# data[].attributes.body
February 1951 - Board of Supervisors grants permission to purchase land spot for a new school - slow to complete transaction

# data[].attributes.body
April 23rd, 1951 - Initial strike at Robert Russa Moton High School, led by Barbara Johns

# data[].attributes.body
April 26, 1951 - mass meeting at school auditorium with NAACP to make the case about desegregation

# data[].attributes.body
VA NAACP no longer files suits to equalize segregated facilities, interested in segregation itself being inherently unequal and illegal

# data[].attributes.body
May 3, 1951 - Reverend Griffin voices his support for the NAACP's mission in Farmville.

# data[].attributes.body
May 3 1951 - Robinson and Hill host a rally showing the community’s support of the NAACP at LF Griffin First Baptist Church

# data[].attributes.body
May 1954 - Brown v Board of Education

- Belton v. Gebhart (Delaware)
- Brown et. al. v. The Board of Education of Topeka, et. al.
- Bolling, et. al. v. C. Melvine Sharpe, et. al. (DC)
- Briggs v. R.W. Elliott (South Carolina)
- Davis, et. al. v. County School Board of Prince Edward County

# data[].attributes.body
April 1955- delegation of whites appeared before Board of Supervisors; testified that they wouldn’t support any tax levies that supported integrated public schools

# data[].attributes.body
May 1955 - Brown v Board of Education II

- second opinion case that desegregation cases in the future needed to be reheard in the lower courts

# data[].attributes.body
June 1955- meeting organized in Longwood’s auditorium; established private corp. to raise necessary funds to begin crafting new school system

# data[].attributes.body
July 1955 - Federal court rules that Prince Edward county must begin "adjustments" required for desegregation

# data[].attributes.body
July 1955-  adopted a new policy known as “heretofore” operation of public schools, which appropriated the year’s budget thirty days at a time

# data[].attributes.body
1956 - Massive Resistance policy in VA in response to Brown v. Board led by VA U.S. senior senator, Harry F. Byrd

# data[].attributes.body
July 1957 - White churches of Prince Edward County allows Prince Edward Academy to use their buildings for academic use.

# data[].attributes.body
May 1959- Board of Supervisors terminates all funding for public schools

# data[].attributes.body
Public Schools closed in June 1959 instead of integrating

# data[].attributes.body
Prince Edward Academy founded 1959 as a segregationist White only school. Segregationists across the South looked to the Prince Edward School Foundation to provide a model of how to organize a cost-effective private school system.

# data[].attributes.body
Grassroots Schools established in 1959 to address educational displacement

# data[].attributes.body
Southside Schools proposed by White PESF as a segregated black private school in 1959

# data[].attributes.body
May 5, 1959: Fourth Circuit Court reversed Hutcheson's 7 year delay so full effect of Brown v. Board came into play; ordered the county to take immediate steps to

prepare for enrolling black students in formerly white schools in September

# data[].attributes.body
AFSC (American Friends Service Committee)- only group with continuous presence 1960-1965, better relation with NAACP than VCLC

# data[].attributes.body
February 1960 -  VTA Remedial training centers open at First Baptist Church (Farmville), Meherrin Community Center (Meherrin), and St. James A.M.E. Church (Prospect), organized by Rev. Griffin and PECCA

(!) July 1961 - SCEP training centers open at High Rock Baptist, St. James A.M.E. (!) and Triumph Church organized by Bill Bennet - conflicted with VTA.

# data[].attributes.body
October 1960 - Helen Baker of the AFSC arrives in Farmville

# data[].attributes.body
1960, Quaker church sent its first AFSC representative to Prince Edward, and maintained an on-site program until 1965

# data[].attributes.body
AFSC Emergency Placement Program 1960-1963. Students whose families were lacked financial resources to make educational arrangements on their own were then able to continue their education with host families.

# data[].attributes.body
PECCA- Prince Edward County Christian Association-1960s, fought segregation legally and created programs to minimize damage of school closings, study-play groups, voter registration drives

# data[].attributes.body
VCLC (VA Christian Leadership Conference)-Feb 1961, sit-in on Congress proposal, tension with NAACP

# data[].attributes.body
OUTSIDER HELPERS
July 19th, 1961 VTA has summer crash course in building fundamental education for students not in school

# data[].attributes.body
April 1961: Justice Department filed a motion to intervene as a plaintiff in Price Edward case (first federal attempt to intervene)

# data[].attributes.body
1962-  Board of Supervisors set up a police guard to bar Harry Boyte from a meeting legally required to be open to the public

# data[].attributes.body
June 1962-  Vandals painted a swastika on a building directly across the street from the AFSC office

# data[].attributes.body
OUTSIDE HELPERS
Summer 1962- Summer College Education Project (SCEP)  of college students come to Prince Edward county to help students like the VTA the groups have some tension due to similar goals but no coordination.

# data[].attributes.body
Prince Edward Free Schools Established August 1963 - August 1964. Gave all books and supplies to public schools

# data[].attributes.body
Summer Protests of 1963 - mass protests, marching, & picketing
SNCC workers Ivanhoe Donaldson, Roland Sherrod, and Gladys Giles train participants in sustained direct action

# data[].attributes.body
1963 - After Longwood conference by Nancy Adams ("The Role of the Student in the Desegregation Process of Southern Universities") students returned to Farmville and formed an interracial student group called Farmville Students and Social Service Club.

# data[].attributes.body
July 25th, 1963 - sixty teenagers march in Farmville. They carried signs calling for open public schools and equal employment opportunities. Paraded down Main Street for an hour and a half and staged a sit-in in front of the town's shopping plaza. The following Saturday, 125 people marched and resulted in 33 arrests.

# data[].attributes.body
OUTSIDE HELPERS
Summer 1963- A new group known as the United Teachers Federation contributes new educational volunteers to replace the SCEP

# data[].attributes.body
July 1963

Williams of Levi Baptist and Douglas of Beulah A.M.E. lead demonstrations in Farmville (walk-ins, sit-ins, try-ons) using community church support

# data[].attributes.body
July 25, 1963

Pray-Ins at four white churches; Johns Memorial "begrudgingly" allows protesters in, Farmville Methodist and Wesleyan Baptist turn them away, demonstrators arrested for "disturbing the public worship of God" at Farmville Baptist

# data[].attributes.body
1964 - Griffin v County School Board of Prince Edward County

- decided that the County School Board's decision to close all local public schools in Prince Edward County while providing vouchers to private schools was unconstitutional under the 14th amendment

# data[].attributes.body
1964- Massive Resistance ended when Supreme Court ruled tuition grants be available for both public and private and public schools were forced to open on an integrated basis

# data[].attributes.body
Public schools reopened Fall 1964 to integrate. Schools were still underfunded, overcrowded, inadequately staffed, and unofficially segregated. "The law has spoken. We have yet to see it obeyed." (page 161). "[W]hite leaders had the right to distribute resources unequally." (page 163)

# data[].attributes.body
1969 local activists focused on re-building Prince Edward public school system, hope for high quality schooling in Farmville, AFSC helping

# data[].attributes.body
April 23 1969 - Moton High students strike against "the reinstated status quo". Triggered by the firing of a young popular teacher and the dismissal of the school board advisory committee

# data[].attributes.body
Prince Edward Academy remained a private segregationist option for white students until late 1980s

# data[].attributes.body
Prince Edward Academy was renamed Fuqua School due to 10 million dollar donation from J.B Fuqua in 1993 to transform the school.

# data[].attributes.body
2003/2004 - Honorary diploma ceremonies for nearly 400 former students denied the opportunity to complete their education.

# data[].attributes.body
1963-Prince Edward County Free School Association was established, on opening day 1,550 black children attended school in PE County.